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"Latar belakang: ECC masih merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi masyarakat pada negara maju dan sedang berkembang, seperti di Indonesia. Prevalensi dan tingkat keparahan ECC meningkat sehingga perlu dilakukan pencegahan dini pada gigi anak. Adanya berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi ECC, salah satunya perilaku menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut anak. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi dan pola ECC berdasarkan tingkat keparahannya, dan menganalisis hubungan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian ECC. Metode: Cross-sectional pada 218 anak berusia 24-42 bulan, wawancara, pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi dan plak gigi. Hasil: Prevalensi ECC pada 218 anak adalah 52,8%. Pola karies berdasarkan tingkat keparahannya terbanyak ditemukan lesi dentin berkavitas (2,20 gigi/ anak), diikuti oleh karies email (1,73 gigi/ anak). Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara praktik menjaga kebersihan dan kesehatan gigi dan mulut, yaitu plak indeks (p= 0,001), pengawasan dalam menyikat gigi anak (p= 0,025), kebiasaan sikat gigi setelah minum susu atau makan (p= 0,060) dan sebelum tidur (p= 0,050). Tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara faktor demografi pola pemberian ASI dan MP-ASI terhadap karies gigi sulung, namun frekuensi makanan jajanan kariogenik menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan terhadap karies gigi sulung (p= 0,011). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat kebersihan gigi dan mulut, pengawasan sikat gigi, sikat gigi setelah minum atau makan dan sebelum tidur, frekuensi konsumsi makanan kariogenik dengan kejadian ECC.

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Background: ECC is still a dental health problem for people in developed and developing countries, such as in Indonesia. The prevalence and severity of ECC increases, so that early prevention of the child’s teeth is needed. The factors that cause ECC are multifactorial, one of which is the maintaining oral health and hygiene practice.

Objective: To obtain the prevalence and severity of ECC data and to analyze the relationship between risk factors and ECC.

Method: Cross-sectional study in 218 children aged 24-42 months through interviews, clinical dental caries and plaque examination.

Results: The prevalence of ECC for 218 children is 52,8%. The severities of caries lesion are mostly dentinal lesion with cavities (2.20 teeth/ child), followed by enamel lesion (1.73 teeth/ child). There are significant relationships between maintaining oral health and hygiene practices towards ECC, which are plaque index (p=0,001), the children’s brushing teeth supervision (p=0,025), toothbrushing habits after drinking milk or eating (p=0,060) and before going to bed (p=0,050). There are no significant relationships between demographic factors, breastfeeding patterns, and complementary feeding patterns towards ECC, but the frequency of cariogenic snacks shows a significant association with ECC.

Conclusion: There are significant relationship between plaque index, toothbrushing supervision, toothbrushing habits after drinking or eating and before going to bed, and the frequency of cariogenic snacks consumption with ECC."

"Latar belakang: ECC adalah masalah kesehatan penting di Indonesia. Prevalensi dan keparahan usia dibawah tiga tahun meningkat, pencegahan harus dilakukan saat gigi erupsi. Gigi sulung berperan dalam proses tumbuh kembang anak, pemeliharaannya melibatkan peran ibu, antara lain pada pola pemberian ASI. Tujuan: Diketahuinya hubungan pola pemberian ASI dan berbagai faktor risiko kejadian ECC dan ditemukannya model pencegahan yang sesuai di DKI Jakarta. Metode: Cross-sectional pada 424 anak usia 6-24 bulan, wawancara, pemeriksaan klinis dan laboratorium.Hasil:Faktor prediktor ECC:plak, usia anak, cara pemberian, lama kontak ASI, dan kapasitas buffer saliva. Kesimpulan: Model menjelaskan 52,5% variasi ECC dengan akurasi prediksi 82%. Dihasilkan soft ware dan kartu sebagai alat bantu pencegahan ECC.

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Background: ECC is an important health problem in Indonesia. Under 3-yr-old prevalence and severity tend to increase, prevention must start since teeth eruption. Primary teeth plays role in the child development, oral care mainly involves the mother?s role, among others, breastfeeding pattern. Purpose: To determine relationship between breastfeeding patterns and ECC risk factors to find a prevention model in Jakarta. Methods: Cross-sectional study on 424 children aged 6-24 months, interviews, clinical and laboratory examinations. Result: ECC predictor factors: dental plaque, age, breastfeeding pattern, salivary buffer capacity. Summary:Model explained 52.5% variation in ECC with 82% accuracy prediction. Soft ware and card were developed as prevention model."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan salah satu penyakit kronismultifaktorial yang sering terjadi pada anak usia pra sekolah. Data penelitianmengatakan sebanyak 65% anak usia 3-5 tahun mengalami ECC dan pada sebuahpenelitian di Jakarta tahun 2016 menunjukkan indeks def-t sebesar 7,5 pada anak usia 5tahun sedangkan pada penelitian yang dilakukan di Bandung pada tahun 2017didapatkan indeks def-t sebesar 7,04. Berdasarkan RISKESDAS tahun 2018, sebanyak81,5% anak mengalami karies dengan indeks def-t sebesar 6,2 pada anak usia 3-4 tahundan indeks def-t sebesar 8,1 pada anak usia 5 tahun. Dalam terjadinya ECC, salah satufaktor yang berperan dalam proteksi dari terjadinya karies gigi adalah saliva yang didalamnya terkandung protein saliva seperti lysozyme yang berperan dalam mekanismeproteksi rongga mulut dari bakteri Gram-positif. Pada beberapa penelitian, kadarlysozyme saliva berhubungan dengan skor def-t. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kadarlysozyme saliva pada anak ECC dan bebas karies usia 3-5 tahun serta berdasarkantingkat karies. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian merupakan potong lintang analitik secaralaboratorik. Subjek penelitian adalah 14 anak ECC dan 14 anak bebas karies usia 3-5tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sampel whole saliva tanpa stimulasidikumpulkan dari subjek penelitian kemudian dilakukan pengukuran kadar lysozymedengan uji ELISA teknik sandwich. Hasil: Kadar lysozyme saliva pada anak ECC lebihtinggi daripada kelompok anak bebas karies serta kadar lysozyme saliva pada anakdengan tingkat karies tinggi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak dengantingkat karies rendah, secara statistik dinyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermaknaantara kadar lysozyme saliva anak ECC dan bebas karies usia 3-5 tahun (p < 0,05).Kesimpulan: Kadar lysozyme saliva lebih tinggi pada anak ECC dibandingkan denganbebas karies usia 3-5 tahun dan peningkatan kadar lysozyme saliva terjadi pada anakdengan tingkat karies tinggi.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of common chronic multifactorial

diseases affecting preschool children. Previous study showed 65% of children aged 3-5

years experience ECC and a research in Jakarta in 2016 showed def-t index of children

aged 5 years was 7.5. According to research in Bandung in 2017 showed def-t index

was 7.04. Based on Basic Health Research in Indonesia (RISKESDAS) in 2018, 81.5%

of children experienced caries with def-t index 6.2 in children aged 3-4 years and 8.1 in

children aged 5 years. In the occurrence of ECC, one of the factors that play role in the

protection of dental caries is saliva, which contains salivary protein such as lysozyme

that play a role in the mechanism of protecting oral cavity from Gram-positive bacteria.

In several studies, salivary lysozyme levels were associated with def-t score. Objective:

To analyze differences in salivary lysozyme levels in ECC and caries-free children aged

3-5 years and based on caries levels. Methods: This study is a laboratory analytical

cross-sectional study. Subjects were 14 ECC children and 14 caries-free children aged

3-5 years that in line with the inclusion criteria. Unstimulated whole saliva were

collected from subjects. Salivary lysozyme levels were measured by ELISA sandwich

method. Results: Salivary lysozyme levels in ECC children was higher than in cariesfree

and salivary lysozyme levels in children with high caries level higher than in

children with low caries level, it was statistically stated that there was a significant

differences between the levels of lysozyme in children with ECC and caries-free

children aged 3-5 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Salivary lysozyme levels were higher in

ECC children compared to caries-free children aged 3-5 years and increased levels of

salivary lysozyme occurred in children with high caries level."

"ABSTRAKKader posyandu merupakan tenaga alternatif dalam skrining Early Childhood Caries (ECC) dengan indeks PUFA/pufa untuk mendeteksi ECC tidak terawat. Tujuan : menganalisis kemungkinan kader posyandu dapat diberdayakan dalam skrining Early Childhood Caries dengan indeks PUFA/pufa. Metode : uji diagnostik dengan pendekatan Cross-Sectional yang dilakukan pada anak usia 36-71 bulan di posyandu-PAUD Kabupaten Sijunjung Sumatera Barat. Kader posyandu sebagai examiner pufa dipilih sebanyak tujuh orang dan dilatih serta dikalibrasi. Pemeriksaan dilakukan pada 133 anak di enam posyandu-PAUD oleh kader posyandu sebagai indeks dan dokter gigi sebagai reference standard dengan teknik blinding. Hasil : reliabilitas/presisi pemeriksaan pufa kumulatif oleh kader posyandu dengan nilai Kappa 0,88 termasuk tingkat kesesuaian sangat kuat. Nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pufa kumulatif sebesar 96% dan 94% yang merupakan nilai diagnostik sangat baik. Positive predictive values (PPV) dan Negative Predictive Values (NPV) variabel pufa kumulatif adalah 89% dan 98%, keduanya termasuk nilai diagnostik yang sangat baik. Kesimpulan : kader posyandu dapat diberdayakan dalam kegiatan skrining Early Childhood Caries menggunakan indeks PUFA/pufa baik di posyandu maupun di Pos PAUD pada anak usia 36-71 bulan.

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ABSTRACTPosyandu cadres in Sijunjung West Sumatra is an alternative personnel that can be empowered in the screening of Early Childhood Caries ( ECC ) using index PUFA / pufa to detect Untreated ECC. Objective: to analyze the possibility of posyandu cadres to be empowered in the screening of Early Childhood Caries ( ECC ) using the PUFA / pufa index. Methods : diagnostic test with a cross - sectional approach was conducted in Sijunjung West Sumatra in children aged 36-71 months in posyandu - PAUD. Seven posyandu cadres as pufa examiner were selected and trained also calibrated to use pufa index. Examination of 133 children in six posyandu - PAUD by posyandu cadres as index and dentist as reference standard was performed with blinding technique. Results : the reliability / precision of the cumulative pufa with kappa was 0.88, it is a strong agreement. The sensitivity and spesificity of cumulative pufa were 96% and 94%, they are both very good diagnostic values. Positive Predictive Values ​​( PPV ) and Negative Predictive Values ( NPV ) for the cumulative pufa were 89 % and 98 %, both are very good diagnostic values . Conclusion : posyandu cadres can be empowered in the screening of Early Childhood Caries using PUFA / pufa index either in posyandu or Pos PAUD in children aged 36-71 months."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi pada anak-anak. Saliva berkaitan penting dengan patogenesis ECC dan protein saliva kemungkinan mempunyai kaitan dengan kejadian ECC. Tujuan: Menganalisis level protein saliva yang diisolasi dari anak dengan ECC Metode: sampel saliva yang terstimulasi dan tidak terstimulasi diambil dari anak ECC. Konsentrasi protein saliva ditetapkan dengan metoda Bradford assay. Hasil: tidak terdapat perbedaan konsentrasi protein saliva tersimulasi dan tidak terstimulasi pada anak dengan ECC (two tail test, p≤0.05).

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Background: Early Childhood Caries ( ECC ) is one of the common health problems in children. Saliva has connection with the occurence of ECC and salivary proteins is probably related to the occurrence. Objective: to Analyze the level of proteins isolated from stimulated and unstimulated saliva taken from children with ECC. Methods: stimulated an unstimulated saliva samples were taken from children, age 3-5 years old, with ECC. Salivary protein levels were determained using Bradford Assay. Results: there is no consentration difference between protein consentration in stimulated and unstimulated saliva in children with ECC ( two- tail test, p≤0.05)"

"Latar belakang : Salah satu tindakan pencegahan Early Childhood Caries (ECC) adalah perbaikan status gizi anak karena dengan perbaikan status gizi anak maka gigi tahan terhadap karies serta didukung oleh pola konsumsi kariogenik dan peran ibu dalam mencukupi gizi selama masa kehamilan. Tujuan : Untuk menganalisis hubungan status gizi anak terhadap terjadinya ECC. Metode : Cross-sectional pada 287 anak usia 6-48 bulan, wawancara, dan pemeriksaan intraoral. Hasil : Status gizi anak adalah variabel yang sesuai dalam pencegehan ECC karena merupakan salah satu variabel prediktor yang baik terhadap terjadinya ECC. Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan status gizi anak terhadap terjadinya ECC.

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Background : One prevention ECC is improving thr nutritional status of children from the womb due to the improvement of the nutritional status of the children's teeth are resistant to caries and is supported by the pattern of consumption of cariogenic and role of adequate nutrition in the mother during pregnancy.

Purpose : To see the relationship to the nutritional status of children Early Childhood Caries (ECC).

Methods : Cross-sectional study on 287 children aged 6-48 months, interview, and examination intraoral.

Results : Nutritional status of children is appropriate variables in the prevention of ECC because it is one of the predictor variables were either against the ECC.

Summary : There is a relationship to the nutritional status of ECC"

"Karies gigi adalah salah satu penyakit menular kronis yang palingumum pada anak-anak usia prasekolah. Bentuk agresif karies gigi pada gigi sulung anakdi bawah, sampai dengan usia 71 bulan disebut dengan Early Childhood Caries (ECC).Indonesia melaporkan prevalensi dan keparahan ECC yang tinggi hingga mencapai angka90%. DKI Jakarta memiliki prevalensi sebesar 81,2%. Faktor risiko utama ECC yaituhost (gigi dan saliva), mikroorganisme kariogenik, dan karbohidrat (substrat).Mikroorganisme kariogenik yang berperan yaitu Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian diJakarta pada anak usia 3-5 tahun yang memiliki karies, menunjukkan bahwa serotipe fmerupakan jenis yang paling banyak di temukan (85,5%), diikuti dengan serotipe c(74,2%), serotipe e (22,6%) dan serotipe d (19,4%). Penelitian lainnya di Jakartamenemukan bahwa kombinasi serotipe c dan f lebih tinggi pada anak yang memilikikaries. Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan f berperan dalam patogenesis karies gigi, haltersebut sesuai dengan tingginya tingkat karies gigi di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor hostyaitu saliva, merupakan cairan tubuh yang kompleks yang terdiri dari unsur-unsurorganik dan anorganik yang penting untuk kesehatan rongga mulut. Komposisi proteinsaliva seperti Lactoferrin sangat penting karena memiliki kemampuan antibakteri sertaberperan dalam sistem imun bawaan dan adaptif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis kadar Lactoferrin saliva antara anak Early Childhood Caries (ECC) danbebas karies pada usia 3-5 tahun. Metode penelitian: Desain penelitian ini adalah potonglintang analitik secara laboratorik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 14 anak dengan ECCdan 14 anak bebas karies. Saliva didapat dari seluruh subjek dan kadar LF diukurmenggunakan metode ELISA sandwich. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji MannWhitney U menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Lactoferrin anakECC dan anak bebas karies dengan nilai p=0,006 (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: KadarLactoferrin saliva anak Early Childhood Caries (ECC) lebih tinggi dari anak bebas kariesyang menunjukkan bahwa Lactoferrin dapat menjadi indikator peningkatan risiko EarlyChildhood Caries (ECC).Backgrounds: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases inpreschool children. The aggressive form of dental caries in the primary teeth of childrenunder and up to the age of 71 months is called Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Indonesiareports a high prevalence and severity of ECC (90%). DKI Jakarta has a prevalence81.2%. The main risk factors for ECC are hosts (teeth and saliva), cariogenicmicroorganisms, and carbohydrates (substrates). The cariogenic microorganisms thatplay a role are Streptococcus mutans. Research in Jakarta on children aged 3-5 years whohad caries, showed that serotype f was the most common type (85.5%), followed byserotype c (74.2%), serotype e (22.6%) and serotype d (19.4%). Another study in Jakartafound that the combination of serotypes c and f was higher in children with caries.Streptococcus mutans serotypes c and f play a role in the pathogenesis of dental caries,which is consistent with the high level of dental caries in Indonesia. One of host factor,saliva, is a complex body fluid consist of organic and inorganic elements that areimportant for oral health. Salivary protein such as Lactoferrin is very important becauseit has antibacterial ability and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunesystem. The purpose of this study is to analyze Lactoferrin levels between EarlyChildhood Caries (ECC) and caries-free children aged 3-5 years. Methods: The designof this study is cross-sectional analytical laboratory. This study was conducted on 14children with ECC and 14 caries-free children. Saliva were taken from all subjects and theLactoferrin levels were measured using ELISA sandwich method. Results: Data analysisusing the Mann Whitney U test showed that there were significant differences betweenthe levels of salivary Lactoferrin in children with ECC and caries-free children with pvalue0,006 (p<0,05). Conclusion: Salivary Lactoferrin levels in Early ChildhoodCaries (ECC) were higher than caries-free children which indicate that Lactoferrin canbe an indicator of an increased risk of Early Childhood Caries (ECC)."

"Sebelum adanya penggunaan susu formula sebagai pengganti ASI, gigi berlubang pada bayi jarang ditemukan.2,19 Dilaporkan pada anak riwayat ASI Eksklusif, karies jarang ditemukan karena mendapat komponen imunitas khususnyaIgA yang dapat memperlambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.mutans.2,11 Pada anak riwayat susu formula komponen imunitas belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 34 anak ECC usia 18-48 bulan yang memiliki skor deft >1, dengan 17 subjek riwayat ASI eksklusif dan 17 subjek riwayat susu formula. Seluruh subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan skor deft, dan dilakukan pengukuran sampel saliva dengan ELISA. Rerata skor deft anak ECC kelompok riwayat ASI eksklusif lebih rendah dibanding susu formula. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna rerata kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC antara riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula (p=0,004).

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Time before formula feeding has been found, baby tooth decay is definitely rare.2,19 Studies reported, children with exclusive breastfeeding have low caries as they have immunity component, specifically IgA, which may exhibits colony of S.mutans.2,11Meanwhile, immunity component of children with formula feeding is barely unknown. This study aimed to analyze the difference of quantity salivary sIgA Early Childhood Caries (ECC) children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history. Saliva samples were collected from 34 ECC children aged 18-48 months who have deft score >1, both exclusive brestfeeding and formula feeding history group are 17 subjects each. Deft score were examined, and quantity of salivary sIgA were assesed by ELISA. Deft score mean of exclusive breastfeeding history group is lower than formula feeding history group. There is a significant difference quantity salivary sIgA ECC children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history (p=0,004)."

"Latar belakang: Karies merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang umum terjadi, termasuk pada anak-anak di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi karies gigi pada anak adalah pola pemberian makan, yaitu ASI dan PASI. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dengan Early Childhood Caries ECC pada anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kelurahan Grogol Utara, Kebayoran Lama. Metode: Desain cross-sectional secara analitik observasional. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah dengan convenience sampling. Data pola pemberian makan dan perilaku membersihkan gigi diambil melalui wawancara dengan ibu subjek oleh pewawancara yang telah dikalibrasi. Pemeriksaan karies gigi anak dengan menggunakan indeks defs dan pemeriksaan indeks plak dilakukan oleh dua orang dokter gigi yang telah dikalibrasi. Hasil: Prevalensi karies gigi sulung pada 165 anak adalah sebesar 83. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pemberian kolostrum p=0,017, ASI eksklusif p=0,028, frekuensi ASI p=0,001, dan lama kontak gigi dengan ASI p=0,049 terhadap skor karies gigi sulung anterior. Tidak ada variabel ASI yang menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap karies gigi sulung posterior p ge;0,05. Usia awal diberikannya PASI menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap karies gigi sulung anterior dan posterior p=0,001; p=0,041. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jenis makanan atau minuman setelah gigi erupsi p=0,020 dan frekuensi susu formula p=0,005 dengan karies gigi sulung anterior. Frekuensi MP-ASI tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dengan karies gigi sulung anterior dan posterior p=0,963; p=0,591. Kesimpulan: Pola pemberian makan anak yang meningkatkan skor karies gigi sulung anterior maupun posterior adalah usia awal diberikannya PASI, yaitu sebelum usia 6 bulan.

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Background: Caries is one of the most common oral problems, including in children in Indonesia. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of caries is child's feeding methods, like breastfeeding and complementary feeding.

Aim: To obtain information about the relationship between child's feeding method and early childhood caries in children aged 3 5 years old.

Method: Analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sampling method is convenience sampling. The data of child's feeding method and oral hygiene behavior was obtained through interviewing the mother. Caries examination was done using defs assessment.

Result: The prevalence of ECC in 165 children is 83. There are significant differences between colostrum p 0,017, exclusive breastfeeding p 0,028, breastfeeding frequency p 0,001, and length of contact time between teeth and breastfeeding milk p 0,049 with anterior primary teeth caries. None of the breastfeeding methods has significant difference with posterior primary teeth caries p ge 0,05. Age of initiation of complementary feeding has a significant difference with anterior and posterior primary teeth caries p 0,001 p 0,041. There are significant differences between the type of complementary food after first tooth eruption p 0,020 and frequency of infant formula p 0,005 with anterior primary teeth caries. Frequency of complementary feeding has no significant difference with anterior and posterior primary teeth caries p 0,963 p 0,591.

Conclusion: Child's feeding method which increases early childhood caries'score in both anterior and posterior teeth is the age of initiation of complementary feeding, which is before six months old."

"The prevalence and severity of caries in children under three years old are constantly increasing. One of the cause is the increase consumption of cariogenic carbohydrate. Breast milk have buffer capacity that eventually able to prevent caries. The aims of this research are to discover the correlation between breastfeeding with the severity of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in children under three years old, to provide information on prevalence and severity of caries in children under three years, and to explain factors influencing the incidence of ECC. This research designed cross sectionally and conducted upon 565 children aged 12-38 months, selected using multistage cluster random sampling. The ECC prevalence of children under three years in DKI Jakarta is 52.7%, with average score of def-t 2.85. Bivariate analysis showed that, variables which correlate with the level of ECC are; the way to deliver (p=0,012), frequency (p=0,002), duration (p=0,002), salivary buffer capacity (p=0.013), habitual consumption of sugary diet (p=0.005), child?s dental hygiene behavior (p=0.002), and mother?s education (p=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that ECC can be explained by these variables: age, mother?s education, the way to deliver and frequency of breast milk complements/replacement of consumtions, child?s brushing habit, plaque pH, and salivary buffer capacity. Resulting determination coefficient 32.1%. There is no significant correlation between breastfeeding and the level of Early Childhood Caries (ECC). The role of protective qualities of breastfeeding are not shown because of bias in obtaining data influence the incidence of caries."