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"Pruatjan (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) is an Indonesian medicinal plant which is categorized as endangered plant and included in Appendix I based on CITES. The in vitro conservation techniques have been studied. However, the storage period was very short (4 months) when plant growth retardant and media dilution were applied. Beside that, the residual effect of growth retardant was strong enough so that it needed more than 4 months for recovery. Thus, the use of certain carbon source may prolong the preservation period with shorter time for recovery. The objective of the study was to know the effects of carbon sources (sucrose and mannitol) and culture conditions (culture room and growth chamber) to the growth of pruatjan cultures. This application was hoped to prolong preservation period of pruatjan longer than 4 months and to cut the recovery period after presservation. The study was conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory in Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development from August 2006 to July 2007. The activities included propagation of in vitro shoot grown in vitro as explants source, preservation of in vitro shoots of pruatjan, and regeneration of the cultures after preservation. The experiment was designed as factorial in Randomized Completely Block Design with 6 replications. The DKW basal media containing 1 ppm BA, 0.2 ppm thidiazuron, and 100 ppm arginine were supplemented with mannitol or sucrose at the level of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%. The observed variables were total number of leaves, number of shoot, and number of wilt leaves. The result revealed that pruatjan cultures could be stored longer than 4 months. Generally, the effect of mannitol or sucrose was more dominant than that of cultures condition. The mannitol (1-5%) strongly inhibited the growth of pruatjan cultures so that only a few cultures survived at 7 months preservation period and needed about 1 month for recovery. On the contrary, the effect of sucrose (at the same level) was better than mannitol. The 2.5% sucrose optimally inhibited pruatjan cultures. At that condition, the cultures could be stored for 10 months withoutmorphological changes so that they could recover spontaneously."

"Cell suspension culture could be defined as a process that allows rapidly dividing homogeneous suspension of cells to grow in liquid nutrient media. there are two main types of suspension cultures: (1) Batch cultures in which cells are nurtured in a fixed volume of medium until growth ceases and (2) continuous cultures in which cell growth is maintained by continuous replenishment of sterile nutrient media ... "

"Benzimidazole (BZ) resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants (sheep and goat) has become a significant problem worldwide. Evidences of anthelmintic resistance to albendazole in Indonesia has been reported from some government owned farms in West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta. Previous study on the sheep parasite H. contortus had shown that the BZ resistance was related to selection for individuals in a population possesing a spesific β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. The study is aimed to determine mutation on coding region of central part of β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of H. contortus resistant strain from Indonesia. Seven H. contortus worms were isolated from four BZ resistant sheep from two government farms (SPTD Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java, and UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan, Bantul, Yogyakarta), and from a BZ susceptible sheep from Cicurug, Sukabumi, West Java. DNA was extracted individually from female H. contortus worms. A fragment of 520 bp β-tubulin isotype 1 gene exon 3, 4, 5 was amplified using the PCR technique and then sequenced. The results showed that a single mutation occurred in codon 200 (from phenilalanine to tyrosine) had caused benzimidazole resistance in H. contortus from SPTD Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java. Mutation in β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of H. contortus from UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan, Yogyakarta, occurred in codon 198 (from glutamate to glycine), codon 201 (from cystein to stop codon), and codon 202 (from isoleucyne to stop codon). "

"Detection of multiplex microsatellite markers in a single capillary array on a laser detection system is traditionally conducted with specific primers that are labelled with fluorescent dyes. An alternative method using fluorescent labels that are appended to 5' end of universal primer M13 instead of to the specific primers offers flexibility in designning multiplex panels and a less expensive method ... "

"Interaction of AtMEK1-EXGT in Arabidopsis thaliana after Wounding. Toto Hadiarto and Fumio Nanba. Protein interactions occur within cellular level of stimulated plant cells to relay signals from receptors to production of re- sponse. AtMEK1-EXGT interaction had been detected in non- treated Arabidopsis. In this research, interaction between AtMEK1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase of Arabidopsis thaliana, and EXGT, endoxyloglucan trans- ferase, after the plant was wounded was examined using co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro phosphorylation assay. The results demonstrated that EXGT interact with AtMEK1 soon after and 10 minutes after wounding. In addition, AtMEK1 phosphorylation activity increased when increased level of EXGT was incorporated into the reaction mixture. These indicate that EXGT amplifies wound-caused phos- phorylation activity of AtMEK1. The results elucidate part of the AtMEKK1-AtMEK1-AtMPK4 cascade which is stimulated by wounding. How the complex interaction between EXGT, AtMEK1 and AtMPK4 fits within the cascade is remained to be uncovered."

"Genetic Diversity of Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae Based on a Specific Primer Pot-2 (Rep-PCR). Tasliah, Reflinur, and Masdiar Bustamam. Rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most important diseases of rice. It can be very destructive in the field, when the environmental conditions are favourable. Information on genetic diversity of this pathogen could assist plant breeders in determining strategy for a successful control of the disease. This study was conducted to analyze genetic diversity in P. oryzae isolates by a pair of Pot-2 primers using the rep-PCR technique. These primers were designed from a transposon element of the entire blast fungus genomic DNA. DNA samples were extracted from 212 isolates of P. oryzae collected from two endemic areas of the disease in Indonesia, i.e., Tamanbogo, Lampung, and Sukabumi, West Java, as well as from some non-endemic areas in North Sumatra and West Sumatra). Results of the study indicated that the 212 isolates could clustered into 21 haplotypes. The most dominant haplotypes as indicated by their highest frequency of haplotypes were haplotype Pot 2-019 (54.46%) followed by haplotype Pot 2-021 (14.73%) and haplotipe Pot 2-016 (6.25%). Regardless of origins of the P. oryzae isolates, we found 6 haplotypes from Tamanbogo (out of 117 samples), 13 haplotypes from Sukabumi (out of 77 samples), and 11 haplotypes from North Sumatra and West Sumatra (out of 18 isolates). It seems that genetic diversity of the P. oryzae isolates was not affected by the total number of samples/isolates, but rather by place of the origin and rice genotypes from which the isolates were collected."

"Agarwood or gaharu is a plant that has a high economic value in Asia, due to its use for production of incense and traditional medicines. The agarwood formation occurs in the trunk and roots of trees that have been infected by a fungus, such as acremonium spp ... "

"Analisis Morfologi dan Molekular Padi Transgenik cv. Nipponbare yang Membawa Gen CONSTANS (CO) Terkait Umur Pembungaan. Pembungaan merupakan proses penting yang mengawali produktivitas pada tanaman. Metode rekayasa genetika dengan mengintroduksi gen CONSTANS dari tanaman Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCO) ke dalam tanaman padi kultivar Nipponbare digunakan sebagai upaya peningkatan produksi padi. Gen CO diketahui mampu menginduksi terjadinya pembungaan yang lebih awal pada tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui integrasi gen AtCO pada genom padi, pengaruh gen tersebut terhadap waktu pembungaan, dan karakter agronomi pada tanaman padi Nipponbare transgenik generasi T2. Hasil pengamatan morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman padi transgenik cenderung memiliki karakter agronomi lebih baik dibandingkan tanaman padi kontrol, namun tidak menunjukkan waktu pembungaan lebih cepat. Analisis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menunjukkan 169 dari 227 tanaman padi transgenik memiliki gen hpt dan CO yang terintegrasi ke dalam genom padi.

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Flowering is an important process that initiates plant productivity. Rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) was genetically engineered by introducing a CONSTANS (CO) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCO) to improve rice productivity. The CO gene is a gene responsible for inducing early flowering. The aims of the experiment were to use morphological and molecular analysis to study the integration of the AtCO gene and its influence on agronomic traits in the T2 generation of Nipponbare transgenic AtCO rice. Morphological observations showed that agronomic traits tended to be better in the transgenic plants than in the wild type (controls), although the transgenic plants flowered later than the wild type. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis showed that 169 out of 227 transgenic rice plants showed hpt and CO gene integration."

"Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Four Rice Varieties through In Vitro Culture. Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih. A study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of ICABIOGRAD, Bogor, to obtain an optimum medium formulation for calli regenerations of for rice varities (Ciherang, Cisadane, IR64, and T-309). The research activities were done in five steps, i.e., callus induction, callus regeneration, shoot multiplication, root formation, and plant acclimatization. The type of explants used in the study was embriozygotic explants. Five media formulations were used for the callus induction, while four media formulations were used for the callus regeneration. The results showed that the best medium formulation for induction of callus formation was MS + 2,4-D 2 mg/l + casein hidrolisat 3 mg/l, while the best medium formulation for callus regeneration was MS + BA 3 mg/l "

"Information on genetic divergence of inbred lines and performance of the hybrids developed from the lines is a great value in maize hybrid program. A study was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity of six QPM and five normal maize inbred lines, to determine the relationship between genetic distance based on SSR markers and the grain yield of single cross hybrid, and to get information promising hybrid from the single cross of QPM hybrid. Twenty four polymorphic primers that covered the 10 maize chromosomes were used to fingerprint the lines, detecting in 94 alleles (average of 3.9 and a range of 2-6 alleles per locus). Genetic divergences were determined using the Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, and a dendrogram was constructed using the UPGMA. Cluster analysis divided the inbreds into two clusters that were confirmed by principal coordinate analysis. Two promising QPM hybrids that are crossed from different heterotic group were found. The estimated value of simple correlations (r) of GDs with the gain yield of single cross hybrid was negatif (-0.07). There is a need to conduct more field trials to obtain more accurate correlations, particularly in a practical utility for predicting maize hybrid performance for grain yield."