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"The atomic force microscope (AFM) has been successfully used to perform nanorobotic manipulation operations on nanoscale entities such as particles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanocrystals, and DNA since 1990s.There have been many progress on modeling, imaging, teleoperated or automated control, human-machine interfacing, instrumentation, and applications of AFM based nanorobotic manipulation systems in literature. "

"This book gives a concise introduction into the method and describes various experimental techniques. Surface potential studies on semiconductor materials, nanostructures and devices are described, as well as application to molecular and organic materials. The current state of surface potential at the atomic scale is also considered. "

"Cedera pada Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) sering terjadi pada atlet yang berpartisipasi dalam olahraga intensitas tinggi. Namun, kerusakan ACL juga bisa terjadi pada masyarakat umum. Fatigue dijelaskan oleh perubahan protein struktural utama, heliks kolagen tipe 1. Hal ini merusak ligamen dan menyebabkan kelemahan pada jaringan. Delapan puluh persen kerusakan ACL dilaporkan sebagai kerusakan tanpa kontak langsung, yang bertentangan dengan gagasan bahwa kerusakan ACL terjadi dalam kasus kelebihan beban. Chen dkk. menunjukkan bahwa tanda-tanda fatigue seperti rongga struktural, kekuatan tarik yang lebih rendah dan perubahan komposisi kimia dari heliks kolagen normal menjadi untaian terdenaturasi (1740cm-1) dapat mengurangi integritas struktural ACL yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan kegagalan dini. Penelitian ini membutuhkan lebih banyak detail dalam tanda-tanda baru yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ACL akibat fatigue. Proyek ini menganalisis topografi, komposisi kimia, mekanika jaringan seperti kekakuan, dan perubahan sinyal autofluoresensi menggunakan Atomic Force Microscopy Infrared Spectroscopy (AFM-IR) dan endoskopi konfokal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara kekakuan dan kerusakan akibat kelelahan adalah semakin tinggi proporsi kolagen gangguan, semakin rendah frekuensi PLL dan semakin rendah kekakuan material. Efek kerusakan mekanis juga ditunjukkan pada salah satu fitur topografi, D-spacing. Peningkatan D-spacing dapat disebabkan oleh deformasi plastik fibril kolagen.

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Injuries to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) are prevalent in athletes who participate in high-intensity sports. However, ACL damage can also occur in the general public. Fatigue is explained by changes in the major structural protein, the type 1 collagen helix. This destroys the ligaments and causes weakness. Eighty percent of ACL damage is reported to be non-contact damage, which contradicts the notion that failure occurs in the case of a single overload. Chen et al. showed that fatigue signatures such as structural voids, lower tensile strength and change in chemical composition from normal collagen helices to denatured strands (1740cm-1) could reduce the structural integrity of the ACL ultimately leading to early failure. However, the study needs more detail in these novel signatures of fatigue damage. This project analyses topography, chemical composition, tissue mechanics such as stiffness, and changes in autofluorescence signal using Atomic Force Microscopy Infrared Spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and confocal endoscopy. Other techniques can be explored for the future but are not the focus of this project. The results show that the relationship between stiffness and fatigue damage is that the higher the proportion of disorder collagen, the lower the PLL frequency and the lower the material's stiffness. The effect of mechanical damage is also shown on one of the most critical topographical features, D-spacing. The increase in D-spacing may be due to the plastic deformation of collagen fibrils."