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"This book guides readers to denote the modern scientific endeavor to find the cosmological model best describing the universe of galaxies, its geometry, size, age, and matter composition. The authors draw on their personal experience in astrophysics and cosmology to explain key concepts of cosmology, both observational and theoretical, and to highlight several items which give cosmology its special character. These highlighted items are: Ideosyncratic features of the “cosmic laboratory”, Malmquist bias in the determination of cosmic distances, Theory of gravitation as a cornerstone of cosmological models, Crucial tests for checking the reality of space expansion, Methods of analyzing the structures of the universe as mapped by galaxies, Usefulness of fractals as a model to describe the large-scale structure and new cosmological physics inherent in the Friedmann world model."

"This book deals with the chemical evolution of galaxies of all morphological types (ellipticals, spirals and irregulars) and stresses the importance of the star formation histories in determining the properties of stellar populations in different galaxies. The topic is approached in a didactical and logical manner via galaxy evolution models which are compared with observational results obtained in the last two decades: The reader is given an introduction to the concept of chemical abundances and learns about the main stellar populations in our Galaxy as well as about the classification of galaxy types and their main observables. In the core of the book, the construction and solution of chemical evolution models are discussed in detail, followed by descriptions and interpretations of observations of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way, spheroidal galaxies, irregular galaxies and of cosmic chemical evolution."

"This is book to address significant progress in the research of the Hot Interstellar Matter in Elliptical Galaxies. A fundamental understanding of the physical properties of the hot ISM in elliptical galaxies is critical, because they are directly related to the formation and evolution of elliptical galaxies via star formation episodes, environmental effects such as stripping, infall, and mergers, and the growth of super-massive black holes. Thanks to the outstanding spatial resolution of Chandra and the large collecting area of XMM-Newton, various fine structures of the hot gas have been imaged in detail and key physical quantities have been accurately measured, allowing theoretical interpretations/predictions to be compared and tested against observational results."

"This book guides readers (astronomers, physicists, and university students) through central questions of Practical Cosmology, a term used by the late Allan Sandage to denote the modern scientific endeavor to find the cosmological model best describing the universe of galaxies, its geometry, size, age, and matter composition. The authors draw on their personal experience in astrophysics and cosmology to explain key concepts of cosmology, both observational and theoretical, and to highlight several items which give cosmology its special character. These highlighted items are, Ideosyncratic featu. "

"The aim of this symposium was to bring together these two groups to exchange ideas and new results on the many evolutionary aspects of and open issues concerning dwarf galaxies. The main topics addressed include, the birth of dwarf galaxies: theoretical concepts and observable relics across wavelengths and time, the morphological, structural and chemical evolution of dwarf galaxies, possible evolutionary connections between early-type and late-type dwarfs, the star formation history of dwarf galaxies and its dependence on intrinsic and environmental properties, the origin and implications of starburst activity in dwarf galaxies, the fate of dwarfish systems born out of tidally ejected matter in galaxy collisions."

"Revolusi Copernicus pada pertengahan abad ke-16 menyingkapkan kenyataan bahwa Bumi bukan merupakan pusat alam semesta sebagaimana diyakini selama berabad-abad. Bumi adalah sebuah planet di antara planet-planet lain yang beredar megelilingi sebuah bintang normal, yaitu Matahari. Penemuan hukum--hukum gerak planet di dalam tata surya oleh Johannes Kepler {1571--1630) serta pengungkapan hukum universal gravitasi oleh Isaac Newton (1643-1727) memperkuat keyakinan baru bahwa tidak ada kekhususan pada Bumi, begitu pula pada planet-planet yang mengembara di langit. Baik Bumi maupun planet-planet merupakan bendabenda material yang dapat dipahami berdasarkan hukumhukum alam. Langit bukan lagi wilayah benda-benda spiritual yang tidak terjangkau akal budi manusia sebagaimana diyakini sejak Aristoteles, dan kosmos menjelma menjadi sebuah model matematika yang memperoleh keabsahannya melalui pengukuran dan pengamatan.Betapapun revolusionernya pemikiran Copernicus, ia belum sepenuhnya meninggalkan alam pemikiran skolastik. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari komentarnya terhadap posisi Matahari. Ia juga berpendapat bahwa Matahari bukan hanya pusat tata surya, tetapi pusat kosmos yang berhingga. Namun pandangan yang menyingkirkan Bumi sebagai pusat kegiatan Semesta berkembang dan mendasari hampir semua penyelidikan alam. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) menolak sepenuhnya rancangan kosmos antroposentrik dengan alasan bahwa manusia terlalu arogan bila beranggapan bahwa semesta tidak diciptakan untuk sesuatu yang lain di luar manusia.Ditinjau dari sudut pandang yang sempit, revolusi Copernicus dapat dipahami sebagai semata-mata sebuah pergeseran paradigma di dalam perkembangan astronomi dan kosmologi. Namun dari sudut pandang yang lebih luas revolusi ini membawa serta dasar yang paling penting untuk pemikiran modern, yaitu pengenalan kritis bahwa kondisi semu dunia obyektif secara tidak sadar ditentukan oleh kondisi subyek."