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"Fotometer Sederhana sebagai Alat Bantu Pengukuran Glukosa Darah. Pengukuran glukosa darah secara non- invasif merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan frekuensi pemantauan glukosa darah mandiri (PGDM). Untuk yang berbasis spektoskopi reflektansi NIR, penerapannya secara non-invasif terkendala nilai standar error of prediction yang tinggi. Namun demikian metode ini secara teori masih dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi kadar glukosa darah pada kondisi tertentu seperti keadaan hipoglikemia (<55 mg/dL), gula darah puasa (GDP) terkendali (70-115 mg/dL), dan hiperglikemia (>225 mg/dL). membantu pemantauan glukosa darah (PGDM pada kondisi GDP terkendali dan hiperglikemia). Hal ini dapat dilihat dari rata-rata persentase jumlah hari dengan kondisi GDP harian terkendali yang lebih besar pada PGDM yang dibantu dengan fotometer dibandingkan PDGM yang dilakukan hanya satu kali sehari (28% berbanding 18%, p = 0,344).

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Measurement of non-invasive blood glucose is one way to increase the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). For NIR reflectance spectroscopy, its application in non-invasive constrained by high value of standard error of prediction. The mean standard error of prediction was 25 mg/dL. Theoretically, NIR reflectance spectroscopy still can be used to predict blood glucose levels in certain conditions such as hypoglycemia (<55 mg/dL), controlled fasting blood glucose (FBG) (70-115 mg/dL), and hyperglycemia (>225 mg/dL), which the difference between the three conditions is more than 25 mg/dL. The results showed that there were significant differences in standards values of photometer measurement between controlled FBG and hyperglycemic conditions (p = 0.002). The results also showed that the photometer can be used to assist the monitoring of blood glucose in FBG under control and hyperglycemic conditions. It can be seen from the average percentage of the daily controlled FBG conditionsin patients conducting SMBG in photometer-assisted compared to in patientsonly use SMBG once a day (28% versus 18%, p = 0.344)."

"Measurement of non-invasive blood glucose is one way to increase the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose(SMBG). For NIR reflectance spectroscopy, its application in non-invasive constrained by high value of standard errorof prediction. The mean standard error of prediction was 25 mg/dL. Theoretically, NIR reflectance spectroscopy stillcan be used to predict blood glucose levels in certain conditions such as hypoglycemia (<55 mg/dL), controlled fastingblood glucose (FBG) (70-115 mg/dL), and hyperglycemia (>225 mg/dL), which the difference between the threeconditions is more than 25 mg/dL. The results showed that there were significant differences in standards values ofphotometer measurement between controlled FBG and hyperglycemic conditions (p = 0.002). The results also showedthat the photometer can be used to assist the monitoring of blood glucose in FBG under control and hyperglycemicconditions. It can be seen from the average percentage of the daily controlled FBG conditionsin patients conductingSMBG in photometer-assisted compared to in patientsonly use SMBG once a day (28% versus 18%, p = 0.344).Fotometer Sederhana sebagai Alat Bantu Pengukuran Glukosa Darah. Pengukuran glukosa darah secara noninvasifmerupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan frekuensi pemantauan glukosa darah mandiri (PGDM). Untukyang berbasis spektoskopi reflektansi NIR, penerapannya secara non-invasif terkendala nilai standar error of predictionyang tinggi. Namun demikian metode ini secara teori masih dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi kadar glukosa darah padakondisi tertentu seperti keadaan hipoglikemia (<55 mg/dL), gula darah puasa (GDP) terkendali (70-115 mg/dL), danhiperglikemia (>225 mg/dL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna standar nilaipengukuran fotometer antara kondisi GDP terkendali dan hiperglikemia (p = 0,002). Fotometer yang digunakan dapatmembantu pemantauan glukosa darah (PGDM pada kondisi GDP terkendali dan hiperglikemia). Hal ini dapat dilihatdari rata-rata persentase jumlah hari dengan kondisi GDP harian terkendali yang lebih besar pada PGDM yang dibantudengan fotometer dibandingkan PDGM yang dilakukan hanya satu kali sehari (28% berbanding 18%, p = 0,344)."

"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan design cross over, tersamar ganda, alokasi acak, dan bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian minuman teh hijau terhadap kadar glukosa darah postprandial setelah mengonsumsi makanan tinggi karbohidrat pada individu remaja sehat. Sebanyak 24 subjek remaja sehat mengikuti penelitian ini sampai selesai. Seluruh subjek penelitian mendapat perlakuan dengan mengonsumsi minuman teh hijau yang mengandung 66,52 mg katekin teh hijau atau 369,14 mg katekin teh hijau, serta dua lembar roti dan tiga gram sukrosa. Perlakuan terbagi dalam dua hari dengan diselingi periode wash out selama tiga hari. Pada penelitian ini terkumpul 24 data per kelompok, yang terdiri dari karakteristik demografi dan hasil pengukuran kadar glukosa darah puasa, menit ke-30, 60, dan 120. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan rerata usia subjek 20,08 ± 0,40 tahun dan rerata indeks massa tubuh (IMT) 20,37 ± 1,40 kg/m2. Kadar glukosa darah puasa tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna di antara kedua kelompok (p = 0,164). Hasil pengukuran kadar glukosa darah kelompok yang mengonsumsi 369,14 mg katekin teh hijau dibandingkan yang mengonsumsi 66,52 mg katekin teh hijau, lebih rendah secara bermakna pada menit ke-60 dan ke-120 dengan nilai sebagai berikut 113,70 ± 13,20 mg/dL vs 124,16 ± 8,17 mg/dL; p = 0,005 dan 88,95 ± 6,13 mg/dL vs 105,25 ± 13,85 mg/dL; p <0,001. Kesimpulan, kadar glukosa darah postprandial lebih rendah secara bermakna pada pemberian minuman yang mengandung 369,14 mg katekin teh hijau dibandingkan dengan mengonsumsi 66,52 mg katekin teh hijau.

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This study was a randomized, cross over, double-blind clinical trial, aimed to evaluate the effect of green tea on postprandial blood glucose level after consumption of high carbohydrate diet in healthy adolescents. Twenty four subjects completed this study. After solution of 2 g or 10 g green tea in 300 mL hot water was made, the subjects was given 100 mL, two slices bread and 3 g sucrose which held in two days with three day-wash out period. Twenty four data in each group were analyzed, including demographic characteristic, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels which measured at regular intervals (30, 60, and 120 min). This study showed mean age of subjects was 20,08 ± 0,40 years and mean body mass index was 20,37 ± 1,40 kg/m2. Fasting blood glucose level in both groups was not significantly different (p = 0,164). At min 60 and 120, postprandial glucose levels in intervention group (which consumed 369,14 mg green tea catechins) were significantly lower compared with control group (which consumed 66,52 mg green tea catechin); 113,70 ± 13,20 mg/dL vs 124,16 ± 8,17 mg/dL; p = 0,005 and 88,95 ± 6,13 mg/dL vs 105,25 ± 13,85 mg/dL; p <0,001. In conclusion, there was a significant decrease in postprandial blood glucose after consumption of 369,14 mg catechins green tea compared with 66,52 mg catechins green tea. "

"Hiperglikemia ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan kadar glukosa dalam darah yang melebihi normal. Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) merupakan alternatif pengobatan yang dilakukan dengan mengubah pola hidup pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian FMD terhadap kadar glukosa darah, berat badan, dan kadar insulin pada tikus hiperglikemia. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap tikus jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan (n = 16), yaitu kelompok hiperglikemia (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBB dan CMC Na 0,5%), kelompok metformin (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBB dan metformin 250 mg/kgBB), kelompok FMD (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBB dan FMD), dan kelompok ND (CMC Na 0,5%). Tikus diukur kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) dan berat badan pada tiap minggu perlakuan dan dikorbankan pada akhir perlakuan. Terdapat penurunan kadar GDP setelah pemberian FMD, walaupun tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara pra-perlakuan dengan minggu ke-4 perlakuan pada kelompok FMD (p > 0,05). Pemberian FMD tidak memberikan perbedaan yang signifikan pada rata-rata berat badan tikus pada minggu pra-perlakuan dan minggu ke-4 perlakuan (p > 0,05). Pemberian FMD cenderung dapat menurunkan kadar insulin sehingga mendekati kadar insulin kelompok ND, serta menunjukan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok metformin dengan kelompok FMD dan ND (p < 0,05). Sebagai kesimpulan, pemberian FMD dapat menurunkan kadar GDP, cenderung menurunkan kadar insulin, namun tidak secara signifikan menurunkan berat badan pada tikus model hiperglikemia.

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Hyperglycemia is characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels that exceeds normal. Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) is an alternative treatment that is carried out by changing the lifestyle of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine the effect of giving FMD on blood glucose levels, body weight, and insulin levels in hyperglycemic rats. This study was conducted on male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, which were divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 16), namely the hyperglycemia group (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBW and CMC Na 0.5%), metformin group (HFD-STZ 35 mg /kgBW and metformin 250 mg/kgBW), the FMD group (HFD-STZ 35 mg/kgBW and FMD), and the ND group (CMC Na 0,5%). Rats were measured for fasting blood glucose levels (GDP) and body weight each week of treatment and sacrificed at the end of the treatment. There was a decrease in GDP levels after FMD administration, although there was no significant difference between pre-treatment and the 4th week of treatment in the FMD group (p > 0.05). Giving FMD did not cause a significant difference in the average body weight of rats in the pre-treatment week and the 4th week of treatment (p > 0.05). Administration of FMD tended to reduce insulin levels so that they were close to insulin levels in the ND group, and showed a significant difference between the metformin group and the FMD and ND groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FMD administration can reduce GDP levels, tends to reduce insulin levels, but does not significantly reduce body weight in hyperglycemic rat models."

"Latar Belakang Glukosa darah puasa terganggu (GDPT) sebagai salah satu kondisi prediabetes berhubungan dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur karena pengaruh kandungan serat dan antioksidan terhadap kesehatan pankreas dan metabolisme glukosa darah. Penelitian mengenai hubungan konsumsi buah citrus dan sayur merah-oranye dengan GDPT pada wanita usia subur (WUS) masih terbatas. Metode Penelitian analisis sekunder dari dataset penelitian potong lintang berjudul ‘Hubungan Asupan dan Status Gizi dengan Jumlah Mikrobiota dan Marker Metabolik pada Wanita Suku Minangkabau dan Sunda’ ini melibatkan 360 WUS yang dipilih melalui Population Proportional Sampling. Konsumsi buah citrus (jeruk) dan sayur merah-oranye (wortel dan tomat) diperoleh dari wawancara ahli gizi terlatih menggunakan Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Setelah berpuasa 12-14 jam, 10 ml darah WUS diambil dari vena fossa cubiti dan dimasukkan vacutainer EDTA. Glukosa darah puasa diukur menggunakan kolorimetri enzimatik dengan glukosa oksidase-fenol aminofenazon. Hasil Rerata usia WUS 36 tahun, mengonsumsi buah citrus saja 14,4%, sayur merah-oranye saja 21,4%, keduanya 57,8%, dan tidak keduanya 6,38%. Setelah dikontrol dengan aktivitas fisik dan indeks massa tubuh, konsumsi sayur merah-oranye berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian GDPT yaitu sebagai faktor protektif. (OR=0,403, p=0,043). Konsumsi buah citrus tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian GDPT (p=0,138). Konsumsi keduanya tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian GDPT (p=0,655). Kesimpulan Konsumsi sayur merah-oranye mampu menurunkan risiko GDPT secara bermakna pada populasi WUS suku Minangkabau dan Sunda. Edukasi gizi disarankan untuk meningkatkan konsumsi sayuran tersebut dalam pola makan harian beraneka ragam.

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Introduction Impaired fasting blood glucose (IFBG) as a prediabetes condition is associated with fruit and vegetable consumption because of the influence of fiber and antioxidant content on pancreatic health and blood glucose metabolism. Research on the relationship between consumption of citrus fruit and red-orange vegetables with IFBG in women of reproductive age (WRA) is still limited. Method This secondary analysis of research dataset entitled 'Relationship of Intake and Nutritional Status with the Number of Microbiota and Metabolic Markers in Minangkabau and Sundanese Women' involved 360 WRA who were selected using the Population Proportional Sampling. Consumption of citrus fruits (oranges) and red-orange vegetables (carrots and tomatoes) was obtained from interviews with trained nutritionists using Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. After the subject fasted for 12- 14 hours, 10 ml of blood was taken from the cubital fossa vein, placed in EDTA vacutainer. Fasting blood glucose was measured using enzymatic colorimetry with glucose oxidase-phenol aminophenazone. Results The average age of WUS was 36 years, 14.4% consumed only citrus fruit, 21.4% only consumed red-orange vegetables, 57.8% both, and 6.38% neither. After controlling for physical activity and body mass index, consumption of red-orange vegetables was significantly related to the incidence of GDPT, namely as a protective factor. (OR=0.403, P=0.043). Consumption of citrus fruit was not significantly related to the incidence of GDPT (P=0.138). Consumption of both was not significantly related to the incidence of GDPT (P=0.655). Conclusion Consumption of red-orange vegetables can significantly reduce the risk of GDPT in the Minangkabau and Sundanese WRA populations. Nutrition education is recommended to increase consumption of these vegetables in their daily diverse diet."

"Komplikasi kronik diabetes, seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, ulkus diabetikum, penyakit ginjal, dan kerusakan mata dapat disebabkan oleh merokok. Akhir-akhir ini dikatakan bahwa merokok dapat meningkatkan resiko terjadinya diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Meskipun mekanisme pastinya belum dipahami sepenuhnya, diduga bahwa resistensi insulin yang disebabkan oleh nikotin, pada orang yang merokok tembakau berhubungan dengan peningkatan jumlah orang yang menderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk meneliti beda kadar glukosa darah pada pria perokok dan bukan perokok tembakau usia 20-60 tahun di Salemba tahun 2009-2010. Data dari 32 orang pria perokok dan 32 orang pria bukan perokok yang diambil secara consecutive sampling diperoleh dari pengisian angket dan pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah puasa dengan teknik tindik jari . Hasilnya adalah nilai rerata kadar glukosa darah puasa pada kelompok bukan perokok adalah 102,0 (86-150) mg/dL, sedangkan rerata kadar glukosa darah puasa pada kelompok perokok adalah 118,6 (SD 25,2) mg/dL. Dengan uji Mann-Whitney, didapatkan nilai p=0,002. Dengan demikian, terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar glukosa darah kelompok perokok dan bukan perokok tembakau.

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Chronic complications of diabetes such as cardiovascular disease, diabetic ulcers, kidney disease, and retinopathy can be caused by smoking. Recently, it has been said that smoking can increase the risk of diabetes type 2. Although the mechanism has been not clear, it has been suspected that insulin resistance caused by nicotine in tobacco smokers is related with increasing number of people who have type 2 diabetes mellitus. This research was designed to investigate the difference of blood glucose level in 20-60 years old male tobacco smokers and non-smokers in Salemba in 2009-2010.

The data from 32 male smokers and 32 male non-smokers taken by consecutive sampling was collected from questionnaire and measuring fasting blood glucose level by finger prick technique. The average value of fasting blood glucose in non-smokers group was 102,0 (86-150) mg/dL and in smokers group was 118,6 (SD 25,2) mg/dL. With Mann-Whitney test, it was known that p=0,002. So, there was a significant difference of blood glucose level in male tobacco smokers and non-smokers."

"Latar belakang: Hubungan antara kadar gula darah yang tinggi dan thrombolysisin myocardial infarction TIMI flow pra/pascaprosedur angioplasti primerterhadap mortalitas 1 tahun belum banyak dieksplorasi.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan hubungan kadar gula darahsaat admisi dan TIMI flow pra/pascaprosedur terhadap mortalitas 1 tahun pasieninfark miokard akut disertai elevasi segmen ST IMA-EST yang menjalaniintervensi koroner perkutan primer IKPP .Metode: 856 pasien IMA-EST yang dilakukan IKPP pada Januari 2014 hinggaJuli 2016 dianalisis secara retrospektif. Cut-off yang digunakan untuk kadar guladarah tinggi pada studi ini adalah ge;169 mg/dL. Kesintasan 1 tahun dinilai denganmetode Kaplan-Meier.Hasil: Pasien dengan kadar gula darah ge;169 mg/L N=307 mempunyai proporsiTIMI flow akhir 0 ndash; 1 yang lebih tinggi [3.3 vs. 0.5 ; adjusted odds ratio OR = 5.58, 95 confidence interval CI 1.30 ndash;23.9; p=0.02] dan mortalitas 1 tahun lebih tinggi [16.3 vs. 6 ; adjusted hazard ratio HR = 1.9, 95 CI1.12 ndash;3.23, p=0.017] dibanding pasien dengan kadar gula darah rendah N=549 .TIMI flow akhir 0 ndash; 1 merupakan prediktor independen mortalitas 1 tahun HR= 7.0, 95 CI 3.23 ndash;15.15;

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Background The association of high blood glucose level and Thrombolysis InMyocardial Infarction TIMI flow before after primary angioplasty with 1 yearmortality has not much been explored.Objective This study sought to determine the association of blood glucose level BGL on admission and pre post procedural TIMI flow with 1 year mortality inpatients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI undergoingprimary percutaneous coronary intervention PCI .Methods 856 patients with STEMI and treated with primary PCI betweenJanuary 2014 and July 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The cut off used for ahigh BGL in this study was ge 169 mg dL. Survival at 1 year was assessed byKaplan Meier method.Results Patients with BGL ge 169 mg dL N 307 had higher proportion of finalTIMI flow 0 1 3.3 vs. 0.5 adjusted odds ratio OR 5.58, 95 confidenceinterval CI 1.30 to 23.9 p 0.02 and higher 1 year mortality 16.3 vs. 6 adjusted hazard ratio HR 1.9, 95 CI 1.12 to 3.23, p 0.017 compared withlower BGL patients N 549 . Final TIMI flow 0 1 was an independent predictorof 1 year mortality HR 7.0, 95 CI 3.23 to 15.15 p"

"Improve all areas of your health from your weight, sleep, cravings, mood, energy, skin, and even slow down aging, with easy-to-implement, science-based hacks to manage your blood sugar levels while still eating the foods you love. Glucose, or blood sugar, is a tiny molecule in our body that has a huge impact on our health. It enters our bloodstream through the starchy or sweet foods we eat. Ninety percent of us suffer from too much glucose in our system--and most of us don't know it. The symptoms? Cravings, fatigue, infertility, hormonal issues, acne, wrinkles... And over time, the development of conditions like type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, cancer, dementia, and heart disease. Drawing on cutting-edge science and her own pioneering research, biochemist Jessie Inchauspé offers ten simple, surprising hacks to help you balance your glucose levels and reverse your symptoms--without going on a diet or giving up the foods you love... Both entertaining, informative, and packed with the latest scientific data, this book presents a new way to think about better health. Glucose Revolution is chock-full of tips that can drastically and immediately improve your life, whatever your dietary preferences""

"Diagnosis dini diabetes merupakan kunci untuk mencegah mortalitas dan morbiditas akibat diabetes. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan jika individu melakukan pemantauan gula darah secara rutin. Namun diperkirakan sebanyak 85% penduduk Indonesia tidak pernah memeriksakan gula darahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara akses ke fasilitas kesehatan primer terhadap pemanfaatan pemeriksaan gula darah pada individu usia ≥18 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dan menggunakan data sekunder Riskesdas 2018. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah penduduk Indonesia yang berumur ≥18. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan akses memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan pemanfaatan pemeriksaan gula darah setelah dikontrol variabel kovariat, meski hubungan yang ditemukan tidak terlalu besar. Akses ke fasilitas kesehatan primer dapat mempengaruhi individu untuk melakukan pemeriksaan gula darah, meski pengaruhnya tidak terlalu besar.

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Early diagnosis of diabetes is the key to preventing morbidity and mortality related to diabetes. This can be done if the individual monitors blood sugar regularly. However, it is estimated that as many as 85% of Indonesia's population have never had their blood sugar checked. This study aims to determine the relationship between access to primary health facilities and the utilization of blood sugar checks in primary health service. This study used a cross-sectional design and used secondary data from Riskesdas 2018. The sample for this study was Indonesian residents aged ≥18. The results showed that access had a significant relationship with the utilization of blood sugar checks, although the relationship found was not too large. Access to primary health facilities can influence individuals to do blood sugar checks, although the effect is not too big"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kepuasan SMBG dengan diabetes outcome dan kualitas hidup. Desain penelitian cross sectional dengan sampel penelitian 51 pasien diabetes tipe 2 dengan teknik purposive sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Glucose Monitoring Satisfaction Survey GMSS, Diabetes Quality of Life Brief DQoL Brief , Diabetes Self Management Questionnaire DSMQ, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale CES-D. Analisis bivariat menggunakan pearson menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kepuasan SMBG dengan diabetes outcome p=0.000 dan kualitas hidup p=0.000 pada pasien diabetes tipe 2. Hasil uji multivariat linier berganda menunjukkan variabel yang paling mempengaruhi diabetes outcome dan kualitas hidup adalah usia. Diharapkan intervensi keperawatan yang lebih optimal untuk meningkatkan SMBG.

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This study aimed to analyze the correlation of SMBG satisfaction with the diabetes outcomes and the quality of life. The study design was a cross sectional with total sample of 51 type 2 diabetic patients with purposive sampling technique. The measuring instruments used were The Glucose Monitoring Satisfaction Survey GMSS, The Diabetes Quality of Life Brief DQoL Brief, The Diabetes Self Management Questionnaire DSMQ, The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale CES D. Bivariate analysis using pearson the results showed that there was a significant correlation between SMBG satisfaction with diabetes outcome p 0.000 and quality of life p 0.000 in type 2 diabetes patients. Multiple liner mulitivariate test results showed that the most influencing variable of diabetes outcome and quality oflife was age. It is expected that more optimal nursing interventions to improve SMBG. "