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"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Hipertensi dan aterosklerosis berkaitan dengan disfungsi endotel yang ditandai oleh pengurangan produksi nitric oxide (NO) dan penurunan NO bioavailability. Disfungsi endotel dapat terjadi sejak usia anak-anak dan inaktivitas fisik menjadi faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Namun belum banyak penelitian mengenai perbedaan pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik pada juvenil dibandingkan dengan dewasa terhadap fungsi vaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh usia latihan fisik terhadap kadar NO, MDA dan aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD pada aorta abdominal dengan lama latihan yang sama.Metode: Subjek penelitian adalah tikus usia juvenil dan dewasa muda yang dibagi dalam kelompok latihan dan kontrol. Latihan aerobik selama 8 minggu menggunakan treadmill dengan kecepatan disesuaikan dengan usia tikus selama 20 menit intermitten, 5x seminggu. Analisis kadar NO, MDA dan aktivitas SOD aorta abdominal menggunakan uji t-test independen (data berdistribusi normal dan homogen) atau uji U-Mann Whitney (data tidak normal).Hasil: Kadar NO dan aktivitas spesisfik SOD lebih tinggi pada kelompok latihan dibandingkan kontrol, baik pada kelompok juvenil maupun dewasa muda. Namun hanya pada kelompok dewasa muda yang perbedaannya bermakna. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar MDA antara kelompok latihan dan kontrol pada kedua usia. Kadar MDA pada kelompok juvenil meningkat dan menurun pada kelompok dewasa muda akibat latihan aerobik selama 8 minggu.Kesimpulan: Latihan aerobik dapat meningkatkan produksi NO dan NO bioavailability pada kelompok juvenil maupun dewasa muda. Peningkatan NO bioavailability terjadi melalui aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD. Diduga tingginya kadar MDA pada kelompok latihan dan kontrol juvenil terkait dengan usia dan stres fisik. Belum diketahui apakah peningkatan kadar MDA pada kelompok juvenil masih dalam kisaran normal atau tidak. Oleh karena itu, masih terdapat beberapa pertanyaan terkait manfaat latihan pada juvenil.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Hypertension and atherosclerosis are related to endothelial dysfunction, that characterized with decrease of NO production and bioavailability. Physical inactivity has contribute to endothelial dysfunction that can occur since childhood. However, until now, there were only few studies about the difference effect of aerobic training to vascular function in juvenile and young-adult rats. Therefore, this study aimed to know the effect of age related- exercise training to level of NO, MDA and specific SOD activity in abdominal aorta.Methode: Subjects were juvenile and young adult male wistar rats divided into 2 group: control and aerobic training. Aerobic training performed in 8 weeks with animal treadmill with age-dependent speed for 20 minutes intermittent exercise, 5x per week. Analysis of NO, MDA level, and SOD activity of abdominal aorta used t-test independent (normal distribution and homogen) or U-Mann Whitney (not normal distribution)Results: NO level and SOD specific activity in training group were higher than control group, in both juvenile and young adult group. But, only in young adult group that had significant result. There was no significant different of MDA level in training group compared to control group in both juvenile and young-adult group, but MDA level increased in juvenile group and decreased in young-adult group because of aerobic training for 8 weeks.Conclussion: Aerobic training can increase NO production and bioavaibility both in juvenile and young adult group. Increase of NO bioavailability was considered to the increase of SOD specific activity. We considered that the increase of MDA level in training and control juvenile group were related to age and physical stress. We didn?t know yet the increased level of MDA in juvenile group was still in normal range level or not. Therefore is still any question if training in juvenile rat was benefit or not.;Background: Hypertension and atherosclerosis are related to endothelial dysfunction, that characterized with decrease of NO production and bioavailability. Physical inactivity has contribute to endothelial dysfunction that can occur since childhood. However, until now, there were only few studies about the difference effect of aerobic training to vascular function in juvenile and young-adult rats. Therefore, this study aimed to know the effect of age related- exercise training to level of NO, MDA and specific SOD activity in abdominal aorta.Methode: Subjects were juvenile and young adult male wistar rats divided into 2 group: control and aerobic training. Aerobic training performed in 8 weeks with animal treadmill with age-dependent speed for 20 minutes intermittent exercise, 5x per week. Analysis of NO, MDA level, and SOD activity of abdominal aorta used t-test independent (normal distribution and homogen) or U-Mann Whitney (not normal distribution)Results: NO level and SOD specific activity in training group were higher than control group, in both juvenile and young adult group. But, only in young adult group that had significant result. There was no significant different of MDA level in training group compared to control group in both juvenile and young-adult group, but MDA level increased in juvenile group and decreased in young-adult group because of aerobic training for 8 weeks.Conclussion: Aerobic training can increase NO production and bioavaibility both in juvenile and young adult group. Increase of NO bioavailability was considered to the increase of SOD specific activity. We considered that the increase of MDA level in training and control juvenile group were related to age and physical stress. We didn’t know yet the increased level of MDA in juvenile group was still in normal range level or not. Therefore is still any question if training in juvenile rat was benefit or not., Background: Hypertension and atherosclerosis are related to endothelial dysfunction, that characterized with decrease of NO production and bioavailability. Physical inactivity has contribute to endothelial dysfunction that can occur since childhood. However, until now, there were only few studies about the difference effect of aerobic training to vascular function in juvenile and young-adult rats. Therefore, this study aimed to know the effect of age related- exercise training to level of NO, MDA and specific SOD activity in abdominal aorta.Methode: Subjects were juvenile and young adult male wistar rats divided into 2 group: control and aerobic training. Aerobic training performed in 8 weeks with animal treadmill with age-dependent speed for 20 minutes intermittent exercise, 5x per week. Analysis of NO, MDA level, and SOD activity of abdominal aorta used t-test independent (normal distribution and homogen) or U-Mann Whitney (not normal distribution)Results: NO level and SOD specific activity in training group were higher than control group, in both juvenile and young adult group. But, only in young adult group that had significant result. There was no significant different of MDA level in training group compared to control group in both juvenile and young-adult group, but MDA level increased in juvenile group and decreased in young-adult group because of aerobic training for 8 weeks.Conclussion: Aerobic training can increase NO production and bioavaibility both in juvenile and young adult group. Increase of NO bioavailability was considered to the increase of SOD specific activity. We considered that the increase of MDA level in training and control juvenile group were related to age and physical stress. We didn’t know yet the increased level of MDA in juvenile group was still in normal range level or not. Therefore is still any question if training in juvenile rat was benefit or not.]"

"Latihan fisik aerobik banyak direkomendasikan oleh praktisi kesehatan karena banyaknya manfaat yang diberikan kepada manusia, termasuk dugaan pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik terhadap peningkatan jumlah neuron, fungsi kognitif dan memori. Berangkat dari dugaan tersebut, dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dan detrain terhadap gambaran histologis nukleus sentral amigdala. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental dengan menggunakan tikus jantan (Rattus sp. Strain Wistar) sebagai hewan percobaan yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok (masing masing n=9), yaitu kelompok kontrol, training dan detraining. Pengamatan dilakukan pada jaringan otak dengan menghitung jumlah sel normal pada nukleus sentral amigdala menggunakan optilab viewer yang dilengkapi dengan image raster. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan uji one-way ANOVA. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa rerata presentase sel normal tertinggi adalah kelompok kontrol (58,11%), diikuti dengan kelompok perlakuan training dan detraining. Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan aerobik dan detrain pada nukleus sentral amigdala.

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Aerobic exercise recommended by many health practitioners because it has a lot of benefit including the assumption about aerobic exercise effect that increases the number of neurons, cognitive function and memory. Departing from this assumption, a study to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and detrain to the histological features of central nucleus of amygdale was conducted.

This experimental study used male rats (Rattus sp. Wistar strain) as experimental animal, which divided into three groups (each n = 9), control group, training and detraining. Observation was done on brain tissue by counting the number of normal cells in the central nucleus of the amygdala using optilab viewer which equipped with image raster. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test.

Results showed that control group has the highest mean percentage of normal cells (58.11%), followed by training and detraining group. There was no significant effect of aerobic exercise and detrain at the central nucleus of amygdala."

"Latihan fisik berpengaruh terhadap plastisitas sinaps yaitu dalam interaksi neuron-glia. Astrosit adalah sel glia yang paling berperan dalam plastisitas sinaps. Penelitian ini menggunakan kadar glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) dan heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) plasma sebagai parameter aktivitas astrosit yang diinduksi latihan fisik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan durasi latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang (10 menit vs 30 menit) terhadap kadar GFAP dan HSP27 plasma pada orang dewasa muda sehat. Penelitian eksperimental ini mengunakan desain kontrol diri sendiri. Mahasiswa kedokteran usia dewasa muda (n=22) dibagi dalam dua kelompok perlakuan, kelompok pertama mengunakan perlakuan sepeda statis intensitas sedang dengan durasi 10 menit dan kelompok yang lain mengunakan perlakuan sepeda statis intensitas sedang dengan durasi 30 menit. Uji sepeda statis dilakukan selama 1 hari. Sebelum dan sesudah uji sepeda statis dilakukan pengambilan darah. Kadar GFAP dan HSP27 plasma diukur dengan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Kadar GFAP plasma menurun bermakna pada kelompok yang mendapat latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang durasi 30 menit (p<0,05). Kadar HSP27 plasma menurun bermakna pada kelompok yang mendapat latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang durasi 10 menit (p<0,05). Kadar GFAP dan HSP27 plasma antara kelompok latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang durasi 10 menit dan 30 menit tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna (p>0,05). Penelitian ini menunjukan latihan fisik intensitas sedang menginduksi perubahan yang bermakna pada marker aktivitas astrosit. Kadar GFAP plasma menurun bermakna pada durasi 30 menit sedangkan konsentrasi HSP27 menurun bermakna pada durasi 10 menit. Namun, durasi latihan fisik aerobik intensitas sedang tidak berpengaruh secara bermakna terhadap kadar dua parameter aktivitas astrosit yaitu GFAP dan HSP27 plasma. Meskipun kadar GFAP plasma menurun pada durasi latihan fisik yang berbeda, perbandingan antara kadar GFAP plasma sesudah durasi 10 menit dan 30 menit tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna. Hasil yang sama juga ditemukan pada HSP27. Penelitian ini adalah yang pertama kali menunjukan penurunan kadar GFAP plasma sesudah latihan fisik durasi 30 menit dan kadar HSP27 plasma sesudah latihan fisik durasi 10 menit.

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Physical exercise effects on synapses plasticity that in neuron-glia interactions. Astrocytes are the most responsible glial cells in synapse plasticity. This study uses the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) plasma concentrations as exercise-induced astrocyte activity parameter. The aim of this study was comparison between two duration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (10 minutes vs 30 minutes) on GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentration in healthy young adults.

This experimental study was before and after study design. Healthy young adult medical students (n = 22) were divided into two treatment groups, the first group was using stationary bikes exercise in moderate-intensity activity for 10 minutes duration and the other group was using stationary bikes exercise in moderate-intensity activity for 30 minutes duration. Static bike test was performed in the same day. Blood sampling was performed before and after static bike test. GFAP and HSP27 plasma levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). GFAP plasma concentration decreased significantly in the 30 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic exercise duration (p<0.05). HSP27 plasma concentration decreased significantly in the 10 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (p<0.05). There was no significant differences in GFAP and HSP27 plasma concentration between 10 minutes and 30 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic exercise(p>0.05).

Our result showed moderate-intensity aerobic exercise induced significant changes in astrocytes activity parameter. 30 minutes duration significantly lowered GFAP plasma concentration while 10 minutes duration significantly lowered HSP27 plasma concentration. However, duration of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise did not alter significantly plasma concentration of the two astrocyte activity parameter: GFAP and HSP27. Despite the lowered GFAP plasma concentration in different exercise duration, comparison between GFAP plasma concentration after 10 minutes and 30 minutes duration showed no significant differences. The same result also found in HSP27. This is the first result that showed a decrease in GFAP plasma concentration after 30 minutes exercise and HSP27 plasma concentration after 10 minutes."

"Latar Belakang: Latihan fisik aerobik telah lama diketahui memberikan pengaruh yang baik kepada tubuh dan rutin, latihan fisik aerobik yang rutin dan dalam jangka waktu lama dapat membuat jantung mengalami remodeling. Proses remodeling ini bukan hanya terjadi pada struktur tetapi juga pada kelistrikan jantung, beberapa studi menunjukkan remodeling listrik jantung yang terjadi mengakibatkan berbagai bentuk aritmia, dan belum banyak yang diketahui tentang remodeling listrik jantung setelah henti latih. Metode: Pemeriksaan EKG dilakukan pada tikus Wistar jantan yang telah menjalani latihan fisik aerobik 4 minggu,12 minggu, 4 minggu latihan fisik aerobik serta 4 minggu henti latih dan 12 minggu latihan fisik aerobik serta 4 minggu henti latih. Kecepatan lari pada tikus 20 m/menit durasi latihan 20 menit dengan interval istirahat 90 detik setiap 5 menit berlari. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk voltase dan durasi gelombang P pada semua kelompok perlakuan. Terjadi peningkatan voltase gelombang R pada kelompok latihan fisik aerobik 4 minggu dan 12 minggu (p<0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk voltase gelombang R pada kelompok henti latih. Terdapat pemanjangan durasi segmen dan interval PR pada kelompok latihan fisik aerobik 4 minggu, 12 minggu (terutama pada kelompok latihan fisik aerobik 4 minggu dengan p<0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok henti latih untuk durasi segmen dan interval PR. Terjadi pemanjangan durasi repolarisasi ventrikel (durasi gelombang T, interval QT) pada kelompok latihan fisik aerobik 4, 12 minggu (terutama pada kelompok latihan fisik aerobik 4 minggu, p<0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk durasi gelombang T, interval QT pada kelompok henti latih. Terjadi penurunan frekuensi denyut jantung istirahat pada kelompok latihan fisik aerobik 4,12 minggu (terutama pada kelompok latihan fisik 4 minggu, p<0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk frekuensi denyut jantung istirahat pada kelompok henti latih. Kesimpulan: Terjadi perubahan aktivitas listrik jantung (interval QT, interval PR, durasi gelombang T dan voltase gelombang R) , perubahan frekuensi denyut jantung istirahat tikus Wistar jantan setelah latihan fisik aerobik 4 minggu dan 12 minggu. Henti latih mengembalikan perubahan aktivitas listrik jantung dan perubahan frekuensi denyut jantung istirahat tersebut.

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Introduction: Aerobic training have long been known to give a good impact to body, aerobic training if been done routinely and with long period of time will make remodeling process to the heart. This remodeling process is not only occur in structure but also in heart electrical activity, several study reveal that this electrical activity cause many form of aritmia, there also evidence that structural remodeling that also cause electrical changes is a persistent process, if structural remodeling persistent process, what about electrical activity of this persistent structural remodeling, the answer to this question is less known.

Methods: ECG is conducted in male Wistar rat that have completed 4 weeks, 12 weeks aerobic training, 4 weeks aerobic training with 4 weeks detraining, and 12 weeks aerobic training with 4 weeks detraining. The speed that been use is 20 m/minute with 20 minute training duration and 90 second intermitten resting interval for every 5 minute training.

Results: There is no differences for P wave voltage and duration in all group. R wave voltage is increase in 4, 12 weeks aerobic training group (p<0.05). There is no significant differences for R wave voltage in detraining group. PR segment and interval is prolonged in 4, 12 weeks aerobic training group (especially in 4 weeks aerobic training group, p<0.05). There is no significant differences for PR segment and interval in detraining group. Ventricular repolarization time (T wave duration, QT interval) is prolonged in 4, 12 weeks aerobic training group (especially in 4 weeks aerobic training group, p<0.05). There is no significant differences for T wave duration dan QT interval in detraining group. Resting heart rate is lower in 4, 12 weeks aerobic training group (especially in 4 weeks aerobic training group, p<0.05). There is no significant differences for resting heart rate in detraining group.

Conclusion: Male Wistar rat heart electrical activity (QT interval, PR interval, T wave duration time and R wave voltage) and resting heart rate change after 4 weeks and 12 weeks aerobic training. Detraining restore that changes."

"Latar Belakang : Komunikasi antar sel otot jantung terjadi dengan bantuan protein connexin, terutama connexin43, yang merupakan protein utama penyusun gap junction pada sel otot jantung. Pada penyakit jantung yang disertai dengan hipertrofi, adanya perubahan ukuran pada jantung ini akan mempengaruhi produksi dan distribusi protein connexin43 pada sel otot jantung. Semakin besar ukuran sel, maka ekspresi connexin akan meningkat disertai dengan peningkatan distribusi connexin ke lateral. Lateralisasi connexin ini dapat mengganggu hantaran impuls listrik antar sel otot jantung. Latihan fisik erobik juga dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya adaptasi organ jantung berupa peningkatan ukuran dan kerja ventrikel kiri dalam upaya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen dan metabolisme tubuh yang meningkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana pengaruh keadaan hipertrofi fisiologis yang terjadi akibat latihan fisik, dalam hal ini latihan fisik erobik, terhadap produksi dan distribusi protein connexin43. Tujuan : Melihat bagaimana pengaruh latihan fisik erobik dan detraining terhadap ekspresi dan distribusi protein connexin43. Desain : Penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimental in vivo pada tikus. Metode : Pada jaringan jantung tikus dilakukan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia untuk melihat bagaimana jumlah dan distribusi dari protein connexin43 serta dilakukan perbandingan antara tikus yang tidak diberi latihan fisik dengan tikus yang diberi latihan fisik erobik dan detraining. Hasil : Pada perbandingan antara kelompok kasus dan perlakuan, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada parameter total Cx43, Cx43 diskus interkalatus, Cx43 lateral, dan presentase Cx43 diskus interkalatus dan Cx43 lateral (p<0,05). Pada perbandingan antara kelompok kontrol, perbedaan bermakna hanya ditemukan pada perbandingan antara kelompok 8 dan 12 minggu untuk parameter total Cx43 dan jumlah Cx43 diskus interkalatus. Pada perbandingan antara kelompok perlakuan, ditemukan perbedaan bermakna untuk parameter total Cx43 pada kelompok latihan erobik 4 minggu dengan kelompok latihan erobik 4 minggu yang diikuti proses detraining 4 minggu. Kesimpulan : Latihan fisik erobik memberikan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Pada perbandingan antara perlakuan, diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok latihan fisik yang disertai/tidak disertai proses detrain.

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Background: Communication between cardiomyocyte happens in the gap junction located on intercalated disk. In patologically hypertrophied heart, the bigger cardiomyocyte become, the more protein expressed and distributed to lateral side of cardiomyocyte. It will cause disturbance in electrical and metabolic coupling between cardiomyocyte. Aerobic training will also cause hypertrophy, especially left ventricle, because the heart has to pump more blood that carry oxygen that is needed in the cell. This research is done in order to analyze the effect of physiologically hypertropied heart, cause by aerobic training, on the expression and distribution of connexin43.

Objective : To see the effect of aerobic training and detraining to the expression and distribution of connexin43 in heart.

Design : This research is using experimental study on rat.

Methods : Expression and distribution of connexin43 from rat's ventricle tissue is detected using immunohistochemistry then analyzed with imageJ program. The results are compared between control group and group that’s given aerobic training and detraining.

Results : Significant differences in the amount of total Cx43, Cx43 in intercalated disc, lateralized Cx43, Cx43 intercalated disc percentage, and lateralized Cx43 percentage was found in all the aerobic groups compared with controls. Comparison between control groups show significant differences of total Cx43 and Cx43 in intercalated disc only between 8 weeks control and 12 weeks control group. Comparison between aerobic groups shows significant differences in amout of total Cx43 between 4 weeks aerobic training and 4 weeks aerobic training followed by 4 weeks detraining period.

Conclusion : Aerobic training causes an increase in amount of total Cx43, Cx43 in intercalated disc, lateralized Cx43. The increase in the amount of Cx43 will diminish during detraining period."

"ABSTRAKPertambahan usia dengan pola hidup sedenter akan meningkatkan radikal bebas yang menyebabkan disfungsi mitokondria dan pemendekan telomer secara progresif. Penelitian terdahulu menyatakan bahwa latihan aerobik intensitas sedang sangat direkomendasikan pada lansia karena mampu memperbaiki kerusakan oksidatif sel yang akan meningkatkan kebugaran serta memperpanjang masa hidup lansia. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji peningkatan kadar telomerase, aktivitas GPx, kadar TBARS dan VO2maks sebagai penanda perbaikan fungsi sel dan sistem kardiorespirasi akibat latihan aerobik intensitas sedang selama 12 minggu pada perempuan lansia.Penelitian community trial control group pre test post test design dengan subjek lansia perempuan sedenter. Total subjek adalah 73 37 orang kelompok perlakuan dan 36 orang kelompok kontrol dipilih secara consecutive. Kemudian diambil subsampel berpasangan untuk pemeriksaan aktivitas GPx dan kadar TBARS. Subjek melakukan latihan aerobik intensitas sedang selama 12 minggu dengan frekuensi 3 kali seminggu, intensitas latihan 50 ndash;85 denyut nadi maksimal, 30 menit per sesi latihan dan jenis latihan berjalan. Pemeriksaan kadar telomerase, kadar NOx plasma dan aktivitas GPx menggunakan metode ELISA. Kadar TBARS menggunakan metode Wills, sedangkan prediksi VO2maks menggunakan uji latih 6 menit. Data diolah menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan/uji Mann Whitney untuk melihat perbedaan rerata, uji Repeated ANOVA/Uji Friedmann untuk melihat perbedaan kemaknaan antar kelompok dan Uji Pearson/Spearman untuk melihat korelasi antar data.Kadar telomerase, prediksi VO2maks dan aktivitas GPx meningkat bermakna p < 0,05 , sedangkan kadar TBARS cenderung terjadi penurunan p < 0,05 pada minggu ke-12 latihan. Penurunan kadar NOx plasma ditemukan lebih kecil pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Kadar telomerase berkorelasi positif dengan prediksi VO2maks dan aktivitas GPx serta berkorelasi negatif dengan TBARS. Pada penelitian ini perbaikan fungsi sel terjadi lebih dahulu melalui peningkatan kadar telomerase yang disertai peningkatan prediksi VO2maks terlihat pada minggu ke-6 latihan, selanjutnya terjadi perbaikan sistem sirkulasi TDS dan DN diikuti peningkatan prediksi VO2maks pada minggu ke-12 latihan menandakan bahwa latihan aerobik intensitas sedang jenis berjalan selama 12 minggu telah cukup mampu memperbaiki fungsi sel maupun sistem kardiorespirasi pada lansia. Kata Kunci: Latihan Aerobik Intensitas Sedang, NOx Plasma, Penuaan, Stres oksidatif, TBARS, Telomer, Telomerase, VO2maks.

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ABSTRACTIncreasing age in elderly with a sedentary lifestyle leads to increasing free radicals. Thus it causes mitochondrial dysfunction and progressive telomere shortening. The previous study suggested that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is highly recommended in the elderly people as it can repair cell oxidative damage. It improves the elderly people rsquo;s fitness and prolongs their life. This study aimed to assess increased telomerase levels, GPx activity, TBARS level and VO2max as a marker of the function of cell and cardiorespiratory system repair due to moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks.This study was a community trial control group pre test post test design involved 73 volunter elderly women who are divided in two group: 37 subject experimental group and 36 subject control group. Each subject was selected based on consecutively inclusion and exclusion criteria . Then the paired subsample was taken before conducting a test on GPx activity and TBARS levels. Subjects performed the moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks with frequency three times a week, exercise intensity 50 ndash;85 of maximum pulse rate, 30 minutes per session, and type of walking exercise. Assessment of telomerase levels, plasma NOx levels, and GPx activity used ELISA method. The TBARS levels assessment applied the Wills method and the predicted VO2max using the 6-minute walked test. The data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test or Mann Whitney test to observe the mean difference, repeated ANOVA/Friedmann test to view the significant difference among the groups, and Pearson/Spearman test to find out the data correlation.Telomerase levels, predicted VO2max, GPx activity increased significantly p < 0,05 and TBARS levels tended to decrease at week 12 of exercise. Reduced plasma NOx levels were found to be smaller in the treatment group than in the control group. Telomerase levels positively correlated with predicted VO2max and GPx activity. On the other hand, telomerase levels negatively correlated with TBARS levels. The improvement of the function of cell occurs first through increased telomerase level accompanied by an increase predicted VO2max at week 6 of exercise, subsequent improvement of circulation system SBP and HR followed by an increase predicted VO2maks at weeks 12 of exercise. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise walking has been sufficient to improve the function of cell and cardiorespiratory system in elderly.Keywords: Aging, Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, NOx Plasma, Oxidative stress, TBARS levels, Telomere, Telomerase, VO2max."

"Ruang lingkup dan cara penelitian salah satu perubahan fisiologis sistem hormonal yang menyertai kegiatan fisik ialah terjadi peningkatan kadar endorfin dan penurunan kadar gonadotropin di dalam tubuh. Endorfin, diketahui mempunyai sifat inhibitor kuat terhadap sekresi gonadotropin, sehingga menurunnya kadar Luteinizing Hormone (LH) dan Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) selama kerja fisik, diduga berhubungan erat dengan meningkatnya kadar endorfin tersebut. Hal ini diduga merupakan kunci penting penyebab timbulnya gangguan fungsi sistem reproduksi, khususnya pada atlit-atlit wanita. Dari berbagai penelitian diketahui, bahwa endorfin dan agonisnya, menurunkan sekresi LH dan FSH, sedangkan antagonisnya, meningkatkan sekresi hormon-hormon tersebut. Untuk mengetahui sampai seberapa jauh latihan fisik menimbulkan gangguan terhadap fungsi sistem reproduksi melalui adanya peningkatan kadar endorfin, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap lama siklus estrus, berat ovarium, dan jumlah folikel ovarium tikus, yang diberi latihan fisik aerobik tanpa dan dengan pemberian nalokson sebagai antagonis endorfin. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 60 ekor tikus putih betina. Latihan fisik diberikan dengan menggunakan treadmill, dengan kecepatan 800 m/jam, inklinasi nol derajad, lama kerja 30 menit/hari/satu kali kerja fisik, dengan variasi lama latihan, 20, 40, dan 60 hari. Nalokson diberikan subkutan dengan dosis 1 mg/kg berat badan. Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Latihan fisik yang diberikan, menyebabkan siklus estrus menjadi lebih panjang (P<0,01), berat ovarium mengalami penurunan (P<0,01), tidak terdapat perbedaan jumlah folikel primer maupun sekunder (P>0,05), tetapi jumlah folikel Graaf menurun dengan nyata (P<0,05), dan terdapat peningkatan jumlah folikel atresia selama fase luteal (P<0,01). Pemberian nalokson selama latihan fisik dapat menghambat pemanjangan siklus estrus, menghambat penurunan berat ovarium, meningkatkan jumlah folikel Graaf, dan menurunkan jumlah folikel atresia, mendekati kelompok tikus kontrol. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa latihan fisik yang diberikan telah mengganggu fungsi sistem reproduksi tikus percobaan, dan pemberian nalokson dapat menghambat pengaruh latihan fisik terhadap fungsi sistem reproduksi tersebut. Namun demikian penelitian ini belum menunjukkan, sejak kapan latihan fisik yang diberikan mulai mengganggu fungsi sistem reproduksi tikus percoban, karena hasil yang diperoleh tidak menunjukkan adanya interaksi antara perlakuan dengan lamanya latihan (P>0,05). "

"LATAR BELAKANG: Olahraga memainkan peran penting pada pencegahan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK). Latihan aerobik senam jantung sehat (SJS) adalah senam yang khusus dibuat oleh Yayasan Jantung Indonesia, ditujukan untuk peserta sehat maupun penderita jantung. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisa pengaruh latihan SJS terhadap parameter fibrinolisis (t-PA dan PAI-1), viskositas (viskositas darah dan plasma) dan profil lipid (kolesterol total, trigliserida, kolesterol HDL, koletserol LDL)BAHAN DAN METODE: 30 subyek terdiri dan 28 wanita dan 2 pria yang berusia 40-80 tahun. Subyek penelitian mengikuti latihan SJS dengan frekuensi 3 kali seminggu, intensitas sedang dan durasi 40-45 menit, selama 9-12 minggu. Pengambilan darah sebanyak 13,5 mL dilakukan sebelum program dimulai dan setelah program selesai. Darah dimasukkan ke dalam tabung berisi sitrat, K3EDTA dan tanpa antikoagulan. Plasma sitrat untuk pemeriksaan kadar t-PA dan PAI-1, darah K3EDTA untuk viskositas darah dan plasma, serta serum untuk pemeriksaan profil lipid. Penetapan kadar t-PA dan PAI-1 berdasarkan prinsip double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immuno assay (ELISA), pemeriksaan viskositas menggunakan alat viskometer Brookfield LVDV-III dengan prinsip metode rotasional, kolesterol total dan trigliserida memakai prinsip enzimatik, serta kolesterol HDL dan kolesterol LDL diukur secara langsung dengan prinsip enzimatik homogen.HASIL: Peneltian ini memberikan hasil peningkatan berrnakna t-PA (18,25%, p=0,040) dan penurunan bermakna PAI-1 (29,14%, p=0,03). Didapatkan penurunan bermakna viskositas darah (2,94%, p=0,030). Didapatkan penurunan yang tidak bermakna viskositas plasma, kolesterol total, trigliserida, dan kolesterol LDL, dan didapatkan peningkatan yang tidak bermakna kolesterol HDL.KESIMPULAN: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dibuktikan bahwa latihan aerobik SJS dapat menyebabkan peningkatan fibrinolisis dan penurunan viskositas darah.SARAN : Dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pengaruh latihan SJS terhadap fibrinolisis, viskositas dan profil lipid dengan frekuensi latihan ditingkatkan menjadi 4-5 kali. Penelitian lanjutan juga dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan aerobik terhadap faktor risiko PJK yang lain, seperti obesitas, fibrinogen dan Lp (a).

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BACKGROUND: Exercise plays an important role in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Senam Jantung Sehat (SJS) programmed is an aerobic training originally created by Yayasan Jantung Indonesia, the Indonesia heart foundation. This training is suitable for healthy people and heart patients. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of SJS training on fibrinolysis (t-PA and PAl-1), blood viscosity and plasma viscosity, and also lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol) in the member of Kiub Jantung Sehat (KJS).

MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 subjects consisted of 28 women and 2 men aged 40-60 years_ Subjects had performed a regular SJS training 3 times weekly, with moderate intensity, 40-45 minutes a day for 9-12 weeks. A fasting 13.5 mL arm vein blood sample was taken twice, before and after training. Blood sample was divided into citrate, K3EDTA, and without anticoagulan. Plasma citrate is fort-PA and PAM, blood and plasma in K3EDTA is for viscosity, and serum for lipid profile_ t-PA and PAI-1 was measured using the enzyme linked immuno assay (ELISA) double antibody sandwich. Blood viscosity and plasma viscosity were measured using a rotational method of Brookfield viscometer LVDV-III, lipid profile were measured using the enzymatic method (total cholesterol and triglyceride) and direct enzymatic homogenous method (HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol).

RESULTS: There were significant increase in t-PA (18.25%, p=0.040) and significant decrease in PAI-1(29.14%, p=0.003). The blood viscosity was decreased significantly (2.94%, p=0.030). The plasma viscosity, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol were decreased but not significantly. The HDL cholesterol was increased not significantly.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that SJS training increased fibrinolysis, and decreased the blood viscosity.

SUGGESTIONS: Further study is needed to know the influence of SJS on fibrinolysis, viscosity, and lipid profile if the training performs 4 or 5 times weekly. The further investigations is also suggested to know the influence of SJS on the other risk factors like obesity, fibrinogen, or Lp(a)."

"Latihan aerobik dapat meningkatkan kebugaran melalui penginduksian adaptasi fisiologis seperti peningkatan kekuatan otot kemampuan penggunaan oksigen peningkatan jumlah sel saraf serta pembuluh kapiler darah otak. Latihan fisik terkait erat dengan penggunaan otot volunter yang diatur oleh korteks motorik primer otak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dan detrain terhadap jumlah sel saraf normal korteks motorik primer tikus. Desain penelitian ini adalah eksperimental menggunakan 27 jaringan otak tikus jantan Rattus sp Strain Wistar yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu kelompok tanpa perlakuan kontrol kelompok perlakuan latihan fisik aerobik training dan kelompok perlakuan yang latihan fisik aerobik nya dihentikan detraining. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan cara menghitung jumlah sel saraf otak tikus bagian korteks motorik primer dengan bantuan piranti lunak Image Raster. Hasil menunjukkan jumlah sel saraf normal pada kelompok kontrol adalah 56 kelompok training 66 dan kelompok detraining 42. Hasil uji Post Hoc Mann Whitney menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan training p 0 046 kontrol dan detraining p 0 001 serta training dan detraining p 0 001. Hasil dari penelitian ini mendukung teori bahwa latihan aerobik dapat memicu pertumbuhan sel saraf neurogenesis korteks motorik primer sedangkan detraining menyebabkan penurunan jumlah sel saraf normal pada daerah korteks motorik primer otak tikus Kata kunci Detrain jumlah sel saraf normal latihan fisik aerobik korteks motorik primer.

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Aerobic exercise could increase body fitness by raising the physiology adaptation such as increase muscle power oxygen uptake number of neurons and new capillaries in brain structure. In aerobic exercise we use voluntary muscles which are controlled by primary motor cortex in brain.

Purpose of this research was to acknowledge effect of aerobic exercise and detraining on the number of normal neurons in rat's primary motor cortex This experimental research used 27 male rats Rattus sp Wistar strain and divided into three groups control training and detraining. The method is to observe and count the number of neurons in primary motor cortex region of the rat's brain with Hematoxilin Eosin staining using image raster.

The result showed that the percentage of normal neuron from control group was 56 66 in training group and 42 in detraining group Post Hoc Mann Whitney test showed there was significant differences between control and training p 0 046 control and detraining p 0 001 and training and detraining p 0 001.

This result showed that this research support the theory of which the aerobic exercise could induce neurogenesis in primary motoric cortex region and detraining caused decrease number of neurons in rat's primary motoric cortex."

"Latihan fisik aerobik memiliki beberapa manfaat untuk struktur dan fungsi otak seperti meningkatkan jumlah sel saraf dan berefek positif pada pembelajaran serta memori. Namun beberapa manfaat latihan fisik tersebut pada struktur otak masih berupa dugaan dugaan. Manfaat tersebut juga akan menghilang apabila latihan dihentikan detrain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dan detrain terhadap jumlah sel saraf normal amigdala basolateral tikus. Amigdala adalah bagian dari sistem limbik yang berperan dalam menghasilkan respon perilaku yang berhubungan dengan rasa takut dan berperan juga pada pembelajaran emosional serta memodulasi memori. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental dengan mengamati dan menghitung jumlah sel saraf normal pada daerah amigdala basolateral Data dianalisis dengan uji one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan uji Post Hoc. Hasil menunjukkan persentase sel saraf normal pada kelompok kontrol 57 kelompok training 64 dan kelompok detraining 49. Hasil uji Post Hoc menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dan training p 0 05 kelompok kontrol dan detraining p 0 05. Namun terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok training dan detraining p 0 008. Terjadi peningkatan persentase sel saraf normal pada kelompok training sebaliknya terjadi penurunan persentase sel saraf normal pada kelompok detraining dibandingkan kelompok kontrol.

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Aerobic exercise has several benefits for brain rsquo s structures and functions such as increasing the number of normal neuron and having positive effect on learning and memory. However some of the benefits are still conjecture These benefits will be lost if exercise stopped.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and detraining on the number of normal neuron of basolateral amygdala. Amygdala is a part of the limbic system which plays a role in producing behavioral responses associated with fear and also plays a role in emotional learning as well as modulates memory.

This study was done experimentally by observing and counting the number of normal neuron in the basolateral amygdala region Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and continued by Post Hoc test.

The results showed that percentage of normal neuron were 57 in control group 64 in training group and 49 in detraining group Post hoc test results showed no significant difference between control and training group p 0 05 also between control and detraining group p 0 05 However there are a significant difference between training and detraining group p 0 008. In short there is an increase in the number of normal neuron in training otherwise there is a decline in the number of normal neuron in detraining compared with control."