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"Selection of the whitening technique for tooth whitening in pediatric use should be based on the types of the stains and discoloration, and depth of the stains. if superficial, stains can be removed by microabrasion, but for deeper stains bleaching materials must be used. Use the bleaching materials or bleaching product should also be based on the concentration of active ingredient, the viscosity of the product, and tooth sensitivity."

"The variation of teeth number can occur at initiation phase of tooth development, the etiology is unclear but it be supposed by the excessive lamina dental activity. The supernumerary teeth can be single or multiple, at one side or two side, with conical, tubercle or normal form, undergo eruption or impacted, and with parallel or contrary direction of teeth development. The supernumerary teeth in incisive region is mesiodens. In this case report, the supernumerary teeth occured at mixed tooth period which it result in the tooth arrangement is bad. The mesiodens was extracted as the position of upper jaw central incisive teeth were corrected. The second supernumerary tooth with contrary direction was removed by surgery."

"Rasa takut dan cemas terhadap berbagai jenis perawatan gigi banyak ditemukan pada anak usia remaja awal. Adanya rasa takut dan cemas ini akan mempengaruhi usaha program perawatan gigi yang optimal. Rasa takut dan cemas dipengaruhi oleh asumsi pribadi yang disebabkan adanya ketidaktahuan akan kesehatan gigi dan perawatan yang dilakukan. Selain itu rasa takut dan cemas dipengaruhi pula oleh tumbuh kembang anak serta faktor pelayanan yang didapat saat pertama kali berobat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapat gambaran yang jelas tentang perawatan kedokteran gigi jenis apa yang paling menakutkan terutama pada anak usia remaja awal. Disamping itu pula apakah ada perbedaan rasa takut dan cemas sebelum, pada saat, dan setelah perawatan. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan terlihat bahwa jenis perawatan kedokteran gigi yang paling menakutkan adalah penyuntikan, pencabutan, dan pengeboran. Hasil uji analisis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna sebelum, pada saat, dan setelah perawatan pada jenis perawatan penyuntikan. Sedangkan pada jenis pencabutan dan pengeboran didapat perbedaan tidak bermakna sebelum dan pada saat perawatan. Akan tetapi pada saat dan setelah dilakukan pencabutan dan pengeboran didapat hasil berbeda bermakna. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa rasa takut dan cemas pada anak usia remaja awal ditemukan tinggi terutama pada perawatan penyuntikan kemudian diikuti oleh pencabutan dan pengeburan. Dengan ditemukan adanya rasa takut dan cemas terhadap jenis perawatan tersebut maka perlu kiranya lebih memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rasa takut dan cemas terutama untuk mendapatkan usaha program kesehatan gigi yang optimal."

"Maple Syrup Urine Disease is a disparity of leusin decarboxilation and isoleusin of valin defect that is synthesized with complex enzyme systems. It is a rare disease and represents disparity. In some cases can generate ketosis that grows according to health change and can cause comma. Dental treatment of a child with Maple Syrup Urine Disease was not clearly mentioned, there is only a factor such as infection which is very dangerous at any age and can generate irregular metabolism. Dental treatment of a child with Maple Syrup Urine Disease accompanied by mental retardation must to be done continuously to avoid infections that can result the death of the patient."

"Child patient management skills are essential for the dentists who want to successfully manage children. Without appropriate clinician skills in behavior management dental care in pediatric dentistry may be impractical for some children. Treatment of difficult children without effective behavioral management may appear cruel to the child may be perceived by unsatisfactory by the parent and can be exhausting to the clinician. Proper management of children is probably the most important responsibility of dentists who practice pediatric dentistry. Variety of factors may influenced the child behavior in the dental clinic, such as: growth and development, family and peers pass medical and dental experiences and the dental environment it self. This factors should be take attention by the dentists to diagnose the child behavior to dental clinic then choose the appropriate the technical behavior to manage the child."

"ABSTRAKAsthma is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the lung airways whose cause is incompletely understood. A variety of disorders can result in asthma. The most common is an inheritet immunologic abnormality that allows inhalet antigens (allergens) to trigger a hypersensitivy response mediated by immunoglobulin E (Ig F) and thus produce bronchial narrowing. The circumstances leading to an episode of asthma should be analyzed to identify possible precipitating factors. In oral infection focus may be important in precipitating attacks. Asthma medications can contibute to xerostomia making individuals who use medications more susceptible to caries and periodontal disease. The goal of the dental management of the patient asthma is to avoid precipitating an acute attack. Report of case: Oral treatment for an elamination of the causes of infection focus for girls at 11 years old."

"Nowadays the use of over the counter (OTC) bleaching material become more popular. The most common composition of this OTC material is mainly carbamide peroxyde and hydrogen peroxyde in various concentration. There many methods for using carbamide peroxyde as bleaching material, such as spray, gel tray or applicable solution, etc. According to the using methods, the possibility contamination between the material and oral mucous membrane is very high. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of 2% carbamide peroxyde solution on oral mucous membrane. Materials and method : 30 rats of wistar strain divided to 2 groups, the control group consist of 10 rats, and experimental group of 20 rats. The animal of control group received application on their labial vestibulum with aquadest, while for the experimental group applicated with 2% carbamide peroxyde solution. The applications were done for 1 minute, 3 times daily with 10 minutes interval periods. 5 rats of the control group and 10 of the experimental group were killed by epidural anaesthetic after 1 day application. The rest animals were killed after 3 days application. Inferior labia then taken as the specimen, fixated using formaldehyde and processed for microscopic slides stained with HE. Microscopic analyze were done using modified inflammation scoring system developed by Eda & Fukuyama. Statistical analyze shows that there are significant differences of the experimental group inflammation compare to control group, both for 1 day and 3 days application. However there are no differences of oral mucous inflammation between 1 day and 3 days application for both control and experimental groups. Based on this research's result, it can be concluded that bleaching material contain carbamide peroxyde can caused oral mucous inflammation."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 284-287Radiographic examination has a very important role in dental implant treatment, including preoperative planning and intra operative and postoperative assessment. ln preoperative planning, radiographic examination has an ability to visualize critical mandibular anatomic organ such as mandibular foramen, mandibular canals, and mental foramina, which will guide the choice of implant length, diameter, and position. Besides, it also can reveal variation of quality and quantity of the jaw bone. Radiographic examination for postoperative assessment of dental implant is usually addressed for evaluation of implant position. Development and application modem imaging modalities in dento-maxillofacial radiology have very important role for better accuracy and more comprehensive dental implant treatment. One of modern radiographic imaging technique for this purpose is conventional linier tomography. This modality yields visualization of bone quality and quantity in high detail and accuracy, including bone condition in buccallingual dimension. Thus the choice of implan type, shape and size can be obtained precisely and furthermore reducing iatrogenic damage of critical anatomic organ. Radiation dose of conventional linier tomography is relatively lower comparing with other modern imaging modalities such as CT scan, besides that it also has lower cost so it has beneficial economical point. However, for a certain case and condition, there will be some need for combining conventional linier tomography with other technique, such as the panoramic and periapical technique."

"Carbamide peroxide as a whitening agent for teeth is very popular because the use of this agent is easy and inexpensive. There are two kinds of concentrations, i.e. 10%-15% and 35%. The methods are home bleaching and in office bleaching. For home bleaching, the duration of whitening application is 2-6 weeks, each day for 8 hours, whilst for in office leaching, two hour application will be required. Whitening efficacy might be increased up to 2-5 levels and the color may sustain for 1-3 years, and this treatment could be reapplied. There is an effect on pulp system, but the effect is reversible, i.e. sensitivity which could be treated with flouridation or application of potassium nitrate. The side affects on gingiva include inflammation which is caused by the buffer and is only temporary. Bleaching is safe to be use the result will be satisfying if proper procedure is followed."