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"Detection of multiplex microsatellite markers in a single capillary array on a laser detection system is traditionally conducted with specific primers that are labelled with fluorescent dyes. An alternative method using fluorescent labels that are appended to 5' end of universal primer M13 instead of to the specific primers offers flexibility in designning multiplex panels and a less expensive method ... "

"Agarwood or gaharu is a plant that has a high economic value in Asia, due to its use for production of incense and traditional medicines. The agarwood formation occurs in the trunk and roots of trees that have been infected by a fungus, such as acremonium spp ... "

"The rice transformation technology is not only provides. valuable methods for the introduction of useful genes into rice plant to improve important agronomic traits, but also helps in studying gene function and regulation based on rice genome sequence information. Knockout of genes by insertional mutagenesis is a straight forward method to identify gene functions .. "

"Genetic Diversity of Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae Based on a Specific Primer Pot-2 (Rep-PCR). Tasliah, Reflinur, and Masdiar Bustamam. Rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most important diseases of rice. It can be very destructive in the field, when the environmental conditions are favourable. Information on genetic diversity of this pathogen could assist plant breeders in determining strategy for a successful control of the disease. This study was conducted to analyze genetic diversity in P. oryzae isolates by a pair of Pot-2 primers using the rep-PCR technique. These primers were designed from a transposon element of the entire blast fungus genomic DNA. DNA samples were extracted from 212 isolates of P. oryzae collected from two endemic areas of the disease in Indonesia, i.e., Tamanbogo, Lampung, and Sukabumi, West Java, as well as from some non-endemic areas in North Sumatra and West Sumatra). Results of the study indicated that the 212 isolates could clustered into 21 haplotypes. The most dominant haplotypes as indicated by their highest frequency of haplotypes were haplotype Pot 2-019 (54.46%) followed by haplotype Pot 2-021 (14.73%) and haplotipe Pot 2-016 (6.25%). Regardless of origins of the P. oryzae isolates, we found 6 haplotypes from Tamanbogo (out of 117 samples), 13 haplotypes from Sukabumi (out of 77 samples), and 11 haplotypes from North Sumatra and West Sumatra (out of 18 isolates). It seems that genetic diversity of the P. oryzae isolates was not affected by the total number of samples/isolates, but rather by place of the origin and rice genotypes from which the isolates were collected."

"Benzimidazole (BZ) resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants (sheep and goat) has become a significant problem worldwide. Evidences of anthelmintic resistance to albendazole in Indonesia has been reported from some government owned farms in West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta. Previous study on the sheep parasite H. contortus had shown that the BZ resistance was related to selection for individuals in a population possesing a spesific β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. The study is aimed to determine mutation on coding region of central part of β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of H. contortus resistant strain from Indonesia. Seven H. contortus worms were isolated from four BZ resistant sheep from two government farms (SPTD Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java, and UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan, Bantul, Yogyakarta), and from a BZ susceptible sheep from Cicurug, Sukabumi, West Java. DNA was extracted individually from female H. contortus worms. A fragment of 520 bp β-tubulin isotype 1 gene exon 3, 4, 5 was amplified using the PCR technique and then sequenced. The results showed that a single mutation occurred in codon 200 (from phenilalanine to tyrosine) had caused benzimidazole resistance in H. contortus from SPTD Trijaya, Kuningan, West Java. Mutation in β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of H. contortus from UPTD Pelayanan Kesehatan Hewan, Yogyakarta, occurred in codon 198 (from glutamate to glycine), codon 201 (from cystein to stop codon), and codon 202 (from isoleucyne to stop codon). "

"Pruatjan (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.) is an Indonesian medicinal plant which is categorized as endangered plant and included in Appendix I based on CITES. The in vitro conservation techniques have been studied. However, the storage period was very short (4 months) when plant growth retardant and media dilution were applied. Beside that, the residual effect of growth retardant was strong enough so that it needed more than 4 months for recovery. Thus, the use of certain carbon source may prolong the preservation period with shorter time for recovery. The objective of the study was to know the effects of carbon sources (sucrose and mannitol) and culture conditions (culture room and growth chamber) to the growth of pruatjan cultures. This application was hoped to prolong preservation period of pruatjan longer than 4 months and to cut the recovery period after presservation. The study was conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory in Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development from August 2006 to July 2007. The activities included propagation of in vitro shoot grown in vitro as explants source, preservation of in vitro shoots of pruatjan, and regeneration of the cultures after preservation. The experiment was designed as factorial in Randomized Completely Block Design with 6 replications. The DKW basal media containing 1 ppm BA, 0.2 ppm thidiazuron, and 100 ppm arginine were supplemented with mannitol or sucrose at the level of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%. The observed variables were total number of leaves, number of shoot, and number of wilt leaves. The result revealed that pruatjan cultures could be stored longer than 4 months. Generally, the effect of mannitol or sucrose was more dominant than that of cultures condition. The mannitol (1-5%) strongly inhibited the growth of pruatjan cultures so that only a few cultures survived at 7 months preservation period and needed about 1 month for recovery. On the contrary, the effect of sucrose (at the same level) was better than mannitol. The 2.5% sucrose optimally inhibited pruatjan cultures. At that condition, the cultures could be stored for 10 months withoutmorphological changes so that they could recover spontaneously."

"Jamur tiram putih atau Pleurotus ostreatus merupakan salah satu jamur tiram konsumsi dengan kandungan senyawa bioaktif, salah satunya adalah α-glukan yang berpotensi sebagai imunomodulator. Gen yang mengkode pembentukan α-glukan pada P. Ostreatus adalah gen α-glucan synthase (AGS1). Konstruksi primer, isolasi, dan optimasi primer untuk amplifikasi gen AGS1 dari P. ostreatus yang dibudidaya di Indonesia belum pernah dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamplifikasi gen AGS1 menggunakan dua pasang primer yang dikonstruksi secara in silico, mengisolasi DNA dari P. ostreatus, dan optimasi suhu annealing menggunakan dua pasang primer (AGS1-1 dan AGS1-2). Penelitian ini diawali dengan konstruksi primer gen AGS1 yang dilakukan dengan bantuan laman NCBI Primer-BLAST, Primer3Plus, dan FastPCR. Isolasi DNA dilakukan dari tubuh buah P. ostreatus menggunakan kit, kemudian konsentrasi dan kemurnian hasil isolasi diukur dengan spektrofotometer. Tahapan amplifikasi gen target dilakukan dengan teknik PCR, lalu amplifikasi PCR divisualisasikan dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa dan dilakukan analisis data. Isolat DNA dari tubuh buah P. ostreatus memiliki konsentrasi sebesar 4,561—23,539 ng/μL dengan kemurnian 1,778—2,226. Pasangan primer AGS1-1 dan AGS1-2 berhasil mengamplifikasi dan menghasilkan amplikon berukuran 700—800 pb dan 600—700 pb pada suhu annealing 57 oC yang diduga sebagai gen AGS1.

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White oyster mushroom or Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible mushroom containing bioactive compounds, one of which is alpha glucan which has potential as an immunomodulator. One of the genes that encodes the formation of alpha glucan is the α-Glucan Synthase (AGS1). Currently, there has been no primer construction, isolation, and primer optimization in the amplification of the AGS1 gene from P. ostreatus cultivated in Indonesia. Therfore, this study aims to amplify the AGS1 gene using two pairs of primers constructed in silico, isolate DNA from P. ostreatus, and optimize the annealing temperature using two pairs of primers (AGS1-1 dan AGS1-2). This research began with the construction of AGS1 gene primers with the help of NCBI Primer-BLAST, Primer3Plus, and FastPCR. DNA isolation from the fuiting body of P. ostreatus was done using a kit, then the concentration and purity of the isolation results were measured with a spectrophotometer. The amplification of the target gene was carried out by PCR technique, then the PCR amplification results were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and data analysis was performed. The concentration of DNA isolates from P. ostreatus fruiting bodies amounted to 4,561—23,539 ng/μL with a purity of 1,778—2,226. Primer pairs AGS1-1 and AGS1-2 successfully amplified and produced amplicons with a range of 700—800 bp dan 600—700 bp at annealing temperature of 57 oC, which is suspected to be AGS1 gene."

"Penyakit blas pada padi yang disebabkan oleh cendawan pyricularia grisea, merupakan salah satu kendala dalam produksi beras Sumber gen ketahanan terhadap penyakit blas dijumpai pada spesies padi liar. Populasi silang ganda turunan IR64 terhadap penyakit blas ..."

"Cell suspension culture could be defined as a process that allows rapidly dividing homogeneous suspension of cells to grow in liquid nutrient media. there are two main types of suspension cultures: (1) Batch cultures in which cells are nurtured in a fixed volume of medium until growth ceases and (2) continuous cultures in which cell growth is maintained by continuous replenishment of sterile nutrient media ... "

"Interaction of AtMEK1-EXGT in Arabidopsis thaliana after Wounding. Toto Hadiarto and Fumio Nanba. Protein interactions occur within cellular level of stimulated plant cells to relay signals from receptors to production of re- sponse. AtMEK1-EXGT interaction had been detected in non- treated Arabidopsis. In this research, interaction between AtMEK1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase of Arabidopsis thaliana, and EXGT, endoxyloglucan trans- ferase, after the plant was wounded was examined using co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro phosphorylation assay. The results demonstrated that EXGT interact with AtMEK1 soon after and 10 minutes after wounding. In addition, AtMEK1 phosphorylation activity increased when increased level of EXGT was incorporated into the reaction mixture. These indicate that EXGT amplifies wound-caused phos- phorylation activity of AtMEK1. The results elucidate part of the AtMEKK1-AtMEK1-AtMPK4 cascade which is stimulated by wounding. How the complex interaction between EXGT, AtMEK1 and AtMPK4 fits within the cascade is remained to be uncovered."