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"Christian Sciene merupakan sebuah perkumpulan yang berasal dari Amerika Serikat, didirikan oleh Mary Baker Eddy pada tahun 1879. Di tahun 1925, seorang arsitek Belanda, Hendrik Petrus Berlage mendapatkan tugas dari perkumpulan Christian Science untuk membangun sebuah gereja untuk mereka dan gereja ini terletak di Den Haag. Dalam pembangunannya, Berlage mendapat pengaruh dari para arsitek yang berasal dari Amerika Serikat, seperti Louis Henry Sullivan dan Frank Lloyd Wright. Ia juga mendapat saran dari seorang arsitek pengikut Christian Science, yaitu William Gray Purcell. Pengaruh Christian Science dan juga Berlage sendiri terlihat pada gereja First Church of Christ, Scientist ini dan penelitian ini akan mencoba untuk menjelaskan pengaruh-pengaruh tersebut.

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Christian Science is an association derived from United States of America (USA) and established by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. In 1925, a Dutch architect, Hendrik Petruk Berlage, received a task from Christian Science to establish a church for them. It is located in Den Haag. During the cons truction, Berlage got influence from American architects, such as Louis Henry Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. He also got advices from an architect who is also the follower of Christian Science, William Gray Purcell. The influence of Christian Science and Berlage himself could be seen in the church of First Church of Christ, Scientist. This research will try to explain those influences."

"Identitas Kristen Ortodoks dan Gereja Ortodoks di Rusia telah sangat menyatukan Rusia sebagai satu kesatuan, secara pemerintahan dan secara agama. Vladimir I dianggap telah berhasil memberikan pengaruh Ortodoks di negaranya. Identitas Kristen Ortodoks yang telah lama melekat dengan kuat tetapi dilarang oleh gerakan antiagama pada masa komunisme di Rusia dan sekarang identitas ini memiliki makna persatuan yang berbeda. Gereja Kristen Ortodoks ini menjadi sebuah Heterotopias dalam spasialitas sosial masyarakat, yang mana Gereja ini memiliki fungsi sebagai ruang bagi umat beragama seperti yang dijelaskan dalam teori Michel Foucault mengenai ruang yang lain dalam masyarakat modern. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendefinisikan spasialitas sosial heteropik dalam identitas Kristen Ortodoks Rusia sebagai alat pemersatu bangsa Rusia.

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The identity of Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Church in Russia has greatly united Russia in one government and one religion. Vladimir is considered successful in giving Orthodox influence in his country. The identity of Orthodox Chritianity which has long been inherently strong but was banned by the anti-religious movement in the days of communism in Russia and now the identity has a different meaning of unity.The Orthodox Christian Church has become a heterotopic in the social spatiality of society, where the church has a function as a space for religious people as explained in Michel Foucaults theory of other spaces in modern society. The purpose of this research is to define the heterotypic social spatiality of the Russian Orthodox Christian identity as the unifying tool of the Russian nation."

"ABSTRAKSetelah kejatuhan Uni Soviet, bangsa Rusia dikatakan mengalami krisis identitas nasional akibat hilangnya nilai-nilai tradisional budaya bangsa yakni Gereja Kristen Ortodoks. Banyak bangunan Gereja dihancurkan dan penganut agama Kristen Ortodoks yang dibunuh dan bermigrasi keluar Rusia pada rezim Soviet menyebabkan terjadi penurunan drastis jumlah penganut Kristen Ortodoks di Rusia. Pada masa Federasi Rusia, Vladimir Putin dan rohaniawan berusaha membangkitkan kembali kekuasaan Kristen Ortodoks dengan melakukan modernisasi pada bidang organisasi sosial dan teknologi, yaitu pada organisasi Gereja Kristen Ortodoks, sistem keuangan gereja, bangunan gereja, musik dan lagu-lagu gereja, serta keterbukaan terhadap teknologi dan internet. Modernisasi tersebut berdampak positif seperti terbukti pada persentase penganut Kristen Ortodoks di Federasi Rusia yang terus meningkat sejak tahun 1991 hingga saat ini.

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ABSTRACTAfter the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian nation is said to experience a national identity crisis due to the loss of traditional cultural values of the nation, the Orthodox Christian Church. Many Church buildings were destroyed and Orthodox Christians who were murdered and migrated out of Russia in the Soviet regime led to a dramatic decline in the number of Orthodox Christians in Russia. At the time of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin and the priest tried to revive the Orthodox Christian rule by modernizing the social and technological organization of the Orthodox Church organization, the church 39 s financial system, church building, music and church songs, and openness to technology and internet. The modernization has had a positive impact as evidenced by the percentage of Orthodox Christians in the Russian Federation that has been on the rise since 1991 to the present."

"Tulisan ini berusaha memahami musik gereja Kristen Protestan dalam sudut pandang pemusik gereja volunteer. Sebagai pendahuluan, saya menekankan aspek keragaman dalam komunitas dan musik Kristen. Hal itu menjadi jalan masuk untuk memahami bahwa musik gereja tidak dilihat sebagai sebuah konsep atau pengetahuan abstrak melainkan tertanam dalam keseharian dan transformasi yang dimaknai di dalam sebuah rangkaian pengalaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan sudut pandang fenomenologi dengan artikulasi antara konsep pengalaman dan teori lifeworld. Penelitian dilakukan melalui pengamatan dan wawancara mendalam dengan tiga informan yang merupakan pemusik gereja ‘tanpa bayaran’. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ada lima aspek yang membentuk hubungan intersubjektivitas antara seorang pemusik dengan lingkungan di mana individu bermain, yaitu (1) proses skill mastering; (2) ambivalensi perasaan; (3) improvisasi; (4) regenerasi pemusik; (5) transformasi makna. Lima aspek ini mempengaruhi pemusik dalam memaknai ekspresi musik dalam konteks bermain maupun mendapat imbalan yang berujung pada nilai pemusik volunteer.

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This research tries to understand Christian Protestant Music from the perspective of volunteer church musician. As the beginning, i emphasizes aspects of diversity in Christian community and music. This is an entry point to understand that church music is not seen as a concept or abstract knowledge but embedded in everyday life and transformation that interpreted in a series of experiences. This study uses a phenomenological point of view with articulation between the concept of experience and theory of lifeworld. The research was conducted through observations and in-depth interviews with three informants who are church musicians 'without payment'. Based on the result of the study, there are five aspects that form the intersubjectivity relationship between a musician and environment in which individual play, namely (1) the process of mastering skills; (2) ambivalence of feeling; (3) improvisation; (4) musician regeneration; (5) transformation of meaning. These five aspects influence musicians in interpreting musical expressions in context of playing and getting rewards that result in the value of volunteer musicians."

"If reformed theology hopes to impact contemporary and future societies as much as possible it will have to harness the unique power of music to influence the world beyond the walls of the church. In this essay , I want to draw attention to the ways in which christianity, in general, and reformed theology, in particular, are criticized through music and what we can do to respond. It will introduce an approach to christian apologetics, which i call sonic-apologetics that enables our music-makers to defend the faith musically. In the first part of this paper, i will discuss five problems to which sonic-apologetics is an answer. This will anchor the second part of this essay, in which i construct sonic-apologetics from three notions: (1) methodological emphasis on effects, (2) genres of expression, and (3) the distinction between linear and angles apologetic responses. In the final part of this essay, I present two different study cases of sonic-apologetics. Nothing about what i will discuss regarding sonic-apologetics changing existing liturgical norms of Christian churches, especially reformed ones. It does, however, call for those producing and performing music in these churches to direct their music-making interests and abilities towards the world outside the church walls"