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"From sore shoulders to spinal cord injuries, Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 3rd Edition provides you with the knowledge you need to get your patients moving again. This practical and authoritative new edition delivers easy access to the latest advances in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders and other common conditions requiring rehabilitation. Each topic is presented in a concise, focused, and well-illustrated format featuring a description of the condition, discussion of symptoms, examination findings, functional"

"Latar Belakang Operasi sesar meningkat di Indonesia dan dikaitkan dengan nyeri sedang-berat, sehingga memerlukan manajemen nyeri yang efektif untuk mencegah dampak negatif. Mengidentifikasi regimen analgesik, durasi operasi, dan anestesi yang optimal dapat meningkatkan hasil, tetapi studi tentang nyeri pascaoperasi akut dan faktor terkait di Indonesia masih terbatas. Metode Desain kohort observasional retrospektif digunakan, dengan sampel pasien yang menjalani operasi sesar di RSCM pada tahun 2021. Data mengenai kejadian nyeri akut sedang-berat (VAS ≥ 4), regimen analgesik, anestesi, dan durasi operasi diolah dari rekam medis dan kemudian dianalisis. Hasil 55 pasien diikutsertakan dalam analisis. 5 (9%) mengalami nyeri pascaoperasi akut sedang-berat. Analisis uji Fisher terhadap hubungan antara skor VAS ≥ 4 dengan regimen analgesik (p=0,053), anestesi (p=1,000), dan durasi operasi (p=1,000) tidak ditemukan signifikan. Kesimpulan Penelitian prospektif lebih lanjut dengan ukuran sampel yang besar diperlukan untuk memberikan kesimpulan mengenai pengaruh regimen analgesik, anestesi, dan durasi operasi terhadap nyeri pascaoperasi akut pada pasien operasi caesar.

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Introduction Cesarean deliveries are rising in Indonesia and are associated with moderate-severe pain, requiring effective pain management to prevent negative impacts. Identifying optimal analgesic and anaesthesia regimens, and surgery duration could improve outcomes, but studies on acute postoperative pain and related factors in Indonesia remain limited. Method A retrospective observational cohort design was utilised, with a sample of patients who underwent caesarean sections in RSCM in the year 2021. Data regarding the incidence of moderate-severe acute pain (VAS ≥ 4), analgesic regimen, anaesthesia, and surgery duration was extracted from medical records and subsequently analysed. Results 55 patients were included in the analysis. 5 (9%) experienced moderate-severe acute postoperative pain. Fisher test analysis of the association between VAS ≥ 4 score and analgesic regimen (p=0.053), anaesthesia (p=1.000), and surgery duration (p=1.000) was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Further prospective studies with large sample sizes are needed to provide conclusions regarding the effect of analgesic regimen, anaesthesia, and surgery duration on acute postoperative pain in caesarean section patients."

"Focused and results-based, this important board review title covers everything that residents need to know when preparing for their Anesthesiology BASIC exam. Written by residents familiar with the exam, its use of bullet points and illustrations enables effective learning and efficient exam preparation. Providing a comprehensive review of all exam topics, the guide uses a clear and focused note-taking style to present 'high-yield' information, enabling efficient study techniques. Bullet points and short paragraphs feature to help rapid understanding, with margin space provided to annotate and add further notes. The helpful format ensures that all exam preparation, including notes from question banks, can be kept in this 'one-stop' review book. Mirroring the BASIC exam requirements, this book covers clinical anesthetic practice, pharmacology, physiology, anatomy, and anesthesia equipment and monitoring. Written by residents for residents, it is an essential preparation resource for the Anesthesiology BASIC exam."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Manajemen nyeri yang efektif pascabedah merupakan bagianyang penting pada perawatan pasien yang menjalani pembedahan. Penanganannyeri pascabedah laparoskopi nefrektomi donor ginjal sangat penting untukpemulihan dini. Epidural kontinyu merupakan teknik anestesi regional yangdigunakan pada operasi donor ginjal di RSCM, namun hasilnya belummemuaskan karena masih tingginya persentase pasien dengan derajat nyeri berat.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas antara blok QuadratusLumborum (QL) bilateral dengan bantuan USG dan blok epidural kontinyuterhadap derajat nyeri dan kebutuhan morfin pascabedah.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji kontrol acak pada 52 pasien sehat yangmendonorkan ginjal di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional CiptoMangunkusumo. Dilakukan proses randomisasi pada subjek penelitian,didapatkan pada kelompok blok QL bilateral sebanyak 26 pasien dan epiduralkontinyu sebanyak 26 pasien. Sesaat sebelum pasien diekstubasi, subjek dalamkelompok blok QL mendapatkan bupivacaine 0,25% sebanyak 20 mL secarabilateral dan subjek pada kelompok epidural mendapatkan infus bupivakain0,125% 6 mL/jam secara kontinyu. Hasil dari penelitian ini dianalisis denganmenggunakan uji statistik Mann Whitney.Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan bermaknaterhadap derajat nyeri NRS saat di RR, jam ke-2, jam ke-6, jam ke-12 dan jamke-24 (p = 0,412; 0,881; 0,655; 0,788; dan 0,895). Kebutuhan PCA morfin pada24 jam pascabedah pada setiap waktu pengukuran tidak ditemukan perbedaanbermakna (p = 0,823; 0,985; 0,693; dan 0,854). Skor Bromage, serta waktupertama kali pasien memencet PCA morfin ditemukan sama pada keduakelompok. Pada kelompok blok QL Sebanyak 6 orang (23,10%) yang merasakanmual dan 4 orang (15,4%) yang mengalami muntah. Pada kelompok blok epiduralkontinyu sebanyak 1 orang (3,8%) yang merasakan mual dan 1 orang (3,8%) yangmengalami muntah. Efek samping parestesia tidak ditemukan pada keduakelompok.Simpulan: Blok QL tidak memberikan efek analgesia yang lebih baik dibanding blok epidural kontinyu.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Post operative pain management is substantial. Regional anesthesia for renal transplant donor is advantageous for early recovery. Continous epidural regiment often used in renal donor patients. However, the benefits are not fully met due to high incidence of severe post operative pain. This study compares the effectivity of USG guided bilateral Quadratus Lumborum (QL) block with continous epidural block for post operative pain management. We evaluate the degree of pain and morphine consumption.Methods: This is a random clinical trial in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. The subjects were random clinical trial. Fifty two subjects were renal donors who underwent surgery in RSCM. Subjects were randomized and divided into two groups, continous epidural (26 subjects) and QL block (26 subjects). Prior extubation, the QL block groups received bilateral QL block with 20 ml of Bupivacain 0.25% and the epidural group were given 6 ml/hr of Bupivacain 0.125% continously via epidural. The subjects pain were rated with NRS pain score. Morphine consumption and adverse events (nausea, vomiting, and paresthesias) were noted. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test.Results:This study showed no difference between both group regarding NRS pain score in RR, the first 2, 6, 12 and 24 hour (p = 0,412; 0,881; 0,655; 0,788; dan 0,895). There are no difference in morphine consumption in both group (first 2 hour p=0,823; first 6 hour p=0,985; first 12 hour p=0,693; and first 24 hour p=0,854). Bromage score and the first time subjects pressed the PCA device are similar. There are 6 subjects (23.1%) who experienced nausea and 4 subjects (15.4%) who experienced vomitus from the QL block group. One subject (3.8%) experienced nausea and 1 (3.8%) subject vomitted from the epidural group.Conclusion: The efficacy of QL block for 24 hour post-operative pain management is comparable with continous epidural analgesia following laparoscopic nephrectomy."

"Latar Belakang. Propofol merupakan salah satu jenis obat induksi intravena yang paling sering digunakan dalam pembiusan umum tetapi propofol dapat menimbulkan rasa nyeri pada lokasi injeksi dengan angka kejadian hingga 88%. Penggunaan campuran lidokain dalam propofol dapat mengurangi nyeri tersebut, akan tetapi nyeri masih dapat terjadi, sementara penggunaan premdikasi lidokain perlakuan torniket jarang digunakan karena prosedur yang lebih lama dan tidak semudah campuran lidokain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan premedikasi lidokain perlakuan torniket selama 1 menit dan campuran lidokain untuk mengurangi derajat nyeri pada saat induksi anestesi menggunakan propofol.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis tersamar tunggal, bersifat eksperimental. Pasien dengan kriteria klinis ASA I-II sejumlah 50 orang dilakukan randomisasi sederhana menjadi 2 kelompok perlakuan dan mendapatkan perlakuan premedikasi lidokain 40 mg iv dengan perlakuan torniket selama 1 menit, diikuti injeksi propofol dan derajad nyeri dinilai berdasarkan verbal rating score. Kelompok lainnya dilakukan pemberian campuran lidokain 40 mg iv dalam propofol dan dilakukan injeksi campuran tersebut serta dilakukan penilaian Verbal Rating Score.Hasil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian lidokain perlakuan torniket dapat menurunkan derajad nyeri yang lebih baik (96% tidak nyeri, 4% nyeri ringan)) dibandingkan kelompok campuran lidokain dalam propofol (40% tidak nyeri, 44% nyeri ringan, 16% nyeri sedang) dengan nilai p = 0.000 (p bermakna < 0.05) pada uji statistik menggunakan mann whitney.Kesimpulan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa premedikasi lidokain perlakuan torniket bermakna secara klinis dan statistik dalam menurunkan derajat nyeri propofol dibandingkan pemberian campuran lidokain dalam propofol.

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Background. Propofol is one of the intravenous anesthesia drugs mostly used in general anesthesia but It might cause pain during injection with the incidence until 88%. The technique using premixed lidocaine with propofol is commonly used to reduce the pain, but incidence of pain during the injection still can happen, while the use of lidocaine premedication with torniquet is not common due to complicated and longer time to perform the procedure. The aim of the study is to compare the premedication using torniquet for 1 minute and premixed lidocaine with the degree of pain during anesthesia injection with propofol.

Methods. This research is a single blind experimental study. Total of 50 Patient with ASA I-II were divided into two groups using simple randomized method and received 40 mg of iv lidocaine and torniquet performed for 1 minute, followed with propofol injection and pain evaluation using verbal rating score. The other group were given lidocaine 40 mg mixed with propofol and followed with injection of the mixing and evaluated for Verbal Rating Score.

Result. The result of this study described that premedication of lidocaine using torniquet can decrease degree of pain better than premixed lidocaine and propofol (no pain 96%, mild pain 4% versus no pain 40%, mild pain 44%, moderate pain 16%) with p value of 0.000 (significant p < 0.05) using mann whitney statistic test.

Conclusion. Conclusion of this research is that premedication of lidocaine using torniquet is clinically and statistically significant in reducing degree of propofol pain injection compare with premixed lidocaine in propofol."

"Insersi jarum spinal dapat menimbulkan nyeri sehingga perlu dilakukan teknik stimulasi kompres dingin guna menurunkan intensitas nyeri yang dialami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi efektivitas kompres dingin dalam menurunkan intensitas nyeri insersi jarum spinal pada prosedur spinal anestesi. Desain yang digunakan adalah quasy experimental dengan pendekatan post test only design non equivalent control group. Sampel terdiri dari 72 pasien dewasa yang terbagi atas 36 orang kelompok intervensi dan 36 orang kelompok kontrol. Analisis data untuk mengetahui perbedaan rerata kelompok perlakuan (kompres dingin) dan kelompok kontrol (standar prosedur) dengan intensitas nyeri dan menganalisis hubungan variabel jenis kelamin dan pengalaman nyeri insersi spinal dengan intensitas nyeri menggunakan uji Mann Whitney. Analisis data untuk mengetahui hubungan variabel usia, ukuran jarum spinal dan kecemasan dilakukan uji Kruskal Wallis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok perlakuan (kompres dingin) dan kelompok kontrol (standar prosedur) dan hubungan bermakna antara variabel kecemasan dengan intensitas nyeri (p<0,05). Hasil analisis menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna pada variabel usia, jenis kelamin, pengalaman nyeri insersi dan ukuran jarum spinal (p>0,05). Dapat disimpulkan kompres dingin merupakan intervensi yang terbukti efektif untuk menurunkan intensitas nyeri insersi jarum spinal pada prosedur spinal anestesi.

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Spinal needle insertion may cause pain hence cold compress stimulation technique to reduce the intensity of the pain is required. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of cold compress in reducing the intensity of spinal needle insertion pain in spinal anesthesia procedures. The design used was quasy experimental with post test only design non equivalent control group approach. The sample consisted of 72 adult patients divided into 36 intervention groups and 36 control groups.

Data analysis is to obtain the difference average of treatment group (cold compress) and control group (standard procedure) with pain intensity and analyze the connection of gender and spinal insertion pain variables and the intensity of pain using Mann Whitney test. Data analysis to obtain the correlation of age, spinal needle size and anxiety variables was conducted using Kruskal Wallis test.

Analysis results show that there are significant differences between treatment group (cold compress) and control group (standard procedure) and significant relationship between anxiety variables with pain intensity (p <0.05). The results show no significant association in age, sex, insertion pain experience and spinal needle size (p> 0.05). It can be concluded that cold compress is an effective intervention to decrease the intensity of spinal needle insertion pain in spinal anesthesia procedure."