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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: latihan fisik aerobik teratur dapat menyebabkan perubahan morfometrik, peningkatan ukuran miosit dengan peningkatan ekspresi connexin43 (Cx43) tanpa lateralisasi, serta peningkatan deposisi matriks ekstraseluler. Latihan fisik sebaiknya dimulai sejak masa anak-anak, guna mencapai kesehatan kardiovaskular di masa dewasa.Metode: Tikus usia juvenile dan dewasa muda dibagi secara acak dalam 7 kelompok, yaitu: kelompok latihan fisik onset juvenile durasi 4 minggu dan kontrol, kelompok latihan fisik onset juvenile durasi 8 minggu dan kontrol, kelompok latihan fisik onset juvenile durasi 12 minggu, kelompok latihan fisik onset usia dewasa muda durasi 8 minggu dan kontrol. Latihan fisik disesuaikan dengan usia tikus dan dipertahankan pada kecepatan 20 m/menit selama 20 menit intermitten, 5x seminggu. Analisis morfometrik jantung, peningkatan ukuran miosit, deposisi matriks ekstraseluler, serta ekspresi serta distribusi Cx43.Hasil: Tikus terlatih (5, 8, dan 12 minggu) pada kedua kelompok usia menunjukkan nilai berat jantung, berat ventrikel kiri, diameter rongga ventrikel, ketebalan otot jantung yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrolnya. Peningkatan ukuran panjang miosit juga meningkat kelompok latihan dibanding kontrol. Deposisi matriks ekstraseluler meningkat pada kelompok latihan dibandingkan kontrol. Ekspresi Cx43 juga meningkat pada sisi lateral.Kesimpulan: Latihan fisik aerobik dapat meningkatkan ukuran jantung dengan peningkatan ukuran sel, peningkatan deposisi matriks ekstraseluler, peningkatan Cx43 pada sisi lateral. Peningkatan matriks ekstraseluler dan peningkatan lateralisasi menunjukkan peningkatan risiko aritmia.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Regular aerobic exercise can improve morphometric changes, an increase in the size of myocytes with increased expression of connexin43 (Cx43) without lateralization, and increase extracellular matrix deposition. Exercise should be started since childhood, in order to achieve cardiovascular health in adulthood.

Methods: Juvenile and young adult Rats randomly divided into 7 groups: juvenile onset 4 weeks exercise duration and control group, juvenile onset 8 weeks exercise duration and control group, exercise juvenile onset 12 weeks exercise duration, young adult onset 8 weeks exercise duration and control group. Physical exercise adapted to the age of rats and maintained at speed of 20 m/minute for 20 minutes intermittent, 5 times a week. Morphometric analysis of the heart, increase the size of myocytes, extracellular matrix deposition, expression and distribution of Cx43.

Results: Trained rats (5, 8, and 12 weeks) in both age groups showed values of heart weight, left ventricle weight, ventricular cavity diameter, heart muscle thickness is higher than control group. Increased length of myocytes also increased in exercise group compared to the control. Increased deposition of extracellular matrix in exercise group than control. Cx43 expression was also increased in the lateral side.

Conclusions: Aerobic exercise can increase the size of the heart with increased cell size, increased extracellular matrix, increased Cx43 lateralization. Increased extracellular matrix deposition and increased lateralization showed an increased risk of arrhythmia."

"Latar Belakang : Komunikasi antar sel otot jantung terjadi dengan bantuan protein connexin, terutama connexin43, yang merupakan protein utama penyusun gap junction pada sel otot jantung. Pada penyakit jantung yang disertai dengan hipertrofi, adanya perubahan ukuran pada jantung ini akan mempengaruhi produksi dan distribusi protein connexin43 pada sel otot jantung. Semakin besar ukuran sel, maka ekspresi connexin akan meningkat disertai dengan peningkatan distribusi connexin ke lateral. Lateralisasi connexin ini dapat mengganggu hantaran impuls listrik antar sel otot jantung. Latihan fisik erobik juga dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya adaptasi organ jantung berupa peningkatan ukuran dan kerja ventrikel kiri dalam upaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen dan metabolisme tubuh yang meningkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana pengaruh keadaan hipertrofi fisiologis yang terjadi akibat latihan fisik, dalam hal ini latihan fisik erobik, terhadap produksi dan distribusi protein connexin43. Tujuan : Melihat bagaimana pengaruh latihan fisik erobik dan detraining terhadap ekspresi dan distribusi protein connexin43. Desain : Penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimental in vivo pada tikus. Metode : Pada jaringan jantung tikus dilakukan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia untuk melihat bagaimana jumlah dan distribusi dari protein connexin43 serta dilakukan perbandingan antara tikus yang tidak diberi latihan fisik dengan tikus yang diberi latihan fisik erobik dan detraining. Hasil : Pada perbandingan antara kelompok kasus dan perlakuan, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada parameter total Cx43, Cx43 diskus interkalatus, Cx43 lateral, dan presentase Cx43 diskus interkalatus dan Cx43 lateral (p<0,05). Pada perbandingan antara kelompok kontrol, perbedaan bermakna hanya ditemukan pada perbandingan antara kelompok 8 dan 12 minggu untuk parameter total Cx43 dan jumlah Cx43 diskus interkalatus. Pada perbandingan antara kelompok perlakuan, ditemukan perbedaan bermakna untuk parameter total Cx43 pada kelompok latihan erobik 4 minggu dengan kelompok latihan erobik 4 minggu yang diikuti proses detraining 4 minggu. Kesimpulan : Latihan fisik erobik memberikan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Pada perbandingan antara perlakuan, diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok latihan fisik yang disertai/tidak disertai proses detrain.

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Background: Communication between cardiomyocyte happens in the gap junction located on intercalated disk. In patologically hypertrophied heart, the bigger cardiomyocyte become, the more protein expressed and distributed to lateral side of cardiomyocyte. It will cause disturbance in electrical and metabolic coupling between cardiomyocyte. Aerobic training will also cause hypertrophy, especially left ventricle, because the heart has to pump more blood that carry oxygen that is needed in the cell. This research is done in order to analyze the effect of physiologically hypertropied heart, cause by aerobic training, on the expression and distribution of connexin43.

Objective : To see the effect of aerobic training and detraining to the expression and distribution of connexin43 in heart.

Design : This research is using experimental study on rat.

Methods : Expression and distribution of connexin43 from rat's ventricle tissue is detected using immunohistochemistry then analyzed with imageJ program. The results are compared between control group and group that’s given aerobic training and detraining.

Results : Significant differences in the amount of total Cx43, Cx43 in intercalated disc, lateralized Cx43, Cx43 intercalated disc percentage, and lateralized Cx43 percentage was found in all the aerobic groups compared with controls. Comparison between control groups show significant differences of total Cx43 and Cx43 in intercalated disc only between 8 weeks control and 12 weeks control group. Comparison between aerobic groups shows significant differences in amout of total Cx43 between 4 weeks aerobic training and 4 weeks aerobic training followed by 4 weeks detraining period.

Conclusion : Aerobic training causes an increase in amount of total Cx43, Cx43 in intercalated disc, lateralized Cx43. The increase in the amount of Cx43 will diminish during detraining period."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Hipertensi dan aterosklerosis berkaitan dengan disfungsi endotel yang ditandai oleh pengurangan produksi nitric oxide (NO) dan penurunan NO bioavailability. Disfungsi endotel dapat terjadi sejak usia anak-anak dan inaktivitas fisik menjadi faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Namun belum banyak penelitian mengenai perbedaan pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik pada juvenil dibandingkan dengan dewasa terhadap fungsi vaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh usia latihan fisik terhadap kadar NO, MDA dan aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD pada aorta abdominal dengan lama latihan yang sama.Metode: Subjek penelitian adalah tikus usia juvenil dan dewasa muda yang dibagi dalam kelompok latihan dan kontrol. Latihan aerobik selama 8 minggu menggunakan treadmill dengan kecepatan disesuaikan dengan usia tikus selama 20 menit intermitten, 5x seminggu. Analisis kadar NO, MDA dan aktivitas SOD aorta abdominal menggunakan uji t-test independen (data berdistribusi normal dan homogen) atau uji U-Mann Whitney (data tidak normal).Hasil: Kadar NO dan aktivitas spesisfik SOD lebih tinggi pada kelompok latihan dibandingkan kontrol, baik pada kelompok juvenil maupun dewasa muda. Namun hanya pada kelompok dewasa muda yang perbedaannya bermakna. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar MDA antara kelompok latihan dan kontrol pada kedua usia. Kadar MDA pada kelompok juvenil meningkat dan menurun pada kelompok dewasa muda akibat latihan aerobik selama 8 minggu.Kesimpulan: Latihan aerobik dapat meningkatkan produksi NO dan NO bioavailability pada kelompok juvenil maupun dewasa muda. Peningkatan NO bioavailability terjadi melalui aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD. Diduga tingginya kadar MDA pada kelompok latihan dan kontrol juvenil terkait dengan usia dan stres fisik. Belum diketahui apakah peningkatan kadar MDA pada kelompok juvenil masih dalam kisaran normal atau tidak. Oleh karena itu, masih terdapat beberapa pertanyaan terkait manfaat latihan pada juvenil.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Hypertension and atherosclerosis are related to endothelial dysfunction, that characterized with decrease of NO production and bioavailability. Physical inactivity has contribute to endothelial dysfunction that can occur since childhood. However, until now, there were only few studies about the difference effect of aerobic training to vascular function in juvenile and young-adult rats. Therefore, this study aimed to know the effect of age related- exercise training to level of NO, MDA and specific SOD activity in abdominal aorta.Methode: Subjects were juvenile and young adult male wistar rats divided into 2 group: control and aerobic training. Aerobic training performed in 8 weeks with animal treadmill with age-dependent speed for 20 minutes intermittent exercise, 5x per week. Analysis of NO, MDA level, and SOD activity of abdominal aorta used t-test independent (normal distribution and homogen) or U-Mann Whitney (not normal distribution)Results: NO level and SOD specific activity in training group were higher than control group, in both juvenile and young adult group. But, only in young adult group that had significant result. There was no significant different of MDA level in training group compared to control group in both juvenile and young-adult group, but MDA level increased in juvenile group and decreased in young-adult group because of aerobic training for 8 weeks.Conclussion: Aerobic training can increase NO production and bioavaibility both in juvenile and young adult group. Increase of NO bioavailability was considered to the increase of SOD specific activity. We considered that the increase of MDA level in training and control juvenile group were related to age and physical stress. We didn?t know yet the increased level of MDA in juvenile group was still in normal range level or not. Therefore is still any question if training in juvenile rat was benefit or not.;Background: Hypertension and atherosclerosis are related to endothelial dysfunction, that characterized with decrease of NO production and bioavailability. Physical inactivity has contribute to endothelial dysfunction that can occur since childhood. However, until now, there were only few studies about the difference effect of aerobic training to vascular function in juvenile and young-adult rats. Therefore, this study aimed to know the effect of age related- exercise training to level of NO, MDA and specific SOD activity in abdominal aorta.Methode: Subjects were juvenile and young adult male wistar rats divided into 2 group: control and aerobic training. Aerobic training performed in 8 weeks with animal treadmill with age-dependent speed for 20 minutes intermittent exercise, 5x per week. Analysis of NO, MDA level, and SOD activity of abdominal aorta used t-test independent (normal distribution and homogen) or U-Mann Whitney (not normal distribution)Results: NO level and SOD specific activity in training group were higher than control group, in both juvenile and young adult group. But, only in young adult group that had significant result. There was no significant different of MDA level in training group compared to control group in both juvenile and young-adult group, but MDA level increased in juvenile group and decreased in young-adult group because of aerobic training for 8 weeks.Conclussion: Aerobic training can increase NO production and bioavaibility both in juvenile and young adult group. Increase of NO bioavailability was considered to the increase of SOD specific activity. We considered that the increase of MDA level in training and control juvenile group were related to age and physical stress. We didn’t know yet the increased level of MDA in juvenile group was still in normal range level or not. Therefore is still any question if training in juvenile rat was benefit or not., Background: Hypertension and atherosclerosis are related to endothelial dysfunction, that characterized with decrease of NO production and bioavailability. Physical inactivity has contribute to endothelial dysfunction that can occur since childhood. However, until now, there were only few studies about the difference effect of aerobic training to vascular function in juvenile and young-adult rats. Therefore, this study aimed to know the effect of age related- exercise training to level of NO, MDA and specific SOD activity in abdominal aorta.Methode: Subjects were juvenile and young adult male wistar rats divided into 2 group: control and aerobic training. Aerobic training performed in 8 weeks with animal treadmill with age-dependent speed for 20 minutes intermittent exercise, 5x per week. Analysis of NO, MDA level, and SOD activity of abdominal aorta used t-test independent (normal distribution and homogen) or U-Mann Whitney (not normal distribution)Results: NO level and SOD specific activity in training group were higher than control group, in both juvenile and young adult group. But, only in young adult group that had significant result. There was no significant different of MDA level in training group compared to control group in both juvenile and young-adult group, but MDA level increased in juvenile group and decreased in young-adult group because of aerobic training for 8 weeks.Conclussion: Aerobic training can increase NO production and bioavaibility both in juvenile and young adult group. Increase of NO bioavailability was considered to the increase of SOD specific activity. We considered that the increase of MDA level in training and control juvenile group were related to age and physical stress. We didn’t know yet the increased level of MDA in juvenile group was still in normal range level or not. Therefore is still any question if training in juvenile rat was benefit or not.]"

"Latar belakang : Overtraining berdampak buruk terhadap kesehatan karena dapat menyebabkan kematian mendadak pada atlet muda. Berdasarkan data epidemiologi ditemukan bahwa kejadian kematian mendadak (suddent cardiac death) pada atlet muda, penyebab paling banyak adalah gangguan kardiovaskular. Tubuh melakukan adaptasi terhadap beban berlebih, berupa remodelling (morfologi dan elektrofisiologi). Remodeling elektrofisiologis yaitu perubahan pada gap junction, berupa perubahan ekspresi Cx43 yang yang mengakibatkan gangguan penghantaran konduksi listrik. Selama latihan fisik dapat terbentuk ROS yang akan menginduksi permeabilitas mitokondria sehingga terjadi kebocoran sitokrom c, selanjutnya akan mengaktifkan kaskade apoptosis.Metode : Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 6 jaringan kardiomiosit tikus Wistar kelompok kontrol dan overtraining. Ekspresi Cx43 dan caspase-3 diamati melalui pulasan imunohistokimia dan diukur dengan image J.Hasil : Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan peningkatan bermakna pada ekspresi Cx43 total overtraining (43644.57±27711.03) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (13002.37±3705.41). Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna ekspresi caspase-3 pada kedua kelompok meskipun diperoleh hasil lebih tinggi pada kelompok overtraining (14.15%±10.54%) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (2,63%±3.56%).Kesimpulan : Overtraining meningkatkan ekspresi Cx43 total tetapi tidak terbukti meningkatkan caspase-3 pada kardiomiosit ventrikel kiri tikus.

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Background: overtraining has bad effect for health, overtraining can cause sudden death in young athlete, reports of sudden death incidences in young athlete claim that cardiovascular disease is the cause. The heart can face the excess load by remodeling as it?s adaptation mechanism. There is 2 type remodeling, morphology and electrophysiology. Remodeling electrophysiology is a change on Cx43 expression which can interfere the heart?s electrical conduction. Free radical which formed from physical exercise can induce mitochondrial permeability that lead leakage of cytochrome c, so that so that activate the apoptosis cascade.

Methods: This study conducted on 12 Wistar rat?s cardiomyocytes tissue that divided into control and overtraining group. Cx43 expression and caspase-3 was observed through immunohistochemical staining and measured by image J.

Results: There was significant increase in the expression of Cx43 total overtraining (43644.57 ± 27711.03) compared to the control group (13002.37 ± 3705.41). Found no significant differences in the expression of caspase-3 in both groups although the result was higher in the group of overtraining (14,15% ± 10,54%) compared to the control group (2,63% ± 3,56%).

Conclusion: Overtraining increase total Cx43 expression but not proven to increase caspase-3 in the rat left ventricular cardiomyocytes."

"Latihan Fisik merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori melalui peningkatan neuroplastisitas. Intensitas dan durasi latihan fisik yang tepat dapat meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori melalui peningkatan ekspresi protein Neuroligin dan Reseptor NMDA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh intensitas dan durasi latihan fisik terhadap fungsi memori spasial serta ekspresi protein Neuroligin dan Reseptor NMDA pada hipokampus tikus Wistar jantan. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental in vivo selama 6 minggu, menggunakan 25 ekor tikus Wistar jantan usia 6 bulan yang dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu: 1 kelompok sedenter S , 2 kelompok intensitas ringan durasi singkat R15 , 3 intensitas ringan durasi lama R30 , 4 intensitas berat durasi singkat B15 , 5 intensitas berat durasi lama B30. Latihan fisik aerobik dilakukan dengan berlari pada animal treadmill 5 hari/minggu selama 6 minggu. Kecepatan yang digunakan adalah 20 m/min untuk intensitas ringan dan 30 m/min untuk intensitas berat, serta 15 menit untuk durasi singkat dan 30 menit untuk durasi lama. Pengukuran fungsi memori menggunakan water E maze sebanyak 4 kali pada minggu 0, 2, 4, dan 6. Pengukuran ekspresi protein Neuroligin dan Reseptor NMDA menggunakan teknik imunohistokimia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa intensitas ringan durasi lama merupakan yang terbaik dalam meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori spasial melalui ekspresi protein Neuroligin dan Reseptor NMDA tikus Wistar jantan.

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Physical exercise is one of factors that can improve learning and memory associated with increasing neuroplasticity. The appropriate intensity and duration of physical exercise can improve learning and memory that mediated by expression of Neuroligin and NMDA Receptor. This study aimed to investigate the effect of intensity and duration of aerobic exercise on spatial memory and expression of Neuroligin and NMDAR in male Wistar rats hippocampus. The research was an experimental in vivo for 6 weeks, using 25 male Wistar rats age 6 months old randomly divided into 5 groups 1 sedenter group S , 2 low intensity and short duration group R15 , 3 low intensity and long duration group R30 , 4 high intensity and short duration group B15 , 5 high intensity and long duration group B30.

The aerobic exercise was performed by running on animal treadmill 5 day week for 6 weeks. Low intensity was 20 m min while high intensity was 30 m min. Short duration was 15 minutes while long duration was 30 minutes. The measurement of memory function used water E maze for 4 times, on week 0, 2, 4, and 6. Protein expression of Neuroligin and NMDA Receptor was examined with immunohistochemistry technique. This research showed that the aerobic exercise with low intensity and long duration group has best memory performance and expression of neuroligin and NMDA Receptor of male wistar rats."

"Penurunan memori dikaitkan dengan penurunan kemampuan neuroplastisitas. Penurunan tersebut terjadi seiring penuaan dan dimulai sejak usia dewasa muda. Fungsi memori yang terkait dengan plastisitas sinaps dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman dan proses belajar. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya pencegahan gangguan memori sejak dini. Riset pada hewan coba menunjukkan sistem saraf pusat SSP memberikan respons terhadap stimulus eksternal yang bertanggung jawab terhadap plastisitas fungsional. Bukti pertama yang menunjukan faktor ekstrinsik dapat memodulasi plastisitas struktur hipokampus pada mamalia didapat dari berbagai studi yang memaparkan mencit pada Enviromental Enrichment EE. Peningkatan pemelajaran dan memori juga diinduksi oleh latihan fisik yang berhubungan langsung dengan plastisitas sinaps. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan perngaruh latihan aerobik, penerapan EE dan kombinasi keduanya terhadap fungsi memori. Merupakan studi ekperimental in vivo selama 6 minggu, menggunakan 20 ekor tikus wistar jantan usia 6 bulan yang dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu: 1 kelompok kontrol K , 2 kelompok aerobik, 3 kelompok EE, 4 kelompok kombinasi. Pengukuran fungsi memori menggunakan Water E-Maze. Pengukuran ekspresi protein neuroligin-1 dan PSD-95 menggunakan teknik imunohistokimia. Kombinasi latihan aerobik dan EE meningkatkan eskpresi protein neuroligin-1, PSD-95 dan fungsi memori tikus Wistar jantan.

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The memory declining is associated with the decreasing of neuroplasticity. The declining occurs with aging and started since early adulthood. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent memory and neuroplasticity disorders since early stage. Research shows the central nervous system CNS responds to external stimuli responsible for functional plasticity. The first evidence showing that extrinsic factors can modulate hippocampal structural plasticity in rodents arose from studies exposing mice to an enriched environment. Enhance in learning and memory also occurs by activity dependent by physical exercise induction. This study aim to determine the influence of physical exercise, environmental enrichment and the combination of both stimuli on spatial memory function. The research was an experimental in vivo for 6 weeks, using 20 male Wistar rats age 6 months old randomly divided into 4 groups 1 control group C, 2 aerobic group A, 3 EE group EE and 4 combination group AE EE. Water E Maze apparatus were used to assess the spatial memory function of male Wistar rats measured at week 0,2 ,4 and 6. Protein expression was examined with immunohistochemistry technique. The research showed that combination of physical exercise and Environmental Enrichment EE increase the expression of neuroligin 1 and PSD 95 followed by improvement on memory function of male Wistar rats."

"Latihan fisik berpengaruh terhadap plastisitas sinaps yaitu dalam interaksi neuron-glia. Astrosit adalah sel glia yang paling berperan dalam plastisitas sinaps. Penelitian ini menggunakan kadar glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) dan heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) plasma sebagai parameter aktivitas astrosit yang diinduksi latihan fisik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan durasi latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang (10 menit vs 30 menit) terhadap kadar GFAP dan HSP27 plasma pada orang dewasa muda sehat. Penelitian eksperimental ini mengunakan desain kontrol diri sendiri. Mahasiswa kedokteran usia dewasa muda (n=22) dibagi dalam dua kelompok perlakuan, kelompok pertama mengunakan perlakuan sepeda statis intensitas sedang dengan durasi 10 menit dan kelompok yang lain mengunakan perlakuan sepeda statis intensitas sedang dengan durasi 30 menit. Uji sepeda statis dilakukan selama 1 hari. Sebelum dan sesudah uji sepeda statis dilakukan pengambilan darah. Kadar GFAP dan HSP27 plasma diukur dengan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Kadar GFAP plasma menurun bermakna pada kelompok yang mendapat latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang durasi 30 menit (p<0,05). Kadar HSP27 plasma menurun bermakna pada kelompok yang mendapat latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang durasi 10 menit (p<0,05). Kadar GFAP dan HSP27 plasma antara kelompok latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang durasi 10 menit dan 30 menit tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna (p>0,05). Penelitian ini menunjukan latihan fisik intensitas sedang menginduksi perubahan yang bermakna pada marker aktivitas astrosit. Kadar GFAP plasma menurun bermakna pada durasi 30 menit sedangkan konsentrasi HSP27 menurun bermakna pada durasi 10 menit. Namun, durasi latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang tidak berpengaruh secara bermakna terhadap kadar dua parameter aktivitas astrosit yaitu GFAP dan HSP27 plasma. Meskipun kadar GFAP plasma menurun pada durasi latihan fisik yang berbeda, perbandingan antara kadar GFAP plasma sesudah durasi 10 menit dan 30 menit tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna. Hasil yang sama juga ditemukan pada HSP27. Penelitian ini adalah yang pertama kali menunjukan penurunan kadar GFAP plasma sesudah latihan fisik durasi 30 menit dan kadar HSP27 plasma sesudah latihan fisik durasi 10 menit.

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Physical exercise effects on synapses plasticity that in neuron-glia interactions. Astrocytes are the most responsible glial cells in synapse plasticity. This study uses the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) plasma concentrations as exercise-induced astrocyte activity parameter. The aim of this study was comparison between two duration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (10 minutes vs 30 minutes) on GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentration in healthy young adults.

This experimental study was before and after study design. Healthy young adult medical students (n = 22) were divided into two treatment groups, the first group was using stationary bikes exercise in moderate-intensity activity for 10 minutes duration and the other group was using stationary bikes exercise in moderate-intensity activity for 30 minutes duration. Static bike test was performed in the same day. Blood sampling was performed before and after static bike test. GFAP and HSP27 plasma levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). GFAP plasma concentration decreased significantly in the 30 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic exercise duration (p<0.05). HSP27 plasma concentration decreased significantly in the 10 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (p<0.05). There was no significant differences in GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentration between 10 minutes and 30 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic exercise(p>0.05).

Our result showed moderate-intensity aerobic exercise induced significant changes in astrocytes activity parameter. 30 minutes duration significantly lowered GFAP plasma concentration while 10 minutes duration significantly lowered HSP27 plasma concentration. However, duration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise did not alter significantly plasma concentration of the two astrocyte activity parameter: GFAP and HSP27. Despite the lowered GFAP plasma concentration in different exercise duration, comparison between GFAP plasma concentration after 10 minutes and 30 minutes duration showed no significant differences. The same result also found in HSP27. This is the first result that showed a decrease in GFAP plasma concentration after 30 minutes exercise and HSP27 plasma concentration after 10 minutes."

"Latar belakang: EE dan/atau latihan fisik dapat meningkatkan memori spasial dan menginduksi peningkatan ekspresi Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pada hipokampus tikus Wistar jantan usia 7 bulan. BDNF berikatan dengan reseptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) menyebabkan TrKB terfosforilasi, menghasilkan perekrutan protein yang mengaktifkan tiga kaskade transduksi sinyal. BDNF dapat meningkatkan kadar dan aktivitas reseptor NMDA sehingga terjadi perubahan jangka panjang pada aktivitas sinaps. Belum diketahui bagaimana pengaruh pemberian kombinasi EE dan latihan aerobik terhadap ekspresi pTrkB dan pNMDAR.Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi reseptor pTrkB dan ekspresi pNMDAR yang dipicu oleh persinyalan BDNF pada hipokampus tikus yang diberikan model EE dan/atau latihan fisik aerobik.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental menggunakan 24 tikus Wistar jantan usia 7 bulan, berat badan 250–350 gr, dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok: Kontrol (K), Aerobik (A) diberi latihan fisik 5x/mimggu treadmill kecepatan 20 m/menit 30 menit/hari, EE, dan kombinasi latihan fisik EE (AEE). Perlakuan diberikan selama 8 minggu dan dilakukan pengukuran ekpresi pTrkB dan pNMDAR dengan western blot, memori spasial diukur dengan forced alteration Y-maze.Hasil: Fosforilasi TrkB pada situs Tyr705 dan fosforilasi NMDA pada situs Tyr 1336 kelompok kombinasi lebih baik dari kontrol namun peningkatan tidak bermakna secara statistik. Fungsi memori spasial jangka pendek kelompok EE lebih baik daripada kelompok kontrol.Kesimpulan: EE kontinu dapat meningkatkan fungsi memori spasial jangka pendek tikus, kombinasi EE dan latihan aerobik cenderung meningkatkan pTrkB dan pNMDAR namun tidak bermakna secara statistik.

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Background: EE and/or aerobic exercise can improve spatial memory and induce increased expression of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats aged 7 months. BDNF binds to the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) induce phosphorilating of TrKB, resulting the recruitment of a protein that activates three signal transduction cascades. BDNF can increase the levels and activity of the NMDA receptors, resulting in long-term changes in synaptic activity. The effect of combination of continuous EE and aerobic exercise on hippocampus pTrkB and pNMDAR expression is not yet known.

Objective: To analyze pTrkB receptor expression and pNMDAR expression induced by BDNF signaling in the hippocampus of mice given EE models and / or aerobic exercise.

Methods: Experimental study using 24 male Wistar rats aged 7 months, weight 250–350 gr, divided into 4 groups: Control (K), Aerobics (A) given 5x physical exercise/week with treadmill speed 20 m/min 30 minutes/day, EE, combination of physical exercise and EE (AEE). Treatment was administered for 8 weeks and the phosphorylation of TrkB and NMDA receptors measured with Western blot, spatial memory measured by forced alteration of Y-maze.

Result:The combination group of TrkB phosphorylation at Tyr705 site and NMDA phosphorylation at the Tyr 1336 site were better than the control group but the increase was not statistically significant. The EE group's short-term spatial memory function was better than the control group.

Conclusion: Continuous EE can improve mouse short-term spatial memory function, combination of EE and aerobic exercise tends to increase pTrkB and pNMDAR but not statistically significant."

"Pendahuluan: Berdasarkan intensitas, durasi, dan bagaimana energi untuk kerja otot dihasilkan, latihan fisik dibagi menjadi latihan fisik aerobik dan anaerobik. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara latihan fisik dengan perubahan panjang telomer sel darah putih SDP , dan sel otot jantung. Pemendekan telomer SDP sering dihubungkan dengan penyakit kronik tidak menular, salah satunya penyakit kardiovaskular. Di Indonesia belum ada penelitian yang membandingkan pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dan anaerobik terhadap perubahan panjang telomer SDP dan sel otot jantungTujuan: Membandingkan efek latihan fisik aerobik dan anaerobik terhadap perubahan panjang telomer SDP dan sel otot jantungMetode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 tikus putih jantan berusia 11-13 bulan, berat rata-rata 300 gram. Dibagi secara acak dalam 3 kelompok: 1 kontrol; 2 latihan fisik aerobik; 3 latihan fisik anaerobik. Latihan fisik dilakukan 5 kali/minggu selama 4 dan 12 minggu. Perhitungan panjang telomer relatif menggunakan Real-Time PCR.Hasil: Secara signifikan terdapat perbedaan panjang telomer relatif SDP kelompok aerobik 4 minggu dan 12 minggu dibanding kontrol 4 minggu p=0,012 dan p=0,009 . Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna kelompok anaerobik 4 dan 12 minggu dibanding kontrol 4 minggu p=0,208 dan p=0,141 . Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna panjang telomer relatif sel otot jantung kelompok aerobik maupun anaerobik dibanding kontrol.Kesimpulan: Latihan fisik aerobik memberikan efek lebih baik dibanding anaerobik dalam perubahan panjang telomer SDP. Sedangkan latihan fisik aerobik maupun anaerobik tidak mempengaruhi perubahan panjang telomer sel otot jantung.Kata Kunci: Latihan fisik aerobik, latihan fisik anaerobik, telomer, sel darah putih, sel otot jantung

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Introduction Aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise are two types of physical exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval, and type of muscle fibers incorporated. Telomere length TL of leukocyte, a measure of replicative senescence, decreases with aging. Recent evidence supports that telomere length of leukocytes may be inversely correlated with the risk of several age related diseases. In Indonesia, there has been no specific research to find out the effect of aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise on changes in telomere length of leukocyte and cardiomyocyte.Methods This study was conducted on 24 male white rats Rattus norvegicus 250 300 grams age 11 13 months, randomly allocated into 3 groups 1 control 2 aerobic physical exercise APE and 3 anaerobic physical exercise AnPE . Physical exercise was performed 5 times a week, for 4 and 12 weeks. Measurement of relative telomere length using Real Time PCR.Result Relative leukocyte TL was found significantly longer in 4 and 12 weeks APE group compared to 4 week control p 0,012 and p 0,009 . Relative leukocyte TL was found not significantly different between 4 and 12 weeks AnPE group compared 4 weeks control group p 0,208 and p 0,141 . Cardiomyocyte relative telomere length APE and AnPE are no significantly better compare to control group.Conclusion Leukocyte TL is preserved in group of APE.Keywords Aerobic physical exercise, anaerobic physical exercise, telomere length, leukocyte, cardiomyocyte."

"Latar Belakang : Beberapa penelitian terbaru memperlihatkan bahwa apoptosis terjadi pada beberapa keadaan jantung patologis seperti pada keadaan kerusakan ?iskemia-reperfusi?, infark miokardium dan gagal jantung. Di sisi lain terdapat penelitian yang memperlihatkan bahwa latihan fisik dapat menurunkan apoptosis kardiomiosit. Dari beberapa jenis latihan fisik, latihan fisik aerobik merupakan latihan yang paling dianjurkan karena diyakini efektif dalam mencegah dan bahkan sebagai terapi rehabilitasi pada penyakit kardiovaskular. Keadaan henti latih pasca latihan fisik ternyata dapat mengembalikan seluruh atau sebagian adaptasi yang sudah terbentuk setelah latihan fisik. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan ingin melihat bagaimana pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dan henti-latih terhadap apoptosis kardiomiosit ventrikel kiri dengan menggunakan protein caspase-3 sebagai parameter apoptosis. Desain : Penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimental in vivo pada tikus Metode : identifikasi protein caspase-3 pada jaringan ventrikel kiri jantung tikus dengan pemeriksaan pulasan imunohistokimia pada 8 kelompok tikus ( kelompok kontrol 4 minggu (K4M), kontrol 8 minggu (K4MD), kontrol 12 minggu (K12M), kontrol 16 minggu (K12MD) dan kelompok perlakuan latihan aerobik 4 minggu (AR4M), perlakuan latihan aerobik 12 minggu (AR12M), perlakuan latihan aerobik 4 minggu diikuti dengan henti-latih 4 minggu (AR4MD) serta kelompok latihan aerobik 12 minggu diikuti dengan henti-latih 4 minggu(AR12MD)). Hasil : Analisis data menunjukan peningkatan persentase ekspresi caspase-3 kelompok pasca latihan fisik aerobik (K4M 6,40%1,78 dan AR4M 65,38%2,54, p<0,001; K12M 5,72%0,88 dan AR12M 41,81%3,21, p<0,001; K4MD 8,64%±3,59 dan AR4MD 66,55%±1,88; K12MD 7,35%±2,06 dan AR12MD 46,78%±2,45, p<0,001). Kecenderungan Peningkatan persentase ekspresi caspase-3 kelompok pasca henti latih (AR4M 65,38%2,54 dan AR4MD 66,55%1,88%, p=1,000; AR12M 41,81%3,21dan AR12MD 46,78%±2,45, p=0,230). Ekspresi caspase 3 kelompok latihan aerobik 4 minggu lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok latihan aerobik 12 minggu (AR4M 65,38%2,54 dan AR12M 41,81%3,21, p<0,001). Kesimpulan : latihan fisik aerobik tidak menurunkan apoptosis kardiomiosit ventrikel kiri jantung tikus dan program henti latih tidak meningkatkan apoptosis kardiomiosit ventrikel kiri jantung tikus.

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Background: Recent studies showed that apoptosis occurs in several pathological heart condition as in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction and heart failure. It has been also research showing that physical exercise can reduce apoptosis on cardiomyocyte. Of some kind of physical exercise, aerobic exercise is an exercise that is most recommended because it is believed to be effective in preventing and even as a rehabilitation therapy on cardiovascular disease. Detraining was able to restore all or part of adaptation that has been formed after the exercise.

Objective: This study aimed to see the effect of aerobic exercise and detraining on left ventricular cardiomyocyte apoptosis using caspase-3 protein as a parameter of apoptosis. Design: This study used an experimental in vivo study on rats.

Methods: Caspase-3 protein in rat cardiac left ventricular tissue is identified by immunohistochemistry staining conducted on 4 sedentary control group ( 4 weeks control group (K4M), 8 weeks control group (K4MD), 12 weeks control group (K12M), 16 weeks control (K12MD)) and 4 treatment groups ( 4 & 12 weeks post aerobic exercise group (AR4M, AR12M) and 4&12 weeks post aerobic exercise followed by 4 weeks detraining (AR4MD,AR12MD)).

Results: Analysis of the data shows an increase percentage of caspase-3 expression on post-aerobic exercise group (K4M 6,40%1,78 and AR4M 65,38%2,54, p<0,001; K12M 5,72%0,88 and AR12M 41,81%3,21, p<0,001; K4MD 8,64%±3,59 and AR4MD 66,55%±1,88; K12MD 7,35%±2,06 and AR12MD 46,78%±2,45, p<0,001) The data also shows tendency an increase percentage of caspase-3 expression on detraining group (AR4M 65,38%2,54 and AR4MD 66,55%1,88%, p=1,000; AR12M 41,81%3,21 and AR12MD 46,78%±2,45, p=0,230). Percentage of caspase-3 expression on post-4 weeks aerobic exercise group is higher than post-12 weeks aerobic exercise (AR4M 65,38%2,54 and AR12M 41,81%3,21, p<0,001).

Conclusion: Aerobic physical exercise does not decrease left ventricular cardiomyocyte apoptosis and does not improve left ventricular cardiomyocyte apoptosis."