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"Young patients with class ll skeletal malocclusion are often found. To avoid further discrepancy of this case, myofunctional therapy is one of the options. Functional appliance often used for such treatment. Functional appliance has been modified since activator was introduced by Andresen. With its bulky shape, activator makes difficulty for patient to speak and eat. Patient unable to wear it full time due to uncomfortness and negative facial appearance. In 1977, Clark developed twin block to overcome the weakness of previous appliances. A more simple design allows patient to be more comfortable andwilling to wear it longer. Twin block is myofunctional appliance to reposition the mandible forward for skeletal class Il correction with retruded mandible. This paper describes the design, clinical management effects of twin block treatment and brief case presentation using twin block appliance. Similar to the study reports found, this case revealed improvement of facial appearance, decrease overjet and overbite. improvement of molar relationship and good compliance of patient."

"A 12 years old female presented with class II division I malocclusion with skeletal disorder (ANB 6°), deep bite, posterior crossbite 26, prostrusive of anterior maxillary constriction, retrognatic of mandible and mild crowding of upper and lower jaws. The treatment of choice was twin block appliance for modifying the jaw development, and then followed by fixed orthodontics. After eight months, the progression of treatment was a better facial profile."

"In orthodontics, functional appliance can be used as a preliminary appliance in treating class II malocclusion with retruded mandible. This type of removable appliance needs patient's full cooperation. However, there is one type of a fixed functional appliance, known as : Herbst Appliance, which was introduced by Herbst in 1909 and was redeveloped by Pancherz in 1979. By using this appliance, the treatment period is much shorter compared to that of other removable functional appliances and the results is more effective. This telescopic mechanism principle produces posterior forces to maxillary dentoalveolar complex and anterior forces to mandibular dentoalveolar complex. The expected effect of the treatment is longer mandible, distal movement of upper molars, mesial movement of lower molars, higher vertical dimension and a decrease of profile convexity. Based on those facts, in treating class II malocclusion-division I or II - a Herbst appliance might be taken into consideration."

"Thos case report described the skeletal and dental changes contributing to class II skeletal with mandibula retrognatism correction with Twin Blocks appliance. Cephalometric evaluation were compare between pre-treatment and after eight month treatment wearing Twin Blocks appliance at an 8 year, 1 month old girl patient. This short-term cephalometric study indicates that after eight month treatment with Twin Blocks appliance, the overjet reduces 3 mm correction of the first molar permanent from class II Angle (cusp to fossa) to class II Angle (cusp to cusp) and lengthening the mandible."

"Blok paving merupakan komposisi bahan bangunan yang dibuat dari campuran semen portland, air dan agregat kasar dan halus yang digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan plastik sebagai agregat pada blok paving sebagai salah satu bentuk usaha daur ulang plastik. Lignin yang merupakan limbah dalam industri kertas merupakan polimer bipolar yang memiliki dua muka sehingga dimanfaatkan sebagai coupling agent dalam pencampuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat pencampuran antara plastik, lignin, dan agregat halus pada blok paving. Eksperimen ini menggunakan plastik tipe polietilena densitas tinggi (HDPE) dengan penambahan variasi konsentrasi lignin sebesar 0; 0,1; 0,3; dan 0,5 wt%. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah sudut kontak, FTIR dan SEM. Hasil pengujian sudut kontak menunjukan polietilena densitas tinggi dan lignin yang kompatibel karena persamaan sifat hidrofobisitas yang dimiliki. Ikatan gugus fungsi yang dihasilkan dengan variasi komposisi lignin menunjukan tidak terdapat ikatan baru yang dihasilkan. Serta bentuk morfologi yang dihasilkan menunjukan kompatibilitas antara HDPE dengan campuran. Namun lignin tidak berfungsi sebagai coupling agent antara agregat kasar dan halus secara baik, namun bertindak sebagai sebagai penyelimut permukaan HDPE.

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Paving blocks are a composition of building materials made from a mixture of portland cement, water and coarse and fine aggregates that are used as road pavement materials. In this study using plastic as an aggregate on paving blocks as a form of plastic recycling business. Lignin which is a waste in the paper industry is a bipolar polymer that has two faces so that it is used as a coupling agent in mixing. This research aims to study the mixing properties of plastic, lignin, and fine aggregate on paving blocks. This experiment used a high density polyethylene (HDPE) type plastic with the addition of a variation of lignin concentration of 0; 0.1; 0.3; and 0.5 wt%. Tests conducted in this study are the contact angle, FTIR and SEM. The contact angle test results showed high density polyethylene and compatible lignin because of the similarity in hydrophobicity properties. Bonded functional groups produced with variations in the composition of lignin showed no new bonds were produced. And the resulting morphological form shows compatibility between HDPE and mixtures. However, lignin does not function well as a coupling agent between coarse and fine aggregates, but acts as a HDPE surface blanket."

"Paving block merupakan komposisi bahan bangunan yang dibuat dari campuran semen portland atau bahan perekat hidrolis sejenisnya, air dan agregat yang digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan. Beberapa studi telah melakukan usaha untuk menggunakan plastik sebagai agregat pada paving block sebagai salah satu bentuk usaha daur ulang plastik. Lignin yang merupakan limbah dalam industri kertas merupakan polimer bipolar yang memiliki dua muka sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai coupling agent dalam pencampuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat pencampuran antara plastik, lignin, dan agregat pada paving block. Eksperimen ini menggunakan plastik tipe polipropena dengan penambahan variasi konsentrasi lignin sebesar 0; 0,1; 0,3; dan 0,5 wt%. Pengujian sudut kontak dilakukan untuk mengetahui tegangan permukaan yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing komponen. Pengujian FT-IR dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi gugus fungsi yang dimiliki oleh campuran. Pengujian SEM dilakukan untuk mengamati morfologi yang terbentuk dari campuran yang dihasilkan. Hasil pengujian sudut kontak menunjukan polipropena dan lignin yang kompatibel karena persamaan sifat hidrofobisitas yang dimiliki. Ikatan gugus fungsi yang dihasilkan dengan variasi konsentrasi lignin menunjukan tidak terdapat ikatan baru yang dihasilkan setelah komponen-komponen dicampurkan. Morfologi yang dihasilkan menunjukan terdapat celah antara polipropena dengan campuran yang mengindikasikan lignin tidak menjembatani plastik dan agregat secara baik.

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Paving block is a composition of building materials made from a mixture of Portland cement or similar hydraulic adhesives, water and aggregates used as road pavement materials. Several studies have made an effort to use plastic as aggregate replacements in paving blocks as a form of plastic recycling. Lignin which is a waste in the paper industry is a bipolar polymer that has two faces so that it can be used as a coupling agent in the mixture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mixing properties of plastics, lignin, and aggregates in paving blocks. This experiment uses polypropylene with mixing proportions of 0; 0.1; 0.3; and 0.5 wt% lignin. Contact angle testing were carried out to determine the surface tension of each component. FT-IR were carried out to identify the functional of the mixture. SEM were carried out to observe the morphology formed from the resulting mixture. The contact angle test results show that polypropylene and lignin are compatible because of the similarity in their hydrophobicity properties. The functional groups of resulting mixture showed there is no new bonds were formed after the components were mixed. The resulting morphology shows that there is a gap between polypropylene and the mixture which indicates that lignin does not bridge the plastic and aggregate properly."

"Latar Belakang : Maloklusi merupakan masalah yang angka prevalensinya cukup besar di Indonesia. Perawatan terhadap maloklusi perlu dilakukan sejak dini. Selama pubertas, laju pertumbuhan kembali meningkat sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk perbaikan maloklusi. Pengetahuan mengenai pertumbuhan tengkorak dan rahang, terutama maksila dan mandibula, menjadi sangat penting untuk menentukan rencana perawatan yang tepat. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rerata panjang maksila dan mandibula pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan usia 10-16 tahun. Metode : Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Subjek penelitian berupa 211 radiograf sefalometri anak usia 10-16 tahun. Hasil : Pertambahan panjang maksila pada anak laki-laki yang paling besar terjadi pada usia 14 tahun ke 15 tahun. Pertambahan panjang maksila dan mandibula pada anak perempuan, serta mandibula pada anak laki-laki yang paling besar terjadi pada usia 13 tahun ke 14 tahun. Tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata panjang maksila maupun mandibula antara anak laki-laki dengan anak perempuan usia 10-13 tahun, sedangkan pada usia >13-16 tahun, terdapat perbedaan. Terdapat perbedaan pada rerata panjang maksila dan mandibula antara anak laki-laki usia 10-13 tahun dengan anak laki-laki usia >13-16 tahun, begitu juga pada anak perempuan.

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Background: Malocclusion prevalence rate is a quite large problem in Indonesia. Treatment of malocclusion should be done. During puberty, the growth rate increased so that it can be used to correct malocclusion. Knowledge of the growth of the skull and jaw, especially the maxilla and mandibular, becomes very important to determine proper treatment plan.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the average length of maxilla and mandibular in 10-16 years old boys and girls.

Methods: The method that is used in this research was descriptive with cross-sectional design. The subjects were 211 cephalometric radiographics of 10-16 years old children.

Result: The highest growth rate of the maxilla in boys occurred at the age of 14 years to 15 years. The highest growth rate of maxilla and mandibular in girls, and the highest growth rate of mandibular in boys occurred at the age 13 to 14 years. The average length of the maxilla and mandibular between boys and girls 10-13 years old has no difference, while there is a difference in >13-16 years old. There is a difference between the maxillary and mandibular length of 10-13 years old boys with >13-16 years old boys, and also for the girls."

"ABSTRAKDiskrepansi rasio ukuran mesiodistal gigi dapat menjadi salah satu hambatan dalam mencapai oklusi yang ideal terutama jika terdapat pada maloklusi skeletal. Terdapat perbedaan pendapat beberapa penulis mengenai rasio mesiodistal gigi di antara kelompok maloklusi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran serta melihat ada tidaknya perbedaan rasio ukuran mesiodistal gigi pada oklusi normal dan kelompok maloklusi. Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok oklusi normal yang diperoleh dari mahasiswa/I FKG UI, dan kelompok maloklusi kelas I, maloklusi skeletal kelas II dan maloklusi skeletal kelas III yang diperoleh dari pasien Klinik Ortodonti RSGMP FKG UI. Setiap kelompok terdiri dari 16 orang dengan usia minimal 18 tahun. Kelompok dibagi berdasarkan sudut ANB. Pengukuran mesiodistal gigi menggunakan kaliper digital dengan ketelitian 0,01 mm. Uji intra observer menggunakan uji t berpasangan. Uji hipotesis menggunakan one way ANOVA. Hasil yang diperoleh gambaran rasio ukuran mesiodistal gigi pada kelompok oklusi normal dan maloklusi tidak menunjukkan pola tertentu. Rentang nilai rasio ukuran mesiodistal gigi pada kelompok maloklusi lebih besar dari kelompok oklusi normal. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada rasio ukuran mesiodistal gigi antara kelompok oklusi normal dan berbagai maloklusi.

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ABSTRACTntroduction :Toothwidthdiscrepancymaybe one of theobstaclesin achievingtheidealocclusion,Tooth width discrepancy maybe one of the obstacles in achieving the ideal occlusion, especially if present in skeletal malocclusions. There are differences of opinion regarding tooth-width ratio among malocclusion groups.This research is aimed to determine whether there is a specific pattern and see the difference in tooth width ratios among normal occlusion and malocclusion groupsSubjects consisted of four groups, normal occlusion group obtained from Faculty of Dentistry students, and a group of Class I, skeletal Class II malocclusion and skeletal Class III malocclusion were obtained from Orthodontic patients. Each group consisted of 16 people with a minimum age of 18 years. Malocclusion groups were based on ANB angle. Mitutoyo digital calipers were used to measure the mesiodistal width of each tooth to an accuracy of 0.01mm. Paired t test were used to compare intra-observer measurements on ANB angle and tooth width. One way ANOVA were performed to compare the difference of tooth width ratios among normal occlusion and malocclusion groups.The result showed tooth width ratios in normal occlusion and malocclusion group showed no particular pattern. The range of value of mesiodistal tooth size ratios in malocclusion groups are larger than normal occlusion group. No significant differences in mesiodistal tooth size ratio between the normal occlusion and different malocclusion groups."

"Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi proses pelaksanaan kegiatan program dana Block Grant dan faktor-faktor yang menghambat dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan program dana Block Grant. Jenis penelitian dengan menggunakan penelitian evaluasi. Tehnik pengambilan sampel untuk informan dengan menggunakan tehnik Purposive Sampling. Lokasi penelitian di Desa Baula Kecamatan Baula Kabupaten Kolaka Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari aspek input terdiri dari petunjuk pelaksanaan, sumber daya manusia, manajemen/organisasi, sarana dan prasarana, serta alokasi dana. Dari aspek proses terdiri dari pengajuan proposal kegiatan, penyaluran dana bantuan, pengambilan dana bantuan, dan pengawasan. Sedangkan faktor penghambat yaitu kurangnya sosialisai dan mekanisme pencairan.

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This thesis aims to evaluate the process of implementation of the Block Grant program funds and the factors that impede the implementation of the Block Grant program funds. This type of research by using research evaluation. Sampling techniques to informants by using purposive sampling techniques. Research sites in the Village District Baula, Regency Kolaka.

The results showed that the input consists of aspects of implementation guidelines, human resources, management/organization, facilities and infrastructure, as well as the allocation of funds. From the aspect of the proposal submission process consisting of activities, the distribution of grants, grant making, and oversight. While the inhibiting factor is the lack of socialization and disbursement mechanisms."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang evaluasi pelaksanaan program bantuan block grant Madrasah Education Development Project (MEDP) di dua Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, Kabupaten Lamongan, Jawa Timur, yang mencakup input dan proses pelaksanaan program, serta faktor-faktor pendukung dan penghambat pelaksanaannya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan adanya program lanjutan dan pendampingan dalam pelaksanaannya, pedoman/juknis dibuat oleh ahli yang berpengalaman dibidangnya, diadakannya pelatihan-pelatihan untuk meningkatkan kualitas guru and internal effisiensi madrasah serta peningkatan tata kelola manajemen madrasah.

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The focus of this thesis is to evaluate the implementation of block grant program of Madrasah Education Development Project (MEDP) in two Islamic elementary schools, at Lamongan district, East Java, which includes aspects of input and process of program implementation, as well as factors supporting and inhibiting its implementation. This study is a descriptive qualitative research design.

The results suggest that a follow-up programs and assistancy in the implementation should be made, guidelines should be made by experts with related experiences, implement/conduct workshops or trainings to improve teacher quality and internal efficiency and madrasah management and good governance."