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"[Latar belakang. Infeksi terkait perawatan di rumah sakit, dalam hal ini InfeksiAliran Darah (IAD), merupakan masalah serius yang masih sering di jumpai.Salah satu pengendalian infeksi terkait aliran darah, seperti tehnik antiseptik untukprosedur invasif dan perawatan pada konektor memerlukan antiseptik. Pemilihanjenis antiseptik pada perawatan konektor telah banyak diketahui, penelitian inimembandingkan jenis antiseptik yang dipergunakan pada konektor infus.Tujuan. Mengetahui perbedaan efektifitas CHG 2% IPA (AC swab) dan alkohol70% (BD alcohol swab) pada konektor dalam menurunkan jumlah kolonisasibakteri .Metoda. Penelitian cross sectional pada bayi yang dirawat juni 2015 sampai juli2015 di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo unit Neonatal Jakarta. Subyek dipilihsecara simple random sampling.Hasil. Dari 60 subyek didapatkan 30 CHG 2% IPA dan 30 alkohol 70%,dilakukan scrub konektor pada kedua kelompok didapatkan hasil persentasepenurunan jumlah kolonisasi bakteri yang berbeda bermakna (t test, p = 0,038),uji kolonisasi bakteri sesudah 20 detik scrub antiseptik antara kedua kelompokantiseptik dengan p-value= 0,49 (uji Fisher?s Exact) serta uji kolonisasi bakteri 30detik dan 6 Jam setelah scrub antiseptik CHG 2% IPA (t test, p = 0,28) hasilkedua uji teraebut tidak berbeda bermaknaSimpulan. CHG 2% IPA lebih efektif dalam menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri pada konektor infus dibandingkan dengan alkohol 70%.;Background. Blood stream infection (BSI), is a serious problem that is oftenencountered. One of the BSI control is such as antiseptic techniques for invasiveprocedures and treatments on the connector requires the type of antiseptic.Selection of types of antiseptics in the treatment of connectors have a lot weknow, this study compared the kind of antiseptic used in connector infusion.Objectives. To compare the effectiveness CHG 2 % IPA (AC swab) and 70%alcohol (BD alcohol swab) as antiseptic for reducing the number of bacterial forthe hub.Methods. A cross sectional study from of infants who had hospitalized from Juni2015 until Juli 2015 in Neonatal Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.Subjects was selected by simple random sampling.Results. There were 60 subjects obtained 30 CHG2 % IPA and 30 alcohol 70 %,after the scrub connectors in both groups showed a percentage decrease in thenumber of bacterial colonization are significantly different (t test, p = 0.038), p=0,49 (Fisher?s Exact test) after scrub 20 second antiseptic for both groups and 30seconds and 6 hours 2 % CHG IPA after antiseptic scrub t test, p = 0.28 both testresults are not significantly different.Conclusions. 2 % CHG IPA is more effective in reducing the number of colonies bacterial compared with 70% alcohol., Background. Blood stream infection (BSI), is a serious problem that is oftenencountered. One of the BSI control is such as antiseptic techniques for invasiveprocedures and treatments on the connector requires the type of antiseptic.Selection of types of antiseptics in the treatment of connectors have a lot weknow, this study compared the kind of antiseptic used in connector infusion.Objectives. To compare the effectiveness CHG 2 % IPA (AC swab) and 70%alcohol (BD alcohol swab) as antiseptic for reducing the number of bacterial forthe hub.Methods. A cross sectional study from of infants who had hospitalized from Juni2015 until Juli 2015 in Neonatal Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.Subjects was selected by simple random sampling.Results. There were 60 subjects obtained 30 CHG2 % IPA and 30 alcohol 70 %,after the scrub connectors in both groups showed a percentage decrease in thenumber of bacterial colonization are significantly different (t test, p = 0.038), p=0,49 (Fisher’s Exact test) after scrub 20 second antiseptic for both groups and 30seconds and 6 hours 2 % CHG IPA after antiseptic scrub t test, p = 0.28 both testresults are not significantly different.Conclusions. 2 % CHG IPA is more effective in reducing the number of colonies bacterial compared with 70% alcohol.]"

"Diabetes mellitus menyebabkan seseorang menjadi lebih rentan untuk terkena infeksi tuberkulosis paru. Tuberkulosis sendiri merupakan penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan mengendalikan faktor risiko yang ada, salah satunya adalah konsumsi alkohol. Studi cross-sectional analitik ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara konsumsi alkohol dengan prevalensi tuberkulosis pada pasien diabetes mellitus di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2010. Data yang diperlukan diperoleh melalui rekam medis, dan didapatkan 462 data. Sebanyak 89.39% pasien tidak mempunyai riwayat mengonsumsi alkohol, dan 10.61% sisanya mempunyai riwayat mengonsumsi alkohol. Dari hasil analisis dengan uji chi square, tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara konsumsi alkohol dengan tuberkulosis dengan nilai p 0.107 (> 0.005). Hasil ini sesuai dengan penelitian lain dengan populasi di India Selatan yang menyatakan bahwa pengonsumsian alkohol bukan merupakan faktor risiko penting terhadap terjadinya tuberkulosis. Meskipun demikian, untuk penelitian selanjutnya disarankan agar data diperoleh lewat pengisian kuisioner sehingga pola pengonsumsian alkohol untuk masing-masing individu dapat diketahui.Diabetes mellitus makes someone more vulnerable to get tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis itself can be prevented by controlling its risk factors, one of which is alcohol consumption. This analitical cross-sectional study intends to understand the associaton between alcohol consumption with tuberculosis prevalence on patient with diabetes mellitus at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2010. Data needed for this study was obtained from medical records, and total data obtained is 462 data. As many as 89.39% patients have no alcohol cosumption record, and the rest 10.61% have it. From data analysis with chi square, the result shows no significant association between alcohol consumption with tuberucolsis (p value0.107). This result is the same with other study in South India which showed that alcohol consumption is not an important risk factor for tuberculosis. However, for the future study, it is mentioned to get the data from questionnaire so that individual pattern of alcohol consumption can be better understood."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang dan tujuan: Pioderma superfisialis (PS) masih menjadi masalahkesehatan di Indonesia dengan jumlah kunjungan yang masih tinggi di PoliklinikKulit dan Kelamin Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (PKK-RSCM). Saat inipengobatan topikal lini pertama adalah asam fusidat 2% sedangkan penggunaanmupirosin 2% dibatasi. Beberapa penelitian terdahulu memperlihatkan resistensiterhadap asam fusidat 2% dan mupirosin 2%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmembandingkan efektivitas mupirosin 2% dengan asam fusidat 2% terhadapkesembuhan klinis PS di PKK-RSCM.Metode: Uji klinis acak buta ganda dilakukan terhadap 42 pasien PS usia 12-59tahun di PKK-RSCM. Setelah pemeriksaan bakteriologis, setiap subjekmendapatkan satu jenis krim antibiotik untuk dioleskan selama tujuh hari. Evaluasiklinis didasarkan pada pengurangan luas lesi dan skala nyeri. Pemeriksaan biakandan resistensi dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik UniversitasIndonesia.Hasil: Efektivitas krim mupirosin (kelompok M) adalah 83,3% dan krim asamfusidat (kelompok AF) 40% (p=0,048), sedangkan persentase penurunan luas lesikelompok M sebesar 83,5% dan kelompok AF 60,7% (p=0,041). Tidak ditemukanefek samping subjektif maupun objektif pada kedua kelompok. Pada biakan kuman,54,8% sampel ditemukan 2 jenis kuman, jenis terbanyak adalah S.aureus danS.pyogenes. Sebagian besar S.aureus (78,8%, 75,8%) dan S.pyogenes (50%,94,4%)memiliki kepekaan intermediet terhadap mupirosin 2% dan asam fusidat 2%.Kesimpulan: Krim mupirosin 2% lebih efektif daripada krim asam fusidat 2%terhadap PS.Kata kunci: mupirosin 2%, asam fusidat 2%, kesembuhan klinis, luas lesi, skalanyeri

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ABSTRACTBackground and objectives: Superficial pyodermas (SP) are common healthproblem in Indonesia with high incidence in the Dermatovenereology OutpatientClinic Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (DV-CMH). Current guidelines endorses2% fusidic acid as the first line topical therapy, while 2% mupirocin is reserved forcertain condition. Past studies demonstrated increasing resistance to 2% fusidic acidand 2% mupirocin. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of 2% mupirocinand 2% fusidic acid in SP treatment in our institution.Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 42 SPpatients aged 12-59 years old in DV-CMH. Following bacteriologic examination,each subject received a random antibiotic cream for seven days. Clinical evaluationwas determined by reduction of lesion size and pain scale. Bacteriologic culture andsusceptibility test were performed in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Universityof Indonesia.Results: The effectiveness in 2% mupirocin group (M) was 83,3% and in 2%fusidic acid group (FA) 40% (p=0,048). Lesion size decrease was 83.5% in M groupand 60.7% in FA group (p=0,041). No side effects were observed in both treatmentgroups. At the bacteria culture , 54.8 % of the samples found two types of bacteria,most types are S.aureus and S.pyogenes. Most of S.aureus (78,8%, 75,8%) andS.pyogenes (50%,94,4%) have an intermediate susceptibility to 2 % mupirocin and2% fusidic acid.Conclusion: The 2% mupirocin cream was more effective than 2% fusidic acidcream in SP treatment.Keywords: 2% mupirocin, 2% fusidic acid, clinical cure, lesion size, pain scale"

"Diabetes melitus dan gizi kurang secara terpisah dikatakan dapat meningkatkan kejadian tuberkulosis. Studi potong lintang analitik ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara gizi kurang dengan prevalensi tuberkulosis paru (TBP) pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2). Dari keseluruhan 462 pasien DMT2, 125 pasien (27.1%) di antaranya menderita TBP. Total pasien DMT2 yang menderita gizi kurang sebesar 125 pasien (27.1%). Sementara itu, dari keseluruhan pasien DMT2 yang menderita TBP, 78 pasien (62.4%) juga menderita gizi kurang. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara gizi kurang dengan prevalensi TBP yang bermakna secara statistik (p <0.000).

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Diabetes mellitus and undernutrition separately were proved as risk factors of tuberculosis incidence. This analytical cross sectional study aimed to measure the prevalence of lung tuberculosis (TBP) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) patients and its association with undernutrition. A total of 462 DMT2 patients were analyzed and the results showed that 125 patients (27.1%) had TBP and 125 patients (27.1%) were undernourished. Within DMT2 patients who had TBP, there were 78 undernourished patients (62.4%). We concluded there is a highly significant statistical association between undernutrition and prevalence of TBP among DMT2 patients (p <0.000)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pemberian kompres normal salin, air hangat, dan alkohol terhadap derajat flebitis pada anak yang dilakukan pemasangan infus di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan menggunakan pendekatan the reversed-treatment nonequivalent control group design with pretest and posttest. Hasil penelitian membuktikan terdapat pengaruh kompres normal salin, air hangat dan alkohol terhadap penurunan derajat flebitis, akan tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata derajat flebitis diantara ketiga jenis kompres dan tidak terdapat pengaruh karakteristik anak terhadap derajat flebitis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian direkomendasikan bahwa kompres normal salin, air hangat, dan alkohol dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan derajat flebitis.

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The purpose of this comparative study is to identify the effectivity of compress of normal saline, warm water, and alcohol over phlebitis grading scale of children on infusion at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital of Bandung. The design of this research was quasi experiment with the reversed-treatment nonequivalent control group design with pretest and posttest.

The result indicated that compress of normal saline, warm water, and alcohol have influences on the decrease of phlebitis grading scale, yet there was no mean difference between the compresses, and the child?s characteristic has no contribution to decrease the phlebitis grading scale. The research suggested that compress of normal salin, warm water, and alcohol can be used to decrease phlebitis grade scale."

"Daya tahanan terhadap stres lethalakan meningkat dengan adanya induksi HSP oleh stres sublethal. Mekanisme serupa dapat terjadi pada puasa Ramadhan (puasa intermiten). HSP70 intraselular adalah salah satu protein yang diinduksi oleh stres dan bertindak sebagai pelindung sel. Respon HSP juga menunjukkan perilaku yang sama ketika menghadapi stres, seperti kekurangan glukosa dan infeksi atau peradangan. Fungsi serum HSP72 in vivo tergantung pada kondisi organisme.HSP72 memfasilitasi sistem kekebalan tubuh ketika dilepaskan ke dalam sirkulasi darah organisme yang sehat, sementara pada organisme dengan penyakit kronis, serum HSP72 dapat memperburuk kondisi penyakit inflamasi kronis tersebut.Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui adakah penurunan kadar serum HSP70 &faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi perubahan kadar HSP70 serum pada penyandang DMTipe-2 yang berpuasa > 21 hari di bulan Ramadhan.Studi Quasi experimental one group before and after inidiawali dengan melakukan edukasi asupan makanan selama berpuasa di bulan Ramadhan, pengumpulan data klinis dan laboratorium kepada 37 subjek penyandang DM Tipe-2,1 minggu sebelum &hari ke 21 bulan Ramadhan. Didapatkan penurunan bermakna pada IMT, GD puasa dan kadar serum HSP70 pada minggu ke 3 dibandingkan minggu ke-1 (sebelum berpuasa Ramadhan). Lingkar pinggang perempuan pada minggu -1 berhubungan bermakna dengan penurunan kadar HSP70.Terdapat penurunan bermakna kadar serum HSP70 pada peyandang DM Tipe-2 yang berpuasa > 21 hari di bulan Ramadhan. Lingkar pinggang perempuan yang berpuasa> 21 hari di bulan Ramadhan berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kadar HSP70.

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Resistance to lethal stress will increase with the induction of the HSP by sublethal stress. A similar mechanism may occur in the Ramadan fasting (intermittent fasting ). HSP70 is one of the proteins that are induced by stress and acts as a cell protector. HSP response also exhibit the same behavior when faced with stressors such as glucose deprivation and infection or inflammation. Serum HSP72 function in vivo depends on the circumstances of each organism. HSP72 facilitates the body's immune system when it is released into the circulation in a healthy organism, while the organism with a chronic disease, serum HSP72 can exacerbate chronic inflammatory disease state. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a decrease in serum levels of HSP70 & what factors influence the change in serum HSP70 levels in people with T2DM who fasted for > 21 days in the month of Ramadan.This Quasi experimental one group before and after study performed data collection from 37 T2DM subjects and education on dietary intake during fasting in Ramadan on 1 week before and day 21st of Ramadan month. From the 37 subjects examined , found a significant decrease in BMI , FBG & serum HSP70 at week 3 than at week 1 before the fasting of Ramadan. Waist circumference of women at 1 week before Ramadan fasting significantly associated with decreased levels of HSP70. "

"Latar Belakang: Mortalitas pasien UPI lebih tinggi dari pasien rawat lainnya. Instrumen prediktor mortalitas pada pasien UPI dapat membantu untuk melakukan stratifikasi risiko dan pengambilan keputusan klinis dalam tatalaksana pasien. Skor LODS merupakan salah satu instrumen yang terbukti memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan intrumen prediktor yang saat ini digunakan di UPI RSCM. Meskipun demikian, komponen skor LODS membutuhkan pemeriksaan yang tidak murah sehingga sulit diaplikasikan terutama pada pasien tanpa jaminan kesehatan. Bersihan laktat merupakan alternatif yang lebih murah dan ditemukan memiliki kemampuan prediktor mortalitas yang baik pada penelitian sebelumnya.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kemampuan prediktor bersihan laktat dengan skor LODS terhadap mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien UPI RSCM yang dirawat pada rentang Agustus 2015 – April 2018. Data yang di ambil berupa karakteristik, skor LODS hari pertama, laktat inisial, laktat 6-24 jam serta terjadi atau tidaknya mortalitas dalam 30 hari. Hubungan antara skor LODS dengan mortalitas dianalisis dengan regresi logistik sederhana, sementara hubungan antara bersihan laktat dan mortalitas dinilai dengan uji chi square. Kemampuan diskriminasi keduanya dinilai dengan analisis kurva ROC sementara kemampuan kalibrasi dinilai dengan uji goodness of fit Hosmer-Lemeshow. Kemampuan diagnostik dinilai dengan menghitung sensitivitas, spesifisitas, PPV, NPV, LR positif, serta LR negatif. Kemampuan diskriminasi, kalibrasi, serta diagnostik diantara skor LODS dan bersihan laktat kemudian dibandingkan.Hasil: Dari 388 subjek yang dianalisis, didapatkan bersihan laktat memiliki diskriminasi lemah (AUC 0,597), kalibrasi lemah (Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow p<0,001), sensitivitas 65% (IK95% 48,3% - 79,3%), spesifisitas 54,3% (IK95% 48,9% - 59,6%), PPV 14,1% (IK95% 11,2% - 17,4%), NPV 93,1% (IK95% 89,7% - 95,4%), LR positif 1,420 (IK95% 1,10 – 1,84), dan LR negatif 0,640 (IK95% 0,42 – 0,99), dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM. Sementara Skor LODS memiliki diskriminasi baik (AUC 0,79), kalibrasi baik (Uji Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0,818), sensitivitas 77,5% (IK95% 64,6% - 90,4%), spesifisitas 63,8% (IK95% 58,8% - 68,8%), PPV 19,7% (IK95% 13,4% - 25,9%), NPV 96,1% (IK95% 93,6% - 98,6%), LR positif 2,140 (IK95% 1,72 – 2,66), dan LR negatif 0,353 (IK95% 0,20 – 0,63), dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM.Kesimpulan: Performa bersihan laktat dari segi kemampuan diskriminasi, kalibrasi, atau diagnostik tidak lebih baik dari skor LODS dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari di UPI RSCM.

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Backgrounds: The mortality rate of ICU patients is higher than other inpatients. The mortality predicting tools of ICU patients can help a physician stratify the risk and make the clinical decision in patient management. The LODS score is one of the tools that has been proven better than predictor instruments currently used at RSCM ICU. However, the component of the LODS score requires an expensive examination, so it is difficult to apply, especially to patients without health insurance. Lactate clearance is a cheaper alternative and was found to have a good predictive ability of mortality in previous studies.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the predictor ability of LODS scores with lactate clearance on 30-days-patient-mortality treated at RSCM ICU.

Method: This was a cohort retrospective study using the medical records of RSCM ICU patients who were treated between August 2015 – April 2018. The data were demographic characteristics, first-day LODS score, initial lactate, lactate in 6-24 hours, and 30-days-patient-mortality. The relationship between LODS scores and mortality was analyzed with simple logistic regression, while the chi-square test assessed the relationship between lactate clearance and mortality. Discrimination ability was assessed by ROC curve analysis, while the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test assessed calibration ability. Diagnostic ability was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, positive LR, and negative LR. Discrimination, calibration, and diagnostic capabilities between LODS scores and lactate clearance were then compared between groups.

Results: From 388 subjects analyzed, lactate clearance was found to have weak discrimination (AUC 0.597), weak calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p<0.001), sensitivity 65% ​​(CI 95% 48.3% – 79.3%), specificity 54 ,3% (95% CI 48.9% – 59.6%), PPV 14.1% (95% CI 11.2% – 17.4%), NPV 93.1% (95% CI 89.7% – 95 0.4%), positive LR 1.420 (95% CI 1.10 – 1.84), and negative LR 0.640 (95% CI 0.42 – 0.99), in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU. Meanwhile, the LODS score had good discrimination (AUC 0.79), good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p=0.818), sensitivity 77.5% (95% CI 64.6% – 90.4%), specificity 63.8% (95% CI 58.8% – 68.8%), PPV 19.7% (95% CI 13.4% – 25.9%), NPV 96.1% (95% CI 93.6% – 98.6%), positive LR 2.140 (95% CI 1.72 – 2.66), and negative LR 0.353 (95% CI 0.20 – 0.63), in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU.

Conclusion: Lactate clearance performance in terms of discriminatory ability, calibration, or diagnostic performance was not better than the LODS score in predicting patient mortality within 30 days at RSCM ICU."

"Latar belakang: Pada tahun 2018, diperkirakan tercatat 265.00 kematian yang disebabkan oleh luka bakar. Sekitar 96% kasus kematian terjadi di negara berkembang, dimana dua per tiga-nya terjadi di Afrika dan Asia Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia.Metode:Subjek dibagi ke dalam dua grup yang diidentifikasi secara retrospektif dari rekam medis, dan dibandingkan secara prospektif. Studi ini membandingkan mortalitas, insiden sepsis, dan lama rawat inap pada pasien yang menjalani eksisi tangensial dini (n=23) yang dibandingkan dengan pasien yang menjalani eksisi tangensial tertunda (n=23). Data dianalisa dengan Fisher Exact Test dan Mann-Whitney.Hasil: Dari Januari 2016 sampai Agustus 2018, terkumpul 46 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian. Kejadian sepsis pada pasien yang menjalani eksisi tangensial dini berbeda secara bermakna (p<0.001) dengan kejadian sepsis pada pasien yang menjalani eksisi tangensial tertunda dengan risiko relatif 0.233 (CI 95% 0.122-0.446). Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada mortalitas dan lama rawat inap pada kedua grup tersebut (p>0.05).Kesimpulan: Eksisi tangensial dini bermanfaat untuk mencegah kejadian sepsis pada pasien luka bakar deep dermal dan luka bakar full thickness. Namun begitu, penilaian kedalaman luka bakar bersifat subjektif terhadap pengalaman klinis seorang dokter bedah. Eksisi tangensial dini harus dilakukan tidak lebih dari 96 jam setelah kejadian luka bakar.

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Background: In the year 2018, it is estimated that 265.000 deaths are associated with burn injury annually. Approximately 96% of these cases occur in developing countries, out of which two-thirds are in the Africa and Southeast Asia regions, including Indonesia

Methods: There were two groups which are retrospectively identified from the medical records, and then prospectively compared. We compare mortality, sepsis incidence and hospital length of stay in patients underwent early tangential excision (n=23) to those who underwent delayed tangential excision (n=23) using Fisher Exact Test and Mann-Whitney.

Result: From January 2016 to August 2018, 46 patients met the inclusion criteria of this study. The incidence of sepsis was statistically significant with all sepsis incidence occurs only delayed tangential excision group (p<0.001) with relative risk 0.233 (CI 95% 0.122-0.446). There were no differences on the mortality as well as hospital length of stay between early and delayed tangential excision groups (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Early tangential excision is beneficial to prevent sepsis in patients with deep dermal and full thickness burn. Although burn depth assessment can be subjective to surgeon's clinical experience. Early tangential excision should be done no longer than 96 hours after burn injury."

"Pendahuluan: Dalam 2 dekade terakhir ini, berbagai penelitian epidemiologi menunjukkan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan angka insidens dan prevalensi diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe-2 di berbagai penjuru dunia. Selain itu, DM tipe 2 kini juga diketahui menjadi salah satu faktor risiko penyakit tuberkulosis (TB) paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap prevalensi TB paru pada pasien DM tipe 2. Metode: Dengan desain cross-sectional, pengambilan sampel dilakukan terhadap seluruh pasien DM tipe 2 yang menderita infeksi paru (TB dan bukan TB) di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2010. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan dari 125 pasien DM tipe 2 yang menderita TB paru, 82 berjenis kelamin laki-laki (67%) dan 43 berjenis kelamin perempuan (33%). Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa jenis kelamin mempengaruhi prevalensi TB pada penderita DM tipe 2 secara bermakna.

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Background: In the last 2 decades, many epidemiological studies showed increment tendency of incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in many regions of the world. Besides, type 2 DM has also known as a risk factor for lung tuberculosis (TB). The study purpose is to find out the effect of gender to lung TB prevalence in type 2 DM patients.

Method: With cross-sectional design, sampling was taken from all type 2 DM patients with lung infection (TB and non-TB) in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in year 2010.

Result: Result show that amongst 125 type 2 DM patients who had lung TB, 82 of them are males (66%) and the 43 are females (33%).

Conclusion: From this study, we can conclude that gender affect the TB lung prevalence in type 2 DM patients."

"Penggunaan propofol semakin populer untuk sedasi selama tindakan endoskopi saluran cerna. Selain dengan bolus berkala, akhir-akhir ini telah tersedia pemberian propofol teknik target-controlled infusion (TCI). Teknik tersebut mungkin lebih menguntungkan karena dosisnya lebih efisien, efek samping yang lebih rendah dan waktu pulih yang lebih cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan keluaran antara pemberian propofol teknik bolus berkala dengan TCI pada tindakan endoskopi saluran cerna. Keluaran yang diteliti adalah dosis total propofol, konsumsi permenit, biaya total, efek samping dan waktu pulih. METODE: Lima puluh pasien (bolus, n=25, TCI, n=25), ASA I-III, usia 18-65 tahun, IMT 18-30 kg/m2 dirandomisasi untuk mendapatkan sedasi dengan pemberian propofol bolus berkala (IB) atau target-controlled infusion (TCI) setelah dipremedikasi fentanil 1 µg/kgBB. Pasien kelompok bolus mendapatkan dosis propofol awal 1mg/kgBB dan tambahan 0.3 mg/kgBB hingga tercapai nilai IOC 45-60. Pasien kelompok TCI menggunakan aplikasi rumusan Scnider dan mendapatkan dosis konsentrasi effect-site (Ce) 3 µg/ml yang kemudian dinaikkan atau diturunkan 0.5 µg/ml hingga tercapai nilai IOC 45-60. Pemantauan dilakukan pada tanda-tanda vital, saturasi oksigen, dosis propofol, kedalaman sedasi dan waktu pulih. HASIL: Durasi tindakan pada kedua kelompok tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0.718). Dosis total propofol, konsumsi permenit dan biaya total lebih besar pada kelompok TCI (p=0.010, p= 0.004, p=0.001). Pada kedua kelompok hipotensi, desaturasi dan waktu pulih tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0.248, p=0.609, p=0,33). SIMPULAN: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian propofol teknik bolus berkala lebih efisien pada dosis total, konsumsi permenit dan biaya total dibandingkan TCI. Angka kejadian hipotensi dan desaturasi serta waktu pulih sebanding pada kedua kelompok.

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Propofol has become increasingly popular for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedure. Beside intermittent bolus, recently targetcontrolled infusion (TCI ) technic has become available for administration of propofol. It has been suggested that these device may offer advantages by efficient doses, lower side effect and faster recovery time. This study aims to compare the outcome of propofol administration technic via intermittent bolus and TCI in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. The outcomes investigated were propofol total dose and minute consumption, total cost, side effect and recovery time.

METHODS: Fifty patients (bolus, n= 25, TCI, n=25), ASA physical status I-III, aged 18- 65 years, BMI 18-30 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to receive intermittent bolus administration (IB) or target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol sedation after premedication 1 µg/kgBB of fentanyl. Patients in the bolus grup received an initial propofol dose 1 mg/kgBB and additional 0.3 mg/kgBB until IOC value 45-60 is reached. Patients in the TCI group received initial concentration effect-site (Ce) 3 µg/ml using Schnider pharmacokinetic model, and then either increased or decreased 0.5 µg/ml until IOC value 45-60 is reached. Vital signs, oxygen saturation, propofol dose, sedation deepth and the recovery time were evaluated.

RESULTS: Procedure duration time between two groups were not significantly different (p=0.718). Propofol total dose and minute consumption and total cost are higher in TCI group (p=0.010, p= 0.004, p=0.001). Hypotension, desaturation and recovery time were not significantly different (p=0.248, p=0.609, p=0,33) in both groups.

CONCLUSION: Our result suggest that IB technic was more efficient for total dose, minute consumption and total cost than TCI. Hypotension, desaturation and recovery time profiles were comparable between two groups."