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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Special Edition KPPIKG XIV:180-183Various concepts in dental caries management which were presented by experts and developed since the eighties will be briefly reviewed. The aim of those concepts were in a way similar, which were treating dental caries by its etiology and control of risks factors which are different for every patient. On the other hand, operative treatment should be minimized. Therefore, all of those concepts could be considered as minimal intervention."

"Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan memberi informasi mengenal efek pemberian tablet fluor terhadap karies gigi sulung, mengingat hingga kini belum ada laporan mengenai hal tersebut di Indonesia. Penelitian deskriptif-analitik secara restrospektif dilakukan terhadap 114 anak berdomisili di Jakarta sejak lahir, berusia dari dua hingga lima tahun yang datang ke suatu klinik spesialis anak di Jakarta Utara. Pemeriksaan karies gigi sulung dilakukan dengan bantuan data yang berasal dari catatan medik penderita serta wawancara terbuka. Ternyata karies gigi sulung antara anak yang diberi dengan yang tidak diberi tablet fluor berbeda bermakna dengan p [ 0,05, terutama bila diberikan secara teratur pada anak. Karies pada anak yang mulai diberi tablet fluor setelah usia 6 bulan dalam tahun pertama kehidupan, tidak berbeda bermakna dengan karies pada anak yang mulai diberi tablet fluor pada usia 1-6 bulan. Karies pada anak yang diberi tablet fluor dalam jangka waktu 1-1,5 tahun, tidak berbeda bermakna dengan karies pada anak yang diberi tablet fluor dalam jangka waktu lebih dari 1,5 tahun. Dengan demikian penelitian ini memper--lihatkan efek positif pemberian tablet fluor terhadap karies gigi sulung. Hal ini terutama bila diberikan secara teratur pada tahun pertama kehidupan anak dan dalam jangka waktu yang sesuai dengan periode perturnbuhan serta perkembangan gigi sulung."

"Peningkatan prevalensi karies gigi terutama disebabkan karena adanya perubahan-perubahan dalam pola makan dari makanan berserat menjadi makanan mudah melekat pada permukaan gigi. Bila seseorang malas untuk membersihkan giginya setelah makan makanan yang manis dan lengket, maka sisa-sisa makanan tersebut akan diubah menjadi asam oleh bakteri yang terdapat dalam mulut, kemudian dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya karies gigi. Menurut Matram (2007), berdasarkan SKRT 2004, penyebab tingginya prevalensi karies hanya sedikit orang Indonesia mengerti cara menyikat gigi benar (10%). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh kebiasaan menyikat gigi terhadap status pengalaman karies dengan menganalisis data Rriskesdas 2007. Dalam Penelitian ini terdapat 198.023 responden berusia 35 tahun ke atas yang diperiksa giginya Desain penelitian cross sectional, populasi adalah seluruh penduduk Indonesia tahun 2007. Analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan distribusi frekuensi karakteristik responden, responden yang mempunyai gigi yang sehat, DMF-T = 0 adalah hanya 11,76 % dan responden yang mengalami kerusakan gigi atau DMF-T
1 adalah sebanyak 88,24%. Prevalensi pengalaman karies paling tinggi terjadi pada kelompok umur 65 tahun ke atas yaitu 96,51%. Pada kelompok yang menyikat gigi 1x/hari 1,063 kali berisiko terjadinya kerusakan gigi dibanding sikat gigi 2x/hari. Kelompok yang jarang menyikat gigi 1,23 kali berisiko terjadinya kerusakan gigi dibandingkan yg sikat gigi 2x/hari. Setelah dikontrol oleh variabel umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Sebaiknya masyarakat menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulutnya dengan rajin menyikat gigi 2 kali sehari yaitu setelah makan pagi dan sebelum tidur malam untuk dapat mengurangi terjadinya karies gigi.

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Increased prevalence of dental caries was due to changes in dietary fiber foods into food from easily attached to the tooth surface. When someone lazy to clean his teeth after eating sweet or sticky foods, the leftovers will be converted into acid by bacteria contained in the mouth, and can cause dental caries. According Matram (2007), based on the 2004 Household Health Survey, the cause of the high prevalence of caries in Indonesia that few people understand how to brush teeth correctly (10%). The purpose of this study is to see the effect of tooth brushing habits of the status of caries experience by analyzing the data Riskesdas 2007. In this study there were 198 023 respondents aged 35 years and over who checked his teeth cross sectional study design, population is the entire population of Indonesia in 2007. The analysis used is multiple logistic regression. The results based on the frequency distribution characteristics of respondents, respondents who have healthy teeth, DMF-T = 0 is only 11.76% and the respondents who experienced damage to their teeth or DMF-T
1 is as much as 88.24%. The highest prevalence of caries experience occurred at age group 65 years and over is 96.51%. In the group that tooth brushing 1 times/day 1.063 times the risk of tooth decay than two times/day toothbrush. Groups who rarely brush my teeth 1.23 times the risk of tooth decay compared to toothbrush who 2times/day. Once controlled by the variables of age, gender, education and employment. Community should maintain healthy teeth and mouth with diligent brushing their teeth two times a day after breakfast and before bedtime to reduce the occurrence of dental caries.;Increased prevalence of dental caries was due to changes in dietary fiber foods into food from easily attached to the tooth surface. When someone lazy to clean his teeth after eating sweet or sticky foods, the leftovers will be converted into acid by bacteria contained in the mouth, and can cause dental caries. According Matram (2007), based on the 2004 Household Health Survey, the cause of the high prevalence of caries in Indonesia that few people understand how to brush teeth correctly (10%). The purpose of this study is to see the effect of tooth brushing habits of the status of caries experience by analyzing the data Riskesdas 2007. In this study there were 198 023 respondents aged 35 years and over who checked his teeth cross sectional study design, population is the entire population of Indonesia in 2007. The analysis used is multiple logistic regression. The results based on the frequency distribution characteristics of respondents, respondents who have healthy teeth, DMF-T = 0 is only 11.76% and the respondents who experienced damage to their teeth or DMF-T
1 is as much as 88.24%. The highest prevalence of caries experience occurred at age group 65 years and over is 96.51%. In the group that tooth brushing 1 times/day 1.063 times the risk of tooth decay than two times/day toothbrush. Groups who rarely brush my teeth 1.23 times the risk of tooth decay compared to toothbrush who 2times/day. Once controlled by the variables of age, gender, education and employment. Community should maintain healthy teeth and mouth with diligent brushing their teeth two times a day after breakfast and before bedtime to reduce the occurrence of dental caries."

"Tingginya angka karies gigi pada anak usia sekolah seiring kebiasaan masyarakat Indonesia yang belum menerapkan kebiasaan baik dalam menggosok gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kebiasaan menggosok gigi sebelum tidur malam dengan karies pada siswa sekolah dasar. Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif korelatif pada 108 responden yang dipilih secara stratified random sampling di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Istiqomah Tangerang. Ada hubungan bermakna antara kebiasaan menggosok gigi sebelum tidur malam dengan karies dengan Pvalue 0,039 menggunakan uji chi-square. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah orangtua dan guru perlu membiasakan anak untuk menggosok gigi sebelum tidur malam sejak usia sekolah.

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The high prevalence of dental caries among school-age children as Indonesian people have not implemented good habit of tooth brushing. This research was aimed to explore the correlation between habit of tooth brushing before going to the bed at night with dental caries among elementary school students. The research used a descriptive correlation. Samples, 108 respondents were recruited using stratified random sampling at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Istiqomah in Tangerang. Habit of tooth brushing before going to the bed at night were significantly correlated with dental caries among students with Pvalues 0,039 used chi-square. Based on findings, parents and teachers have to teach good habit of tooth brushing before going to bed at night."

"Sindroma Down disebabkan abnormalitas kromosom yaitu nondisjuction kromosom 21 dengan karakteristik tertentu. Anak sindroma Down memiliki resistensi yang baik terhadap karies. sIgA di dalam saliva merupakan tanda diaktivasinya respon imun humoral di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar sIgA saliva dengan karies anak sindroma Down. Subjek penelitian berusia 15-17 tahun, sebanyak 34 orang yang tediri dari 17 anak sindroma Down dan 17 anak normal. Seluruh subjek penelitian dinilai kadar sIgA saliva menggunakan ELISA tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukan hubungan negatif kuat bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan karies anak sindroma Down (r=-0.628, p=0.007). Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan karies anak sindroma Down.

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Down syndrome is caused by chromosomal abnormalities nondisjuction chromosome 21 with particular characteristics. Down syndrome children have a good resistance against caries. sIgA in the saliva is a sign activated humoral immune response in the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of salivary sIgA concentrations with caries Down syndrome children. Subjects aged 15-17 years, a total of 34 people consisting of 17 Down's syndrome children and 17 normal children. All subject of the study assessed the concentratios of salivary sIgA using indirect ELISA. The results showed an significant strong negative correlation was found between salivary sIgA concentration and caries Down syndrome children (r = -0628, p = 0.007). This study established that salivary sIgA concentration and caries Down syndrome children was significant correlation."

"Latar Belakang: Vitamin D Reseptor (VDR) merupakan protein yang mengatur fungsi vitamin D biologis. Vitamin D berperan penting dalam pembentukan gigi, terutama ketika kalsifikasi email dan dentin, serta berperan dalam menjaga keseimbangan fosfat dan ion kalsium, yang merupakan faktor penting dalam perlindungan gigi. VDR. aktivitas protein dipengaruhi oleh gen VDR. Karies merupakan penyakit multifaktorial, dimana faktor Genetika juga berperan dalam mempengaruhi tingkat kerentanan seseorang terhadap karies. Adanya polimorfisme pada gen VDR diduga mempengaruhi tingkat kerentanan pejamu terhadap karies melalui perubahan yang terjadi pada metabolisme kalsium. Tujuan: Untuk mendeteksi keberadaan polimorfisme gen VDR TaqI (rs731236) di penderita karies di Indonesia. Metode: 100 bahan biologis yang disimpan dalam bentuk DNA diambil dari sampel darah, terdiri dari 50 sampel karies dan 50 sampel kontrol dianalisis menggunakan teknik PCR-RFLP. Analisis RFLP dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim restriksi TaqI. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji eksak Fisher dan uji Koreksi kontinuitas. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini ditemukan kelompok karies bahwa tidak ada sampel yang memiliki genotipe CC, 4 sampel memiliki genotipe CT, dan 46 sampel memiliki genotipe TT. Selain itu, terdapat 4 alel C dan 96 alel T. Genotipe dan alel polimorfik lebih banyak ditemukan pada kelompok karies (100% dan ). 96%) dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (88% dan 84%). Kesimpulan: Polimorfisme gen VDR TaqI (rs731236) ditemukan pada pasien karies. Ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam distribusi genotipe dan alel dari VDR TaqI. polimorfisme gen (rs731236) antara pasien karies dan kelompok kontrol (p <0,05).

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Background: Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) is a protein that regulates the biological function of vitamin D. Vitamin D plays an important role in tooth formation, especially when calcification of enamel and dentin, and plays a role in maintaining the balance of phosphate and calcium ions, which are important factors in tooth protection. VDR. protein activity is influenced by the VDR gene. Caries is a multifactorial disease, where genetic factors also play a role in influencing a person's level of vulnerability to caries. The presence of polymorphisms in the VDR gene is thought to affect the level of host susceptibility to caries through changes that occur in calcium metabolism. Objective: To detect the presence of the VDR TaqI gene polymorphism (rs731236) in caries sufferers in Indonesia. Methods: 100 biological materials stored in the form of DNA were taken from blood samples, consisting of 50 caries samples and 50 control samples were analyzed using PCR-RFLP technique. RFLP analysis was performed using the restriction enzyme TaqI. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test and continuity correction test. Results: In this study, the caries group found that none of the samples had the CC genotype, 4 samples had the CT genotype, and 46 samples had the TT genotype. In addition, there were 4 C alleles and 96 T alleles. Genotypes and polymorphic alleles were more commonly found in the caries group (100% and ). 96%) compared to the control group (88% and 84%). Conclusion: VDR TaqI gene polymorphism (rs731236) was found in caries patients. There were significant differences in the genotype and allele distribution of the VDR TaqI. gene polymorphism (rs731236) between caries patients and control group (p < 0.05)."

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Mikoflora yang merupakan bagian dari plak yang melekat di permukaan gigi dan tumbuh dalam biakan anaerob adalah jamur Actinomyces. Di Indonesia, penelitian terhadap mikoflora Actinomyces sebagai bagian dari komposisi plak belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan prevalensi Actinomyces pada plak di dalam kavitas karies, kalkulus dan permukaan utuh gigi; apakah terdapat perbedaan prevalensi menurut lokalisasi plak pada permukaan gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan diambil dari penderita yang datang ke Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Mulut FKGUI. Bahan pemeriksaan adalah kerokan jaringan karies di bagian 2/3 oklusal dan bagian 1/3 servikal, kerokan kalkulus supragingiva dan subgingiva, serta kerokan plak pada permukaan utuh gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan dikelompokkan menurut macam penderita, yakni penderita karies (I), penderita kalkulus (II), dan penderita karies dan kalkulus (III). Bahan tersebut dibiak dan diisolasi secara anaerob dalam medium BHI cair. Hasil biakan dianggap positif berdasarkan morfologi sal, dan bentuk makrokoloni dan mikrokoloni Actinomyces sp.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Telah diperiksa 65 penderita karies dan/atau kalkulus. Pada kelompok I dan II, mikoflora Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di permukaan utuh gigi (14,8% dan 13,3%). Pada kelompok III, Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di dalam kavitas karies di bagian 1/3 servikal (23%). Berdasar lokalisasi plak, pada setiap kelompok tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna prevalensi Actinomyces. Mikoflora yang ditemukan dari isolasi anaerob sebagian besar (90,7%) adalah Actinomyces AR. yang fakultatif anaerob.

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ABSTRACT

Scope and Method of Study: The mycoflora isolated from dental plaques and grown anaerobically are fungi which belong to the genus Actinomyces. In Indonesia, the study of Actinomyces sp. as a part in the composition of dental plaque has not been reported. This study was taken to determine the prevalence of Actinomyces as a part of dental plaque the cavity of caries, on calculus and in the plaque deposited on the smooth teeth surface, whether the prevalence differ according to the location of the plaque. The clinical materials were taken from patients who attended the Laboratory of Oral Medicine of the School of Dentistry of the University of Indonesia. The materials are caries tissues taken from 2/3 occlusal and 1/3 cervical of the tooth, curettage of supragingival and subgingival calculus and from plaques deposited on the smooth teeth surface. The material was divided into three groups according to the condition of the patients: the patients with caries (I), patients with calculus (II), and patients with both caries and calculus {III). The samples were cultured on BHI broth and isolated anaerobically. The identification of positive cultures was based on the morphology of the cell, as well as by studying the shape of macro and microcolonies.

Findings and Conclusions: A total of 65 patients had been observed. In group I and II, Actinomyces sp. was found most frequently on plaques of the smooth teeth surface (14,8 % and !3,3 %, respectively). In group III, Actinomyces sp. was most frequent on plaques in the cavity of caries at 1/3 cervical part of the teeth {23 %). There were no significant difference on the prevalence of Actinomyces sz. in the third group in relation to the location of the plaque. The majority of the mycoflora (90,7 %) isolated anaerobically are facultative anaerobic Actinomyces sp."

"Karies merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi mulut yang paling tinggi pada anak usia 3-5 tahun di Indonesia. Mengobati karies sejak dini dapat menghilangkan rasa sakit dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup anak. SDF merupakan salah satu perawatan karies pada gigi sulung. 59 anak usia 3-5 tahun di Serpong diaplikasikan SDF pada permukaan gigi sulung yang karies dan di evaluasi setelah 3 bulan. Ibu subjek diberikan kuisioner pengukuran kualitas hidup sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi SDF. Setelah dioleskan SDF, 89,36% karies terhenti. Kualitas hidup 59 subjek meningkat setelah aplikasi SDF (p < 0,05). SDF efektif dalam menghentikan karies gigi sulung dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup anak.

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Caries is the highest oral health problem in children aged 3-5 yeard old in Indonesia. Early caries treatment can heal tootache and increase quality of life. SDF is one of caries treatment for primary teeth. 59 children aged 3-5 years old were applied SDF and evaluated 3 months later. Mothers are given quality of life questionairre before and after SDF application. After SDF application, 89,36% caries are arrested. Quality of life of the subjects are increased after SDF application (p<0,05). SDF is effective in treating primary teeth caries and increase children quality of life."

"Karies merupakan penyakit infeksius yang paling sering terjadi pada anak di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan solusi yang dapat mengatasi karies, salah satunya dengan aplikasi Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF). Tujuan: membahas evaluasi aplikasi SDF dalam mengatasi karies anak dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan persentase karies terhenti setelah aplikasi SDF. Metode: Studi kohort untuk evaluasi dan cross sectional dengan subjek penelitian 115 anak usia 3-5 tahun yang memiliki karies dentin aktif. Kuesioner diisi oleh orangtua untuk mengetahui faktor risiko karies. Hasil: Evaluasi pada 3 dan 10 bulan memperlihatkan permukaan karies aktif berpeluang terhenti 9.9 dan 6.8 kali setelah diaplikasi SDF, dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diaplikasi. Kesimpulan: SDF efektif menghentikan karies aktif anak serta meringankan rasa sakit yang diderita anak akibat karies sehingga berpotensi meningkatkan quality of life anak.

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Dental caries is one of the most prevalent infectious disease in children in Indonesia. Therefore, solution to overcome caries is needed.

Objective: evaluate Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) applications to overcome caries in children and factors related to the percentage of arrested caries after SDF application.

Method: Cohort study to evaluation and cross sectional with 115 children aged 3-5 years old who had active dentin caries were the subjects. Caries risk factors questionnaires filled by parents subject.

Results: Active caries which were applied SDF had odd ratios 9.9 and 6.8 times being arrested after 3 and 10 months, respectively, compared with those not applied.

Conclusion: SDF is effective to arrest caries and decrease toothache suffered by children, thus potentially increase the quality of life of children."