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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 193-197Dental panoramic radiograph in Indonesia has been widely used. Modern diagnostic imaging equjpment with minimum radiation is still very limited. One of the condition in nuclear safety law, UU 10/1997, is an optimation of all radiation sources with DRL through skin dose measurements. In Indonesia, the National DRL has nol established yet, and there were no reports on the study of panoramic skin dose inlndonesia. The aim of this preliminary study was to obtain a panoramic skin dose radiation as reference to establish DRL in Indonesia. Panoramic radiograph of sixteen female and fifteen mate patients, aged 4-48 years, were taken using the standard conventional method, with TLD chips attached in location groups. The chips were then read with the detector and integrator of BATAN, in high and low temperature condition at the same time. It was revealed that behind the right and left ear were the regions with highest radiation dose received, followed by the back of the neck, left jaw, right jaw, and chin. The result of this study has shown the importance of DRL in Indonesia since the use of modern diagnostic imaging equipment that limits the radiation dose to the minimum level is still very limited."

"Radiasi sinar ultraviolet dapat memberi efek negatif pada kulit manusia. Salah satu cara untuk melindungi kulit dari bahaya sinar UV adalah dengan menggunakan tabir surya atau produk kosmetik lain yang memiliki kandungan bahan fotoprotektif. Penggunaan produk kosmetik dengan kandungan bahan alam sebagai fotoprotektor juga semakin diminati. Dalam review artikel ini memuat tentang berbagai bahan alam yang memiliki efek fotoprotektif dan mungkin dapat digunakan dalam formulasi sediaan kosmetik. Bahan alam tersebut diantaranya adalah alga coklat, teh hijau, delima, lidah buaya, apel, anggur, kunyit, wortel, walnut, kopi, minyak biji bunga matahari, dan tomat. Bahan alam tersebut memiliki kandungan senyawa yang memiliki potensi sebagai agen fotoprotektif dan memungkinkan untuk digunakan dalam pengembangan formulasi suatu produk kosmetik.

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Ultraviolet radiation can have a negative effect on human skin. One of the way to protect the skin from the dangers of UV rays is to use sunscreen or other cosmetic products that contain photoprotective ingredients. The use of cosmetic products with natural ingredients as photoprotectors is also increasingly in demand. In this review article contains various natural ingredients that have photoprotective effects and may be used in preparation of cosmetic formulations. These natural ingredients include brown algae, green tea, pomegranate, aloe vera, apples, grapes, turmeric, carrots, walnuts, coffee, sunflower seed oil, and tomatoes. These natural ingredients contain compounds that have potential as photoprotective agents and allow them to be used in the development of a cosmetic product formulation."

"ABSTRAKProduk pangan Indonesia yang melimpah sangat dibutuhkan oleh seluruhmasyarakat dan tujuan ekspor. Pendistribusian hasil pangan memerlukan waktuyang cukup lama. Sering dijumpai produk pangan telah rusak atau membusuksetelah sampai di tujuan. Pengawetan makanan secara konvensional belummampu mengatasi hal tersebut. Bahan pengawet makanan juga bercampur danmasih berada dalam produk pangan tersebut. Pengawetan bahan pangan dengan teknik iradiasi diharapkan dapat mengatasi masalah pengawetan makanan yang lebih baik. Indonesia telah bergegas menerapkan teknologi iradiator gamma dengan langkah awal membuat suatu desain fasilitas iradiator gamma. Suatu hal penting dalam desain pengoperasian fasilitas iradiator adalah bagaimana membuat dosis radiasi pada produk secara seragam. Apabila produk menerima dosis radiasi rendah maka tujuan iradiasi tidak akan tercapai dan apabila produk menerima dosis radiasi lebih tinggi dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan produk. Keseragaman dosis radiasi disebut Dose Uniformity Ratio (DUR) yang merupakan perbandingan dosis serap maksimum dibanding dosis serap minimum yang diterima oleh produk di dalam wadah produk iradiasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi nilai DUR pada fasilitas iradiator gamma ?merah putih? berkapasitas 300 kCi yang sedang dibangun di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbaikan nilai DUR pada proses iradiasi dengan pengosongan produk bagian tengah.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia abundant food products is needed by the whole community and forexport purposes. Distribution of food products requires quite a long time. Often some food products has been damaged or decayed after arriving at thedestination. Conventional food preservation has not been able to overcome it.Food preservatives are also mixed and still be in the food product. Preservingfood with irradiation techniques are expected to solve the problem better foodpreservation. Indonesia should immediately implement the gamma irradiatortechnology with the first step to create a design of gamma irradiators facility. An important point in the operation design of the irradiators facility is how to make the radiation dose on the product uniformly. Irradiation purpose can not be achieved if the product receives a lower radiation dose and the product will be damaged if it receives a higher radiation dose. The uniformity of the radiation dose is called Dose Uniformity Ratio (DUR), which is a comparison of absorbed dose received by the product in a container product that maximum rather than the minimum absorbed dose. This study aims to estimate the value of DUR in gamma irradiators facility with a capacity of 300 kCi. Results of this study are expected to be used for operational design considerations on gamma irradiator "merah putih" are being built in Indonesia. The results showed DUR better with irradiation by emptying the product in the central part of the container products"

"ABSTRAKRadiografi dental panoramik merupakan teknik pencitraan untuk mendapatkan gambaran daerah mandibula dan seluruh dental dalam satu film. Telah dilakukan pengukuran dose-area product (DAP) dan dosis kulit phantom pada pemeriksaan dental panoramik dengan menggunakan TLD. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan variasi kondisi pengukuran sebanyak 4 variasi tegangan tabung yaitu 66 kV, 68 kV, 70 kV dan 72 kV dengan penggunaan mA tetap yaitu 3 mA dengan waktu paparan rata-rata 19 detik. Pengukuran DAP diperoleh dengan melakukan pengukuran output pesawat tanpa phantom mengguanakn TLD yang diletakkan pada slit sekunder yang sejajar dengan sumber berkas sinar-x. Hasil pengukuran diperoleh nilai yang bervariasi yaitu pada tegangan tabung 66 kV (80.554 mGy cm2), 68 kV (83.376 mGy cm2), 70 kV (93.154 mGy cm2), 72 kV (93.096 mGy cm2). Pengukuran dosis kulit dilakukan dengan meletakkan TLD di 4 lokasi penyinaran, yaitu : daerah kiri dagu (titik A), tengah dagu (titik B), kanan dagu (titik C) dan slit (titik D). Berdasarkan data pengukuran, dosis kulit pada titik B menerima dosis exit pada saat berkas sinar-x melewati TLD di titik B sedangkan dosis pada titik D menerima dosis exit selama pemeriksaan dental panoramik. Dosis kulit pada titik A dan C memperoleh dosis entrance dan exit. Metode untuk mengetahui estimasi dosis pasien pada pemeriksaan dental panoramic yang perlu dilakukan yaitu mengatahui output pesawat tanpa phantom dan distribusi dosis exit dengan phantom yang diukur selama penyinaran.

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ABSTRACTPanoramic dental radiography is the imaging technique to get an overview of the mandible and entire dental area in the one film. Measurements have been carried our dose-area product (DAP) and the phantom skin dose in panoramic dental examination using the TLD. Measurements were made using a variation of the measurement conditions as much as 4 variation of tube voltage is 66 kV, 68 kV, 70 kV and 72 kV with the use of fixed 3 mA with an average exposure time of 19 seconds. DAP measurements obtained by measuring the radiation output without phantom using TLD placed on the secondary slit parallel to the x-ray beam source. Measurement result obtained by varying the value of the tube voltage of 66 kV (80,554 mGy cm2), 68 kV (83,376 mGy cm2), 70 kV (93,154 mGy cm2), 72 kV (93,096 mGy cm2). Skin dose measurements made with TLD placed at 4 locations irradiation, namely : the left chin area (point A), middle chin (point B), right chin (point C) and slit (point D). Based on the measurement data, the skin dose at point B receives the exit dose at the time of x-ray beam through the TLD at point B while the dose at point D received the exit dose during panoramic dental examination. Skin dose at point A and C gain entrance and exit doses. Estimation method to determine patient dose in panoramic dental examination needs to be done is to move on the radiation output without the phantom and the phantom exit dose distributions measured during irradiation."

"Latar Belakang: Radiografi panoramik merupakan salah satu teknik radiografi ekstraoral yang paling sering digunaakan. Pada umumnya, radiograf panoramik menunjukkan adanya magnifikasi sekitar 10-30%. Oleh karena itu, kesalahan dalam penentuan posisi pasien dapat menyebabkan magnifikasi ini lebih tidak proporsional. Struktur anatomi dan tingkat pemahaman instruksi dapat berbeda pada berbagai kelompok usia. Maka dari itu, diperlukan data mengenai frekuensi kesalahan posisi yang terjadi pada kelompok usia anak, dewasa, dan lansia. Tujuan: Memperoleh perbandingan kesalahan posisi radiograf panoramik yang terjadi pada kelompok usia anak, dewasa, dan lansia. Metode: Penelitian merupakan studi cross-sectional deskriptif menggunakan sampel berupa data sekunder radiograf panoramik pasien di Unit Radiologi Kedokteran Gigi RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (P<0.05) pada posisi tulang belakang tidak tegak, posisi lidah tidak tepat, bergerak selama paparan, dan vertical error antara anak, dewasa, dan lansia. Kesimpulan: Kesalahan posisi pasien dalam radiograf panoramik relatif umum. Kualitas radiograf panoramik dapat ditingkatkan dengan instruksi yang lebih jelas dan meningkatkan perhatian operator selama memposisikan pasien.

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Background: Panoramic radiography is one of the most frequently used extraoral radiography techniques. Usually, panoramic radiographs show magnification of between 10% and 30%. Therefore, errors in the positioning of the patients cause this magnification to become even more disproportionate. Different anatomical structures and levels of understanding instructions may differ in different age groups. Thus, a concrete data is needed regarding the frequency of positioning errors that occur in the age group of children, adults, and the elderly.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of panoramic radiographic errors and its correlation between the age group of children, adults, and the elderly.  

Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study using secondary data in the form of panoramic radiographs of patients at Universitas Indonesia Dental Hospital (RSKGM FKGUI) . Results: It was recorded that spine is not in the upright position, improper positioning of the tongue, moving during exposure, and vertical error were statistically significant in children, adults, and the elderly (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Patient positioning errors on panoramic radiographs are relatively common. The quality of panoramic radiograph can be improved with clearer instructions and intensifying operator attention during patient positioning."

"Radiografi panoramik merupakan alat diagnostik yang sangat penting dalam kedokteran gigi namun memiliki kekurangan seperti distorsi geometris, sehingga hasil gambaran cenderung tidak sesuai dengan ukuran struktur anatomi yang sesungguhnya pada pasien. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan hasil pengukuran horizontal dan vertikal pada cranium dibandingkan dengan pengukuran pada radiograf panoramik, serta untuk mengetahui seberapa besar distorsi pengukuran horizontal dan vertikal pada radiograf panoramik. Metode : Sampel penelitian berupa 7 cranium yang diberi marker gutta percha dengan panjang 2 mm kemudian dilakukan pembuatan radiograf panoramik sebanyak 4 kali. Pengukuran pada radiograf panoramik menggunakan software Digora for Windows 2.5 R1 Tuusula Finland. Hasil : Pada pengukuran horizontal bukal/labial HB terdapat perbedaan bermakna.

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Panoramic radiography is a very important diagnostic tool in dentistry but the panoramic radiograph also has some disadvantages related to its geometric distortion, the images of anatomical structures on panoramic radiograph are not according to their actual dimension in the patients.

Objective: To determine the amount of horizontal and vertical distortion of panoramic radiograph, by comparing the horizontal and vertical measurements on panoramic radiographs with those on the real object, which was the cranium.

Methods: The samples of this study were 7 cranium with a length of 2 mm gutta percha as markers, panoramic radiograph was taken from each sample 4 times. Measurements on a panoramic radiograph using Digora for Windows 2.1 R1 Tuusula Finland software.

Results: The horizontal buccal labial HB measurements shows that there were significant differences p "

"Latar Belakang: Kondisi edentulus umumnya menjadi dominan pada usia ≥65 tahun. Prevalensi edentulus parsial sendiri di Indonesia mencapai 79,8%. Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan adanya temuan radiografik yang cukup tinggi pada radiograf panoramik pasien edentulus yang sehat. Temuan-temuan tersebut berdampak penting pada rencana perawatan prostodontik, terutama perawatan implant-supported prosthesis. Salah satu penyakit yang dijumpai pada usia pengguna gigi tiruan adalah osteoporosis. Hal tersebut menjadi perhatian khusus karena osteoporosis merupakan faktor risiko yang mempercepat penurunan residual ridge. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dan dengan sedikitnya penelitian yang menggunakan sampel edentulus parsial, maka diperlukan data untuk mengetahui frekuensi distribusi temuan insidental pada radiograf panoramik pasien edentulus parsial. Tujuan: Mengetahui frekuensi distribusi temuan insidental pada radiograf panoramik pasien edentulus parsial. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross-sectional dengan menggunakan 385 sampel radiograf panoramik pasien edentulus parsial di RSKGM FKG UI. Radiograf dievaluasi dan diinterpretasi menggunakan i-Dixel Morita dan viewer box untuk mengetahui adanya temuan insidental, seperti gigi impaksi, sisa akar gigi, foreign bodies, lesi radiolusen/mixed/radiopak, atrofi maksila, dan lebar korteks tepi bawah mandibula (<3,0 mm). Data usia, jenis kelamin, dan hasil interpretasi radiograf panoramik dicatat dalam Microsoft Excel. Uji reliabilitas dilakukan menggunakan uji Gwet AC1, Kappa, dan ICC. Hasil: Prevalensi adanya minimal satu temuan insidental pada radiograf panoramik pasien edentulus parsial yang tidak memiliki keluhan/memiliki keluhan di luar temuan insidental, yakni 71,95% (277 radiograf). Total seluruh temuan insidental pada 277 radiograf adalah 549. Secara temuan insidental, urutan temuan insidental dari yang paling banyak hingga paling sedikit, yaitu lebar korteks tepi bawah mandibula (<3,0 mm), lesi radiolusen/mixed/radiopak, atrofi maksila, gigi impaksi, sisa akar gigi, dan foreign bodies. Rata-rata lebar korteks tepi bawah mandibula menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya usia dan lebih rendah pada perempuan, dengan rata-rata total lebar korteks tepi bawah mandibula adalah 3,12 mm. Kesimpulan: Prevalensi adanya minimal satu temuan insidental pada radiograf panoramik pasien edentulus parsial yang tidak memiliki keluhan/memiliki keluhan di luar temuan insidental cukup tinggi. Hal tersebut dapat menjadi peringatan bagi klinisi untuk dapat lebih lengkap dan berhati-hati dalam melakukan pemeriksaan, khususnya pada pasien edentulus parsial.

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Background: The edentulous condition generally becomes dominant at the age of ≥65 years. The prevalence of partial edentulous in Indonesia reaches 79.8%. Several studies have demonstrated high radiographic findings on panoramic radiographs of healthy edentulous patients. These findings have an important impact on prosthodontic treatment planning, especially the treatment of implant-supported prostheses. One of the diseases found at the age of denture wearers is osteoporosis. This is of particular concern because osteoporosis is a risk factor that accelerates the reduction of the residual ridge. Based on these and with the small number of studies using partial edentulous samples, data is needed to determine the frequency distribution of incidental findings on panoramic radiographs of partial edentulous patients. Objective: To determine the frequency distribution of incidental findings on panoramic radiographs of partial edentulous patients. Method: This study is a cross-sectional study using 385 panoramic radiographs of partial edentulous patients at RSKGM FKG UI. Radiographs were evaluated and interpreted using the i-Dixel Morita and viewer box for any incidental findings, such as impacted teeth, retained root teeth, foreign bodies, radiolucent/mixed/radiopaque lesions, maxillary atrophy, and mandibular cortical width (<3,0 mm). Data on age, sex, and interpretation of panoramic radiographs were recorded in Microsoft Excel. The reliability test was carried out using the Gwet AC1, Kappa, and ICC tests. Result: The prevalence of having at least one incidental finding on panoramic radiographs of partial edentulous patients who had no complaints/had complaints other than incidental findings is 71.95% (277 radiographs). The total of all incidental findings on 277 radiographs is 549. In terms of incidental findings, the order of incidental findings from most to least, namely mandibular cortical width (<3,0 mm), radiolucent/mixed/radiopaque lesions, maxillary atrophy, impacted teeth, retained root teeth, and foreign bodies. The mean mandibular cortical width decreased with age and is lower in females, with the average total of mandibular cortical width is 3.12 mm. Conclusion: The prevalence of at least one incidental finding on panoramic radiographs of partial edentulous patients who have no complaints/have complaints other than incidental findings is quite high. This can be a warning for clinicians to be more complete and careful in conducting examinations, especially in partial edentulous patients."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 408-411Radiography is very useful as diagnostic aids and is widely used in dentistry. Panoramic radiography, as an inherent part of orthodontic examination, is a very usetul in evaluating the condition of the jaw. This paper will discuss the role of panoramic radiography examination in pathologic condition and abnormalities of teeth and jaw to support the treatment planning of orthodontic treatment."

"Radiografi dental panoramik merupakan teknik untuk mendapatkan gambaran daerah mandibula dan seluruh gigi. Saat ini yang menjadi referensi pengukuran dosis pasien adalah penggunaan TLD chip, namun cara pengukuran yang memberikan indikasi langsung dari dosis pasien lebih sulit ditentukan. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran dengan metode CTDI dan pengukuran dengan TLD chip. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis fantom silinder PMMA berdiameter 16 cm dengan 5 titik pengukuran yaitu pada periperal dan pusat fantom. TLD diletakkan pada sekeliling permukaan fantom, sedangkan pencil chamber diletakkan ke dalam celah fantom dengan lebar berkas radiasi 5 cm. Selain itu, percobaan ini menggunakan waktu penyinaran 12 detik dengan masing-masing faktor eksposi anak 65 kV dan dewasa 70 kV. Nilai CTDI dihitung dari hasil bacaan pencil chamber, sedangkan TLD dihitung dari hasil pembacaan data TLD chip. Selanjutnya, Dose Area Product (DAP) didapatkan dari mengalikan CT-Dose Index dengan celah sekunder dari reseptor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Dose-Length Product (DLP) dan DAP untuk kondisi anak adalah 18,23 mGy.mm dan 270 mGy.mm2, sedangkan DLP dan DAP untuk kondisi dewasa adalah 23,45 mGy.mm dan 330 mGy.mm2 . Sebaliknya, hasil pengukuran dosis menggunakan TLD pada dental panoramik yaitu 0,0875 ± 0,001 mGy untuk kondisi anak dan 0,0731 ± 0,001 mGy untuk kondisi dewasa.

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Dental panoramic radiography is a technique to get an image of mandible and teeths. Commonly the patient dose estimation is TLD measurement, but the measurement of actual patient dose is more difficult to determine. In this study, we did the patient dose assesment of the dental panoramic procedure using CTDI method and compared with TLD measurement.

The experiment was done using 16 cm diameter cylindrical CTDI phantom with 5 points measurement at periapical and center of the phantom. TLDs were distributed circularly at phantom surface, whereas the pencil chamber with 5 cm wide X-ray beam was inserted into the chamber’s holder of the phantom. Moreover, the experiments were performed using 12 seconds time exposure and 65 kV and 70 kV for children and adult respectively. The CTDI was calculated based on the reading of chamber whereas the TLD was calculated based on the TLD reading data. Subsequently, the dose area product was calculated with multiplying the CTDI with the secondary slit are of receptor.

The results show the DLP and DAP for children are 18,23 mGy.mm and 270 mGy.mm2, whereas DLP and DAP for adult are 23,45 mGy.mm and 330 mGy.mm2. On the other hand, the TLD measurement shows that the dose estimation during the dental panoramic procedure are 0,0875 ± 0,001 mGy for children and 0,0731 ± 0,001 mGy for adult."