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"Sebelum adanya penggunaan susu formula sebagai pengganti ASI, gigi berlubang pada bayi jarang ditemukan.2,19 Dilaporkan pada anak riwayat ASI Eksklusif, karies jarang ditemukan karena mendapat komponen imunitas khususnyaIgA yang dapat memperlambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.mutans.2,11 Pada anak riwayat susu formula komponen imunitas belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 34 anak ECC usia 18-48 bulan yang memiliki skor deft >1, dengan 17 subjek riwayat ASI eksklusif dan 17 subjek riwayat susu formula. Seluruh subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan skor deft, dan dilakukan pengukuran sampel saliva dengan ELISA. Rerata skor deft anak ECC kelompok riwayat ASI eksklusif lebih rendah dibanding susu formula. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna rerata kadar sIgA saliva anak ECC antara riwayat ASI eksklusif dan susu formula (p=0,004).

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Time before formula feeding has been found, baby tooth decay is definitely rare.2,19 Studies reported, children with exclusive breastfeeding have low caries as they have immunity component, specifically IgA, which may exhibits colony of S.mutans.2,11Meanwhile, immunity component of children with formula feeding is barely unknown. This study aimed to analyze the difference of quantity salivary sIgA Early Childhood Caries (ECC) children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history. Saliva samples were collected from 34 ECC children aged 18-48 months who have deft score >1, both exclusive brestfeeding and formula feeding history group are 17 subjects each. Deft score were examined, and quantity of salivary sIgA were assesed by ELISA. Deft score mean of exclusive breastfeeding history group is lower than formula feeding history group. There is a significant difference quantity salivary sIgA ECC children between exclusive breastfeeding and formula feeding history (p=0,004)."

"Latar belakang: Karies merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang umum terjadi, termasuk pada anak-anak di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi karies gigi pada anak adalah pola pemberian makan, yaitu ASI dan PASI. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dengan Early Childhood Caries ECC pada anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kelurahan Grogol Utara, Kebayoran Lama. Metode: Desain cross-sectional secara analitik observasional. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah dengan convenience sampling. Data pola pemberian makan dan perilaku membersihkan gigi diambil melalui wawancara dengan ibu subjek oleh pewawancara yang telah dikalibrasi. Pemeriksaan karies gigi anak dengan menggunakan indeks defs dan pemeriksaan indeks plak dilakukan oleh dua orang dokter gigi yang telah dikalibrasi. Hasil: Prevalensi karies gigi sulung pada 165 anak adalah sebesar 83. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara pemberian kolostrum p=0,017, ASI eksklusif p=0,028, frekuensi ASI p=0,001, dan lama kontak gigi dengan ASI p=0,049 terhadap skor karies gigi sulung anterior. Tidak ada variabel ASI yang menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap karies gigi sulung posterior p ge;0,05. Usia awal diberikannya PASI menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap karies gigi sulung anterior dan posterior p=0,001; p=0,041. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jenis makanan atau minuman setelah gigi erupsi p=0,020 dan frekuensi susu formula p=0,005 dengan karies gigi sulung anterior. Frekuensi MP-ASI tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna dengan karies gigi sulung anterior dan posterior p=0,963; p=0,591. Kesimpulan: Pola pemberian makan anak yang meningkatkan skor karies gigi sulung anterior maupun posterior adalah usia awal diberikannya PASI, yaitu sebelum usia 6 bulan.

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Background: Caries is one of the most common oral problems, including in children in Indonesia. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of caries is child's feeding methods, like breastfeeding and complementary feeding.

Aim: To obtain information about the relationship between child's feeding method and early childhood caries in children aged 3 5 years old.

Method: Analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sampling method is convenience sampling. The data of child's feeding method and oral hygiene behavior was obtained through interviewing the mother. Caries examination was done using defs assessment.

Result: The prevalence of ECC in 165 children is 83. There are significant differences between colostrum p 0,017, exclusive breastfeeding p 0,028, breastfeeding frequency p 0,001, and length of contact time between teeth and breastfeeding milk p 0,049 with anterior primary teeth caries. None of the breastfeeding methods has significant difference with posterior primary teeth caries p ge 0,05. Age of initiation of complementary feeding has a significant difference with anterior and posterior primary teeth caries p 0,001 p 0,041. There are significant differences between the type of complementary food after first tooth eruption p 0,020 and frequency of infant formula p 0,005 with anterior primary teeth caries. Frequency of complementary feeding has no significant difference with anterior and posterior primary teeth caries p 0,963 p 0,591.

Conclusion: Child's feeding method which increases early childhood caries'score in both anterior and posterior teeth is the age of initiation of complementary feeding, which is before six months old."

"Karies gigi adalah salah satu penyakit menular kronis yang palingumum pada anak-anak usia prasekolah. Bentuk agresif karies gigi pada gigi sulung anakdi bawah, sampai dengan usia 71 bulan disebut dengan Early Childhood Caries (ECC).Indonesia melaporkan prevalensi dan keparahan ECC yang tinggi hingga mencapai angka90%. DKI Jakarta memiliki prevalensi sebesar 81,2%. Faktor risiko utama ECC yaituhost (gigi dan saliva), mikroorganisme kariogenik, dan karbohidrat (substrat).Mikroorganisme kariogenik yang berperan yaitu Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian diJakarta pada anak usia 3-5 tahun yang memiliki karies, menunjukkan bahwa serotipe fmerupakan jenis yang paling banyak di temukan (85,5%), diikuti dengan serotipe c(74,2%), serotipe e (22,6%) dan serotipe d (19,4%). Penelitian lainnya di Jakartamenemukan bahwa kombinasi serotipe c dan f lebih tinggi pada anak yang memilikikaries. Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan f berperan dalam patogenesis karies gigi, haltersebut sesuai dengan tingginya tingkat karies gigi di Indonesia. Salah satu faktor hostyaitu saliva, merupakan cairan tubuh yang kompleks yang terdiri dari unsur-unsurorganik dan anorganik yang penting untuk kesehatan rongga mulut. Komposisi proteinsaliva seperti Lactoferrin sangat penting karena memiliki kemampuan antibakteri sertaberperan dalam sistem imun bawaan dan adaptif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis kadar Lactoferrin saliva antara anak Early Childhood Caries (ECC) danbebas karies pada usia 3-5 tahun. Metode penelitian: Desain penelitian ini adalah potonglintang analitik secara laboratorik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 14 anak dengan ECCdan 14 anak bebas karies. Saliva didapat dari seluruh subjek dan kadar LF diukurmenggunakan metode ELISA sandwich. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji MannWhitney U menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Lactoferrin anakECC dan anak bebas karies dengan nilai p=0,006 (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: KadarLactoferrin saliva anak Early Childhood Caries (ECC) lebih tinggi dari anak bebas kariesyang menunjukkan bahwa Lactoferrin dapat menjadi indikator peningkatan risiko EarlyChildhood Caries (ECC).Backgrounds: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic infectious diseases inpreschool children. The aggressive form of dental caries in the primary teeth of childrenunder and up to the age of 71 months is called Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Indonesiareports a high prevalence and severity of ECC (90%). DKI Jakarta has a prevalence81.2%. The main risk factors for ECC are hosts (teeth and saliva), cariogenicmicroorganisms, and carbohydrates (substrates). The cariogenic microorganisms thatplay a role are Streptococcus mutans. Research in Jakarta on children aged 3-5 years whohad caries, showed that serotype f was the most common type (85.5%), followed byserotype c (74.2%), serotype e (22.6%) and serotype d (19.4%). Another study in Jakartafound that the combination of serotypes c and f was higher in children with caries.Streptococcus mutans serotypes c and f play a role in the pathogenesis of dental caries,which is consistent with the high level of dental caries in Indonesia. One of host factor,saliva, is a complex body fluid consist of organic and inorganic elements that areimportant for oral health. Salivary protein such as Lactoferrin is very important becauseit has antibacterial ability and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunesystem. The purpose of this study is to analyze Lactoferrin levels between EarlyChildhood Caries (ECC) and caries-free children aged 3-5 years. Methods: The designof this study is cross-sectional analytical laboratory. This study was conducted on 14children with ECC and 14 caries-free children. Saliva were taken from all subjects and theLactoferrin levels were measured using ELISA sandwich method. Results: Data analysisusing the Mann Whitney U test showed that there were significant differences betweenthe levels of salivary Lactoferrin in children with ECC and caries-free children with pvalue0,006 (p<0,05). Conclusion: Salivary Lactoferrin levels in Early ChildhoodCaries (ECC) were higher than caries-free children which indicate that Lactoferrin canbe an indicator of an increased risk of Early Childhood Caries (ECC)."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan salah satu penyakit kronismultifaktorial yang sering terjadi pada anak usia pra sekolah. Data penelitianmengatakan sebanyak 65% anak usia 3-5 tahun mengalami ECC dan pada sebuahpenelitian di Jakarta tahun 2016 menunjukkan indeks def-t sebesar 7,5 pada anak usia 5tahun sedangkan pada penelitian yang dilakukan di Bandung pada tahun 2017didapatkan indeks def-t sebesar 7,04. Berdasarkan RISKESDAS tahun 2018, sebanyak81,5% anak mengalami karies dengan indeks def-t sebesar 6,2 pada anak usia 3-4 tahundan indeks def-t sebesar 8,1 pada anak usia 5 tahun. Dalam terjadinya ECC, salah satufaktor yang berperan dalam proteksi dari terjadinya karies gigi adalah saliva yang didalamnya terkandung protein saliva seperti lysozyme yang berperan dalam mekanismeproteksi rongga mulut dari bakteri Gram-positif. Pada beberapa penelitian, kadarlysozyme saliva berhubungan dengan skor def-t. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kadarlysozyme saliva pada anak ECC dan bebas karies usia 3-5 tahun serta berdasarkantingkat karies. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian merupakan potong lintang analitik secaralaboratorik. Subjek penelitian adalah 14 anak ECC dan 14 anak bebas karies usia 3-5tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sampel whole saliva tanpa stimulasidikumpulkan dari subjek penelitian kemudian dilakukan pengukuran kadar lysozymedengan uji ELISA teknik sandwich. Hasil: Kadar lysozyme saliva pada anak ECC lebihtinggi daripada kelompok anak bebas karies serta kadar lysozyme saliva pada anakdengan tingkat karies tinggi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok anak dengantingkat karies rendah, secara statistik dinyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermaknaantara kadar lysozyme saliva anak ECC dan bebas karies usia 3-5 tahun (p < 0,05).Kesimpulan: Kadar lysozyme saliva lebih tinggi pada anak ECC dibandingkan denganbebas karies usia 3-5 tahun dan peningkatan kadar lysozyme saliva terjadi pada anakdengan tingkat karies tinggi.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of common chronic multifactorial

diseases affecting preschool children. Previous study showed 65% of children aged 3-5

years experience ECC and a research in Jakarta in 2016 showed def-t index of children

aged 5 years was 7.5. According to research in Bandung in 2017 showed def-t index

was 7.04. Based on Basic Health Research in Indonesia (RISKESDAS) in 2018, 81.5%

of children experienced caries with def-t index 6.2 in children aged 3-4 years and 8.1 in

children aged 5 years. In the occurrence of ECC, one of the factors that play role in the

protection of dental caries is saliva, which contains salivary protein such as lysozyme

that play a role in the mechanism of protecting oral cavity from Gram-positive bacteria.

In several studies, salivary lysozyme levels were associated with def-t score. Objective:

To analyze differences in salivary lysozyme levels in ECC and caries-free children aged

3-5 years and based on caries levels. Methods: This study is a laboratory analytical

cross-sectional study. Subjects were 14 ECC children and 14 caries-free children aged

3-5 years that in line with the inclusion criteria. Unstimulated whole saliva were

collected from subjects. Salivary lysozyme levels were measured by ELISA sandwich

method. Results: Salivary lysozyme levels in ECC children was higher than in cariesfree

and salivary lysozyme levels in children with high caries level higher than in

children with low caries level, it was statistically stated that there was a significant

differences between the levels of lysozyme in children with ECC and caries-free

children aged 3-5 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Salivary lysozyme levels were higher in

ECC children compared to caries-free children aged 3-5 years and increased levels of

salivary lysozyme occurred in children with high caries level."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi pada anak-anak. Saliva berkaitan penting dengan patogenesis ECC dan protein saliva kemungkinan mempunyai kaitan dengan kejadian ECC. Tujuan: Menganalisis level protein saliva yang diisolasi dari anak dengan ECC Metode: sampel saliva yang terstimulasi dan tidak terstimulasi diambil dari anak ECC. Konsentrasi protein saliva ditetapkan dengan metoda Bradford assay. Hasil: tidak terdapat perbedaan konsentrasi protein saliva tersimulasi dan tidak terstimulasi pada anak dengan ECC (two tail test, p≤0.05).

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Background: Early Childhood Caries ( ECC ) is one of the common health problems in children. Saliva has connection with the occurence of ECC and salivary proteins is probably related to the occurrence. Objective: to Analyze the level of proteins isolated from stimulated and unstimulated saliva taken from children with ECC. Methods: stimulated an unstimulated saliva samples were taken from children, age 3-5 years old, with ECC. Salivary protein levels were determained using Bradford Assay. Results: there is no consentration difference between protein consentration in stimulated and unstimulated saliva in children with ECC ( two- tail test, p≤0.05)"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Cara pemberian makanan pada balita sedikit banyakdipengaruhi oleh tradisi budaya di suatu daerah tertentu. diantaranya adalah tradisinasi papah atau seringkali juga disebut nasi papak yang masih banyak dilakukanoleh para ibu di beberapa wilayah di Indonesia, diantaranya di kabupaten LombokTimur, Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Tradisi nasi papah adalah nasi yang telahdikunyah dan dilumatkan terlebih dahulu sebelum diberikan kepada balita. Darisegi kesehatan terutama kesehatan mulut, hal ini berisiko terhadap terjadinyaEarly Childhood Caries(ECC). Perilaku tersebut dapat menyebabkan transmisimikroorganisme S.mutans dari mulut ibu ke mulut anak.Tujuan: Untukmengetahui kontribusi tradisi nasi papah terhadap risiko terjadinya EarlyChildhood Caries. Metode :Desain yang digunakan adalah cross sectionaldengan jumlah total sampel subyek penelitian sebanyak 186 anak berusia 6 – 60bulan yang didampingi oleh ibunya, yang bertempat tinggal di Desa Senyiur,Kabupaten Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Pemeriksaan Intra Oraldilakukan untuk mengukur karies gigi ibu dan anak dengan menggunakan indeksDMFT/deft dan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai perilaku danpengetahuan kesehatan mulut ibu dan anak dilakukan wawancara pada ibu denganmenggunakan kuesioner. Semua data yang terkumpul dianalisa menggunakan ujiChi Square dan uji regresi logistik. Hasil: Risiko perilaku nasi papah terhadapECC adalah 5,46 (OR 5,46;CI 95% 4,24-36,55, p<0,001) dengan kontribusiterhadap risiko ECC sebesar 41,8%. Kesimpulan: Tradisi nasi papahberkontribusi terhadap risiko terjadinya ECC.

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ABSTRACTBackground:The infant feeding practices usually affected by cultural traditionespecially in rural areas in Indonesia. One of that tradition is Nasi Papah orsometimes called Nasi Papak, which one of that were done by mothers at EastLombok regency , West Nusa Tenggara Province. Nasi papah is define as feedingpractice between mother to their infant through pre chewed rice by mother beforethe food given to their child. For oral health, this behaviour is one of risk factorsfor ECC, where vertical transmission frequently transmitted S.mutans frommother to child through salivary contact. Aim: To analyzing the contribution ofnasi papah tradition towards occurence risk of Early Childhood Caries.Materials and Methods: This study using cross sectional design with totalsampels are consists of 186 children between 6 – 60 months old accompanied byhis/her mother, whose living at Senyiur village,East Lombok regency,West NusaTenggara Province. The intra oral examination had been done for valued cariesexperience through DMFT/deft index and informations about oral healthbehaviour and mother knowledges related to oral health derived from mothersthrough questionnare and data analyzed by Chi Square and logistic regressiontests.Results:Risk of nasi papah tradition towards ECC has OR 5,46 (CI 95%4,24-36,55. P<0,001)) and the contribution of this behaviour to ECC was 41,8%.Conclusion: Nasi papah tradition contributes towards the occurence risk ofEarly Childhood Caries., Background:The infant feeding practices usually affected by cultural traditionespecially in rural areas in Indonesia. One of that tradition is Nasi Papah orsometimes called Nasi Papak, which one of that were done by mothers at EastLombok regency , West Nusa Tenggara Province. Nasi papah is define as feedingpractice between mother to their infant through pre chewed rice by mother beforethe food given to their child. For oral health, this behaviour is one of risk factorsfor ECC, where vertical transmission frequently transmitted S.mutans frommother to child through salivary contact. Aim: To analyzing the contribution ofnasi papah tradition towards occurence risk of Early Childhood Caries.Materials and Methods: This study using cross sectional design with totalsampels are consists of 186 children between 6 – 60 months old accompanied byhis/her mother, whose living at Senyiur village,East Lombok regency,West NusaTenggara Province. The intra oral examination had been done for valued cariesexperience through DMFT/deft index and informations about oral healthbehaviour and mother knowledges related to oral health derived from mothersthrough questionnare and data analyzed by Chi Square and logistic regressiontests.Results:Risk of nasi papah tradition towards ECC has OR 5,46 (CI 95%4,24-36,55. P<0,001)) and the contribution of this behaviour to ECC was 41,8%.Conclusion: Nasi papah tradition contributes towards the occurence risk ofEarly Childhood Caries.]"

"Latar Belakang: Pada tahun 2018 ditemukan angka prevalensi karies anak di Indonesia mencapai 90,2%. Sebelumnya saliva diketahui dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker karies dengan menguji kuantitatif bakteri, identitas konsentrasi protein, karakteristik psikokimia serta karakteristik biokimia. Tujuan: Menganalisis konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva anak ECC (early childhood caries) dan bebas karies serta kaitannya dengan skor dmf-t, OHI-S, viskositas saliva dan laju alir saliva. Metode: Mengukur konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada 33 sampel saliva anak tersimpan (22 sampel saliva anak ECC dan 11 sampel saliva anak bebas karies) dengan ELISA. Hasil: Analisis Mann Whitney antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva ECC dan anak bebas karies didapatkan nilai p=0 serta didapatkan nilai p=0 dan r= -0,641 saat dilakukan analisis Spearman. Analisis Kruskal Wallis pada konsentrasi malondialdehyde anak dengan skor dmf-t berbeda didapatkan nilai p=0,014 serta didapat nilai p=0,004 dan r=0,488 saat dilakukan analisis Spearman. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna serta korelasi antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde terhadap skor OHI-S, viskositas dan laju alir saliva berbeda. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada saliva anak ECC berbeda dengan konsentrasi malondialdehyde anak bebas karies, semakin tinggi konsentrasi malondialdehyde maka semakin parah karies yang dialami anak. Anak dengan skor dmf- t yang berbeda memiliki konsentrasi malondialdehyde yang berbeda pula. Semakin tinggi skor dmf-t semakin tinggi pula konsentrasi malondialdehyde. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara konsentrasi malondialdehyde pada anak bebas karies dan ECC terhadap skor OHI- S, viskositas saliva dan laju alir saliva.

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Background: In 2018, prevalence rate of children’s caries in Indonesia reached 90,2%. Previously, saliva was known as a caries biomarker by testing quantitative bacteria, protein concentration identity, psychochemical and biochemical characteristics. Objective: Analyze malondialdehyde concentration in children’s saliva with ECC (early childhood caries) and caries-free and its relation to dmf-t score, OHI-S, salivary viscosity and salivary flow rate. Methods: Measuring malondialdehyde concentration from 33 stored children’s saliva samples (22 samples ECC and 11 samples caries-free) using ELISA. Results: Mann Whitney analysis between malondialdehyde concentration from ECC children’s saliva and caries free children obtained p=0 and then p=0, r= -0,641 for Spearman analysis. Kruskal Wallis analysis of malondialdehyde concentrations in children with different dmf-t scores obtained p=0,014 and p=0,004, r=0,488 for Spearman analysis. There was no significant difference and there was no significant correlation between malondialdehyde concentration and OHI-S score, viscosity and different salivary flow rates. Conclusion: Malondialdehyde concentration in ECC children’s saliva was different from malondialdehyde concentration in caries free children, higher malondialdehyde concentration show worse caries experienced in children. Children with different dmf-t scores had different malondialdehyde concentrations. Higher dmf-t score show higher malondialdehyde concentration. There was no relation between malondialdehyde concentration in caries-free children and ECC to OHI-S score, salivary viscosity and salivary flow rate."

"Sindroma Down disebabkan abnormalitas kromosom yaitu nondisjuction kromosom 21 dengan karakteristik tertentu. Anak sindroma Down memiliki resistensi yang baik terhadap karies. sIgA di dalam saliva merupakan tanda diaktivasinya respon imun humoral di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar sIgA saliva dengan karies anak sindroma Down. Subjek penelitian berusia 15-17 tahun, sebanyak 34 orang yang tediri dari 17 anak sindroma Down dan 17 anak normal. Seluruh subjek penelitian dinilai kadar sIgA saliva menggunakan ELISA tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukan hubungan negatif kuat bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan karies anak sindroma Down (r=-0.628, p=0.007). Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan karies anak sindroma Down.

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Down syndrome is caused by chromosomal abnormalities nondisjuction chromosome 21 with particular characteristics. Down syndrome children have a good resistance against caries. sIgA in the saliva is a sign activated humoral immune response in the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of salivary sIgA concentrations with caries Down syndrome children. Subjects aged 15-17 years, a total of 34 people consisting of 17 Down's syndrome children and 17 normal children. All subject of the study assessed the concentratios of salivary sIgA using indirect ELISA. The results showed an significant strong negative correlation was found between salivary sIgA concentration and caries Down syndrome children (r = -0628, p = 0.007). This study established that salivary sIgA concentration and caries Down syndrome children was significant correlation."

"Latar belakang: Karies pada gigi sulung antara usia 0-72 bulan dikenal sebagai Early Childhood Caries (ECC) dan merupakan salah satu penyakit dengan prevalensi tinggi yang disebabkan oleh biofilm. Pada dekade terakhir, jamur Candida albicans banyak ditemukan bersama-sama dengan Streptococcus mutans dalam biofilm yang diambil dari plak gigi anak dengan ECC. Jamur C. albicans dapat meningkatkan derajat keparahan ECC. Pemahaman mengenai hubungan C. albicans dan S. mutans, memberikan perspektif baru untuk terapi yang efektif dalam mengkontrol ECC. Salah satu usaha untuk mencegah dan mengurangi tingkat ECC pada anak adalah dengan menggunakan bahan antimikroba. Bawang putih (Allium sativum) merupakan bahan herbal yang memiliki kemampuan antibakteri dan antijamur. Tujuan: Menganalisis efektivitas ekstrak bawang putih terhadap viabilitas biofilm Candida albicans anak ECC. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian dilakukan secara in vitro dengan isolat klinis dari plak gigi anak ECC. Ekstrak bawang putih dalam konsentrasi 10%, 25%, 50%, dan 100% dengan kontrol positif berupa CHX 0,2%. Uji viabilitas biofilm dilakukan dengan MTT assay. Hasil: Data statistik dianalisis dengan uji One Way ANOVA. Terdapat  perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik dari viabilitas biofilm ekstrak bawang putih dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bawang putih efektif terhadap viabilitas biofilm Candida albicans.

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Background: Dental caries on primary teeth in a child 72 of months age or younger is defined as Early Childhood Caries (ECC). ECC has a high prevalences and caused by biofilms. In the past decade, Candida albicans has been frequently detected together with S. mutans in oral biofilms collected from children with ECC. Candida albicans might enhance degree of ECC. Understanding of C. albicans and S. mutans relationship give a new perspective for effective therapy to control ECC. Antimicrobial agent can be used to prevent or as a therapy for ECC. Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the traditional medicine that has antibacterial and antifungal effect. Purpose: To analyzed the effectivity of garlic extract against the viability of C.albicans biofilms in children with ECC. Method: Laboratorium research (in vitro), with plaque sample from children with ECC. Garlic extract in 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, and CHX 0,2% as positive control. MTT assay were used to assess biofilms viability. Statistical data were analyzed with the One Way ANOVA test. Result: There was a statistically significant difference in the viability of C.albicans biofilms after garlic extract application. Conclusion: This study showed that garlic extract has a positive effect on the viability of C.albicans."

"Latar belakang: Early childhood caries adalah penyakit gigi dan mulut yang paling umum dan paling sering terjadi pada anak-anak diseluruh dunia. Saliva berfungsi dalam menjaga kesehatan mulut dan homeostasis, serta berperan dalam sistem pertahanan terhadap karies gigi yaitu melalui efek pembersihan, kapasitas buffer, agen antimikroba, serta sebagai penampung ion kalsium dan fosfat untuk remineralisasi lesi karies awal. Nitric oxide yang terdapat dalam saliva memiliki efek antimikroba yang dapat menyebabkan autoinhibisi bakteri-bakteri kariogenik penyebab karies. Tujuan: Mengkaji konsentrasi nitric oxide pada saliva anak dengan early childhood caries dan bebas karies ditinjau dari skor dmf-t serta korelasi antara laju alir saliva, viskositas saliva dengan aktivitas karies anak melalui tinjauan pustaka. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan sepanjang bulan Desember 2020-Januari 2021. Pencarian literatur terkait dilakukan melalui 2 database elektronik, yaitu PubMed dan ProQuest dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang sesuai dengan pertanyaan penelitian. Penentuan literatur inklusi dilakukan dengan mengikuti alur PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), sehingga didapatkan literatur yang menggunakan bahasa inggris, dipublikasikan dalam 10 tahun terakhir, tersedia dalam full-text, serta sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Hasil: Terdapat 4 literatur yang terpilih. 3 buah literatur memaparkan bahwa konsentrasi nitric oxide secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada anak yang bebas karies, dibandingkan anak dengan early childhood caries. 1 buah literatur memaparkan bahwa terdapat penurunan laju alir dan peningkatan viskositas saliva (viskositas kental) pada anak dengan early childhood caries. Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi nitric oxide lebih tinggi pada anak yang bebas karies dibandingkan anak dengan early childhood caries. Penurunan konsentrasi NO di saliva dapat menyebabkan peningkatan pada keparahan karies

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Background: Early childhood caries is a disease of the teeth and mouth that is most common and most often occurs in children around the world. Saliva functions to maintain oral health and homeostasis, and plays a role in the defense system against dental caries, namely through its cleaning effect, buffer capacity, antimicrobial agents, as well as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions for remineralization of early carious lesions. The content of nitric oxide in saliva has an antimicrobial effect which can cause autoinhibition of cariogenic bacteria that cause caries. Objective: Study nitric oxide concentration in saliva of children with early childhood caries and caries-free in terms of the dmf-t score and the correlation between salivary flow rate, salivary viscosity and caries activity of children through literature review. Methods: This research was carried out during December 2020-January 2021. The search for related literature was carried out through 2 electronic databases, namely PubMed and ProQuest using keywords that match the research question. The determination of inclusion literature was carried out by following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes), so that literature in English was obtained, published in the last 10 years, available in full text, and in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: There are 4 selected literatures. 3 pieces of literature describe that concentrations nitric oxide were significantly higher in caries-free children, compared to children with early childhood caries. 1 piece of literature describes that there is a decrease in flow rate and an increase in salivary viscosity (thick viscosity) in children with early childhood caries. Conclusion: Nitric oxide concentration was higher in caries-free children compared to children with early childhood caries. Decreasing the NO concentration in saliva can lead to an increase in caries severity."