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"Carbamide peroxide as a whitening agent for teeth is very popular because the use of this agent is easy and inexpensive. There are two kinds of concentrations, i.e. 10%-15% and 35%. The methods are home bleaching and in office bleaching. For home bleaching, the duration of whitening application is 2-6 weeks, each day for 8 hours, whilst for in office leaching, two hour application will be required. Whitening efficacy might be increased up to 2-5 levels and the color may sustain for 1-3 years, and this treatment could be reapplied. There is an effect on pulp system, but the effect is reversible, i.e. sensitivity which could be treated with flouridation or application of potassium nitrate. The side affects on gingiva include inflammation which is caused by the buffer and is only temporary. Bleaching is safe to be use the result will be satisfying if proper procedure is followed."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Special Edition KPPIKG XIV: 368-373Tooth bleaching has become a popular treatment for esthetic improvement in dentistry. There are several 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents that are available in Indonesia which contained potasium nitrate-flouride or without potasium nitrate-flouride. However, there was no clinical report about these products in Indonesia. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two bleaching and sensitivity of tooth and gingiva. Sixty-four participants were divided into 2 groups. The first group was treated with bleaching agent that contained potasium nitrate-flouride (Opalescence PF, Ultradent) and the second group with bleaching agent without potasium nitrate-flouride (Vivastyle, Ivoclar Vivadent). Bleaching treatment was done for 6-8 hours per night over a 2 week-period. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at 3, 7, 14 day afterwards. Color change was measured using a value-ordered Vita classic shade guide; tooth and gingival sensivity were examined using Electric Pulp Tester, Gingival Index and a patient log. The results showed that there were no statistical difference in degree of color change between the two products. The mean color change after 2 weeks was 7-8 tabs lighter than baseline. Also there was no statistical difference in tooth and gingival sensitivity between the products. It can be concluded that 10% carbamide peroxide containing potasium nitrate-flouride has the same effectiveness compared to other agent without potasium nitrate-flouride for tooth color change and tooth and gingival sensitivity."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 254-259There are two basic kinds of tooth whitening agents. The first is over the counter materials and the other is materials used by the dentist or under dentist control. Home bleaching is a technique using l0% carbamide peroxide on a tray applied by patient under dentist supervision. This paper is a review of the effect of 10 % carbamid peroxide home bleaching technique. It is revealed that this metode is simple, safe, economic, and has short chiar side time."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV:294-296Dental bleaching has been considered as a feasible approach for dental esthetic, and many dental bleaching products can be seen in the market. Therefore, the side effect of a such dental product should be studied. This study was aimed to detemine the effect of carbamide peroxide-containing home bleaching agent on the hardness of dental amalgam surface structure. Forty amalgam filling specimens were divided into 4 groups, which consist of 3 treatment group and 1 control gloups. Each group was exposed to the bleaching agent daily for 2, 4, and 8 hours within 7 days. The Vickers Microhardness Tester, with loads 98.07 mN for 20 seconds, was used to measured the hardeness of amalgam surface. It was revealed that, there was a significant difference between the treatment and the control group on 8 hours period. It was concluded that there was a decrease in hardeness of dertal amalgam surface after having a contact with carbamide peroxide bleaching agent."

"Nowadays the use of over the counter (OTC) bleaching material become more popular. The most common composition of this OTC material is mainly carbamide peroxyde and hydrogen peroxyde in various concentration. There many methods for using carbamide peroxyde as bleaching material, such as spray, gel tray or applicable solution, etc. According to the using methods, the possibility contamination between the material and oral mucous membrane is very high. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of 2% carbamide peroxyde solution on oral mucous membrane. Materials and method : 30 rats of wistar strain divided to 2 groups, the control group consist of 10 rats, and experimental group of 20 rats. The animal of control group received application on their labial vestibulum with aquadest, while for the experimental group applicated with 2% carbamide peroxyde solution. The applications were done for 1 minute, 3 times daily with 10 minutes interval periods. 5 rats of the control group and 10 of the experimental group were killed by epidural anaesthetic after 1 day application. The rest animals were killed after 3 days application. Inferior labia then taken as the specimen, fixated using formaldehyde and processed for microscopic slides stained with HE. Microscopic analyze were done using modified inflammation scoring system developed by Eda & Fukuyama. Statistical analyze shows that there are significant differences of the experimental group inflammation compare to control group, both for 1 day and 3 days application. However there are no differences of oral mucous inflammation between 1 day and 3 days application for both control and experimental groups. Based on this research's result, it can be concluded that bleaching material contain carbamide peroxyde can caused oral mucous inflammation."

"ABSTRAKPemutihan gigi sudah menjadi kebutuhan banyak orang untuk menunjangpenampilan estetika. Pada prosedur pemutihan gigi, biasanya menggunakanbahan-bahan pemutih seperti hidrogen peroksida, karbamid peroksida, dankarbopol. Namun bahan-bahan pemutih gigi tersebut dapat menimbulkan efeksamping seperti sensitifitas gigi paska tindakan serta iritasi pada rongga mulut danmukosa saluran cerna bila tertelan. Buah alpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, dan pisangadalah jenis buah yang diketahui mengandung hidrogen peroksida. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pada jus buah alpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, danpisang dalam memutihkan gigi yang mengalami diskolorisasi ekstrinsik. Gigipremolar post-ekstraksi yang telah diskolorisasi teh dan diskolorisasi kopi diberiperlakuan jus buah selama 14 hari. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa terjadiperubahan rata-rata skala warna pada kelompok teh dengan perlakuan jus buahalpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, dan pisang dari skala 12 menjadi rata-rata sebesar5,4 ± 0,51; 4,4 ± 1,07; 4,9 ± 1,07; 4,5 ± 0,97 dan 4,8 ± 1,13. Sedangkan padakelompok kopi dengan perlakuan jus buah alpukat, apel, mangga, nanas, danpisang dari skala 9 menjadi rata-rata sebesar 1,6 ± 0,69; 2,2 ± 1,54; 2,2 ± 1,31; 1,5± 1,84; 1,37 ± 1,06.

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ABSTRACTTeeth whitening has become a need for many people to support the aestheticappearance. In the teeth whitening procedure, usually using bleaching ingredientssuch as hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, and carbopol. However theingredients of teeth whitening can cause side effect such as tooth sensitivity andirritation after the action in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal mucosa if ingested.Avocado, apple, mango, pineapple, and bananas are the types of fruit are knownto contain hydrogen peroxide. This study aims to determine the effect on fruitjuice avocado, apple, mango, pineapple, and banana in the teeth whiteningexperience extrinsic discoloration. Post-extraction of premolars that haddiscoloration of tea and coffee discoloration of the treated fruit juice for 14 days.The test results showed that the average changes color scale on tea grouptreatment with avocado fruit juices, apple, mango, pineapple, and banana of thescale of 12 to an average of 5.4 ± 0.51; 4.4 ± 1.07; 4.9 ± 1.07; 4.5 ± 0.97 and 4.8 ±1.13. Whereas in the coffee group treated fruit juice with avocado, apple, mango,pineapple, and banana of the scale of 9 to an average of 1.6±0.69; 2.2 ± 1.54; 2.2± 1.31, 1.5 ± 1.84; 1.37 ± 1.06."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 288-293ln dental bleaching, carbamide peroxide is usually used at concentration of 10%, 15%, to 20%. The result of our previous study showed that the application of l0% and 15% carbamid peroxide bleaching agent has increased the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching to glass ionomer surface hardness. Twenty specimens of glass ionomer cement type II after exposed to 20% carbamide peroxide were divided into two application time group: 4 and 8 hours per day. Glass ionomer cement surface hardness was measured by Vickers Microhardness Tester seri HMV-2 with a wieght 0,025 Hv for 20 second. The measurement was conducted at before/no application, a week after application, and 2 weeks after the application bleaching agent. The one way analysis of variance showed a significant difference of surface hardness of GIC type II between before/no application, after a week, and after 2 weeks application in both group. t can be concluded that the application of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent could increase the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement after 1 week and 2 week application periode."

"Pemutihan gigi dilakukan untuk gigi yang mengalami diskolorasi menggunakan hidrogen peroksida. Salah satu teknik dalam pemutihan gigi adalah at-home bleaching. Aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi juga dapat dilakukan pada gigi yang telah ditumpat dengan resin komposit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh lama aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 6% terhadap kekerasan resin komposit hibrid. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 spesimen yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu 10 spesimen kontrol, 10 spesimen yang diaplikasi bahan pemutih gigi selama 4 jam dan 10 spesimen yang diaplikasi bahan pemutih gigi selama 8 jam. Aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi dilakukan selama 4 hari. Pengukuran kekerasan dilakukan per hari menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan perbedaan penurunan kekerasan berdasarkan lama aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan penurunan kekerasan bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 6% dapat digunakan pada pasien dengan tumpatan resin komposit hibrid dengan aplikasi 4 jam selama 1 hari.

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Dental bleaching is one of treatment for discoloured teeth using hydrogen peroxide. One of dental bleaching method is at-home bleaching. Application of bleaching agent is also applied on the tooth that has been restorated with dental composite resin. The purpose of this research is to analyse the effect of different time of 6% hydrogen peroxide application to the surface hardness of hybrid composite resin. In this research 30 specimens hybrid composite resin were divided into 3 groups of specimen. These are 10 specimens as control group, 10 specimens applied with bleaching agent for 4 hours and 10 specimens applied with bleaching agent for 8 hours each day for 4 days. Measurement with Knoop Hardness Tester has been done each day.The result of this research is the surface hardness value of hybrid composite resin was decreased significantly after the application of bleaching agent 6% hydrogen peroxide according to time of application. But there?s no significantly differences compared to control group. The conclusion is bleaching agent that contain 6% hydrogen peroxide can be used for patient with hybrid composite resin in 4 hour application for one day."

"The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate whether or not an association exists between the presence of enamel craze lines and the prevalence of tooth sensitivity (TS) after in-office bleaching. Subjects that met the inclusion criteria (N = 23) were screened to detect the existence of enamel craze lines. In total, 460 teeth were subjected to bleaching where 49 % of them presented enamel craze lines. After bleaching (15 % hydrogen per oxide), the subject were asked to rate the level of TS by answering a self-administered questionnaire. The majority of subjects (91 %)experienced TS at the first day of bleaching. The TS prevalence decreased gradually to 22 % at second day, to 17 % at third day, and to 9 % at fourth day. After the fourtf day, no subject reported TS. While 15 % of teeth with no craze lines also showed TS. A positive but weak correlation (r = 0.214) was found between the existence of enamel craze lines and TS. In this clinical study, higher incidence of TS was found with the use of 15 % hydrkedogen peroxide bleaching agent compared to the previous studies. Patients who would undergo in-office bleaching informed that tooth sensitivity is a very often side effect but it may disappear within 1 week."