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"ABSTRAKPemeriksaan Urinary Bladder Cancer Antigen (UBC) merupakan salahsatupemeriksaan non invasive terbaru dalam mendeteksi karsinoma buli denganmengidentifikasi ekspresisito keratin 8 dan 18 di dalam urin. Tujuan daripenelitian ini adalah uji diagnostic dari pemeriksaan Rapid UBC pada populasiIndonesia dengan kecurigaan klinis tumor buli.Penelitian ini mengevaluasi 21pasien secara prospektif di rumah sakit pusat rujukan nasional Indonesiapadatahun 2011-2012. Kriteria inklusi pada penelitian ini adalah pasien usia diatas18 tahun dengan gross hematuria dan hasil pemeriksaan imajing menunjukkanadanya tumor buli, atau pasien KST buli dengan riwayat reseksi tumor buli habisyang menjalani follow up sistoskopi rutin. Kriteria eksklusi meliputi pasiendengan infeksi saluran kemih atau dengan hasil pemeriksaan bakteri tahan asam diurin positif. Pemeriksaan Rapid UBC dilakukan sebelum sistoskopi dilakukan.Hasil pemeriksaan selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan hasil sistoskopi danhistopatologi. Analisa statistic dilakukan dengan perbandingan bivariatmenggunakan SPSS v.17.0. Mayoritas subjek penelitian adalah laki-laki (71.4%).Nilai rerata usia adalah 56.1± 15.4 tahun. Lima belas pasien (71.4%) memilikihasil UBC positif, dan 6 pasien (28.6%) memilikihasil UBC negatif. Diantarapasien-pasien dengan hasil positif tersebut, 93.3% memiliki penemuan sistoskopipositif tumor buli dengan hasil histopatologi menunjukkan positif karsinoma seltransisional buli, dan 1 pasien memiliki hasil sistoskopi dan histopatologi negatif.Diantara pasien-pasien denganhasil UBC negatif, 83.3% memiliki hasil sistoskopipositif menunjukkan adanya tumor buli dan hasilhistopatologi karsinoma seltransisional buli, dan 1 pasien memiliki hasil sistoskopi dan histopatologi negatif.Nilai positif predictive value pemeriksaan rapid UBC dalam mendeteksi KST buliadalah 93.3% dan nilai negative predictive value adalah 16.7%. Sensitivitas rapidUBC dalam penelitian ini sebesar 73.7%, spesifisitas 50%, p=0.5 Pemeriksaanrapid UBC memberikan nilai PPV yang cukup tinggi terkait temuan sistoskopitumor buli dan hasil histopatologi karsinoma sel transisional buli. Pada penelitianawal ini, pemeriksaan Rapid UBC dapat menjadi pemeriksaan penunjang yangmenjanjikan dan berguna untuk evaluasi cepat pada kasus-kasus dengan dugaantumor buli. Dibutuhkan studi lanjutan dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih besaruntuk mengevaluasi nilai diagnostik pemeriksaan Rapid UBC.

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ABSTRAKUrinary Bladder Cancer Antigen (UBC) test is a novel non-invasive detectionmethod of bladder cancer, which identifies the expression of cytokeratin 8 and 18in the urine. This study objective is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of theRapid UBC urine test in Indonesian population with clinical bladder tumor. Weprospectively evaluated 21 subjects in the national referral hospital of Indonesiafrom year 2011-2012. The inclusion criteria were patients older than 18 years oldwith gross hematuria and imaging result suggestive of bladder cancer, or patientswith history of complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor who underwentroutine follow-up cystoscopy. The exclusion criteria were: active urinary tractinfection or positive acid fast bacilli urine test. Rapid UBC urine tests wereconducted prior to cystoscopy. The result was compared with cystoscopy andhistopatology findings. Statistics were analyzed by chi-square comparison, usingSPSS v17.0. Majority of the subjects were males (71.4%). The mean age was 56.1± 15.4 years old. Fifteen patients (71.4%) had positive UBC result, and 6 patients(28.6%) had negative UBC result. Among those with positive UBC result, 93.3%had positive cystoscopy finding of bladder mass and histopatology report ofbladder TCC, while one subject had negative cystoscopy and histopatologyfindings. Among patients with negative UBC result, 83.3% had positivecystoscopy finding of bladder mass and positive histopatology report of bladderTCC, whereas one subject had negative cystoscopy and histopatology findings.The positive predictive value of rapid UBC test in detection of bladder TCC was93.3%, and the negative predictive value was 16.7%. The rapid UBC testsensitivity was 73.7% and, the specificity was 50%, overall p = 0.5.Rapid UBCurine test were giving high positive predictive value associated with positivecystoscopic and histopathologic findings of bladder cancer in our initialevaluation. The UBC rapid test may be a promising additional test that might beuseful for quick clinical evaluation of suspected bladder cancer. Further studieswith larger samples are required to evaluate the diagnostic value of rapid UBCurine test"

"Inkontinensia urin merupakan masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi pada lansia. Lansia mengalami penurunan fungsi sistem tubuh salah satunya adalah perkemihan. Permasalahan ini dapat ditangani dengan berbagai macam intervensi diantaranya adalah intervensi senam kegel dan bladder training yang menjadi terapi lini pertama dalam penanganan masalah inkontinensia urin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah peneliti dapat memberikan gambaran asuhan keperawatan masalah inkontinensia urin dengan senam kegel dan bladder training. Hasil yang didapatkan selama 3 minggu melakukan intervensi adalah terdapat penurunan derajat inkontinensia urin dari sedang ke ringan dengan menggunakan kuesioner ISI dan perubahan interval serta frekuensi berkemih sebelum dan sesudah dilakukannya intervensi. Intervensi ini dapat dilakukan di panti werdha untuk mengurangi angka kejadian inkontinensia urin di panti werdha.

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Urinary incontinence is a common health problem in the elderly. The elderly experience a decline in body system functions, one of which is urination. This problem can be treated with various interventions, including Kegel exercises and bladder training, which are the first line therapy in treating urinary incontinence problems. The aim of this research is that researchers can provide an overview of nursing care for urinary incontinence problems using Kegel exercises and bladder training. The results obtained during the 3 weeks of intervention were a decrease in the degree of urinary incontinence from moderate to mild using the ISI questionnaire and changes in the interval and frequency of urination before and after the intervention. This intervention can be carried out in nursing homes to reduce the incidence of urinary incontinence in nursing homes."

"Tujuan : Membandingkan hasil sitologi urin spontan dengan bilasan bulibuli dalam diagnosis dan follow-up kanker buli-buli. Metode : Sebanyak 39 pasien dengan riwayat kanker buli-buli atau yang dicurigai kanker buli-buli berdasarkan adanya painless gross hematuria atau temuan lesi/tumor pada sistoskopi atau imaging, masing-masing dilakukan pemeriksaan sitologi urin spontan dan bilasan buli-buli. Spesimen urin spontan diambil dalam 24 jam sebelum tindakan. Sedangkan untuk bilasan buli-buli pada saat sistoskopi. Hasil : Dari 39 pasien 30 diantaranya terbukti kanker buli-buli pada pemeriksaan histopatologi dimana 27-nya merupakan pasien baru dan 3 sisanya rekurens. Sensitivitas keseluruhan sitologi urin spontan dan bilasan buli-buli adalah masing-masing 30% dan 53% (p=0,067). Sensitivitas menurut grade untuk urin spontan berturut-turut grade 1,11 dan III adalah 0, 14,3%; dan 42,9%. Sedangkan bilasan buli-buli 66,7%; 71,4% dan 42,9%. Sensitivitas menurut stage untuk urin spontan 12,5% dan 37,5% untuk masing-masing tumor superfisial dan muscle invasive. Hal yang sama pada bilasan buli-buli adalah 75,0% dan 43,8%. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik baik menurut grade maupun stage pada kedua metode tersebut. Kesimpulan : Pada penelitian ini tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap hasil sitologi urin spontan dan bilasan buli-buli, namun demikian sensitivitas bilasan buli-buli lebih tinggi dibanding urin spontan.

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Objectives : To compare the result of voided urinary cytology (VUC) with bladder wash cytology (BWC) in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder tumors. Methods : Voided urine and bladder wash sample were obtained from 39 patients who having bladder cancer history or suspected bladder cancer based on painless gross hematuria or recent abnormal cystoscopy or suspicious intravenous urographic or ultrasonographic results. Voided urine specimen was collected in 24 hours before entering operating room. Bladder wash specimen was obtained during cystoscopy. Results : Bladder cancer was confirmed histologically in 30 patients, of which 27 had primary tumors and 3 had recurrent ones. The overall sensitivity of VUC and BWC were 30% and 53%, respectively (p=0.067). The sensitivity of VUC was 0 for grade I, 14.3% for grade II, 42.9% for grade III. The sensitivity of BWC was 66.7%> for grade I, 71.4%> for grade II and 42.9% for grade III. The sensitivity of VUC by tumor stage were 12.5%O and 37.5%> for superficial and muscle invasive, respectively. Those of BWC were 75.0% and 43.8%. There was no statistical significant difference for sensitivity between grades and stages of VUC and BWC. Conclusions : In this study, we did not find any significant difference, but the overall sensitivity of bladder wash cytology was superior than voided urine cytology."

"Tujuan: Mencari nilai ambang (cut-off value) rasio kadar prostate-specific antigen (PSA) terhadap volume zone transisional prostat (PSA-ZT) yang optimal dalam mendeteksi karsinoma prostat serta membandingkan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas PSA-ZT dan prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) dalam mendeteksi karsinoma prostat. Metode: Studi cross sectional dengan subjek pasien yang dirujuk ke unit USG prostat, subbagian Urologi, RS Hasan Sadikin, Bandung, untuk deteksi karsinoma prostat atau persiapan operasi prostat, dengan nilai PSA> 4 ng/ ml dan menjalani pemeriksaan USG prostat transrektal menggunakan probe biplanar 7,5 MHz. Konfirmasi kelainan patologi prostat berdasarkan hasil biopsi atau operasi (TUR prostat atau prostatektomi terbuka). Hasil: Didapatkan 223 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria, 39 pasien dengan karsinoma prostat dan 184 pasien tanpa karsinoma prostat. Nilai median dan rentang PSA-ZT pada pasien dengan karsinoma prostat dan tanpa karsinoma prostat masing-masing 1,999 (0,150-56,170) dan 0,353 (0,009-6,290) Berdasarkan analisis dengan kurva receiver operating characteristic (ROC), didapatkan nilai ambang yang optimal untuk PSA-ZT adalah 0,40 dengan sensitivitas 88,5% dan spesifisitas 57,8%, lebih baik dibandingkan PSAD (menggunakan nilai ambang 0,25), yaitu 88,5% dan 53,1%. Nilai prediksi positif PZA-ZT juga lebih tinggi dibandingkan PSAD (77,78% dibandingkan 71,31%). Kesimpulan: Rasio kadar PSA terhadap volume zone transisional prostat (PSA ZT) mempunyai nilai spesifisitas dan nilai prediksi positif yang sedikit lebih baik dibandingkan PSAD. PSA-ZT berpotensi digunakan dalam mendeteksi karsinoma prostat."

"Pendahuluan: Gen Interleukin 6 IL-6 merupakan gen yang mengkode protein sitokin yang menjaga homeostasis imun dan memainkan peran penting dalam inflamasi dan patogenesis berbagai penyakit. Dalam beberapa penelitian sebelumnya, polimorfisme pada promoter gen IL-6 dibuktikan memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan risiko terjadinya karsinoma sel skuamosa regio kepala dan leher. Tujuan: Mendeteksi polimorfisme gen IL-6 -174G/C pada penderita karsinoma sel skuamosa populasi Indonesia. Metode: Metode PCR-RFLP dilakukan pada 85 sampel penderita KSSKL dengan enzim restriksi Nla III yang divisualisasi dengan elektroforesis. Hasil: Polimorfisme gen IL-6 -174G/C ditemukan pada sampel yang diteliti sebesar 2.3. Kesimpulan: Polimorfisme genetik interleukin 6 meningkatkan risiko KSSKL di populasi Indonesia.

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Introduction: Interleukin 6 IL 6 gene encodes a cytokine protein which maintains immune homeostasis and plays essential roles in inflammation and diseases rsquo pathogenesis. In previous studies, polymorphism of interleukin 6 gene promoter was found significantly associated with the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma risk.

Objectives: To detect the polymorphism of IL 6 174G C in Indonesian head and neck squamous cell carcinoma HNSCC patients.

Methods: PCR RFLP method was used to analyze 85 samples of HNSCC patients, using Nla III restriction enzyme and the results were visualized by electrophoresis.

Results: IL 6 174G C gene polymorphisms were found in the studied samples 2.3 .

Conclusion: IL 6 174G C gene polymorphisms increased the risk of HNSCC in Indonesian population."

"Latar Belakang: Gen p21 adalah mediator aktivitas supresor tumor p53 dimana gen p21 C98A memiliki peran dalam perbaikan DNA dan apoptosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran polimorfisme p21 C98A pada penderita karsinoma sel skuamosa kepala leher dan sampel individu sehat di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan metode PCR-RFLP menggunakan 50 sampel penderita KSSKL dan 50 sampel individu sehat. Hasil: Genotip CA adalah variasi yang paling dominan pada penderita KSSKL dan individu sehat. Kesimpulan: Tidak ditemukan hubungan secara bermakna antara polimorfisme genetik p21 C98A dengan penderita KSSKL.

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Background: p21 gene is a mediator of p53 tumor suppressor activity where p21 C98A genes have a role in DNA repair and apoptosis. This study aims to describe polymorphism p21 C98A of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and healthy control in Indonesia.

Methods: This study was analyzed by PCR RFLP method using 50 samples of HNSCC patients and 50 samples of healthy control.

Results: Genotype CA is the most common variations occurred in HNSCC patients and healthy control.

Conclusion: There is no significant difference distribution between genetic polymorphisms p21 C98A with HNSCC patient samples."

"[ABSTRAKKarsinoma buli merupakan kasus keganasan terbanyak pada sistem perkemihan. Lebih dari 50 persen kasus keganasan pada sistem perkemihan merupakan kasus karsinoma buli. Karsinoma buli pada tahap awal biasanya ditangani dengan tindakan operasi Transurethral Resection Bladder (TURB). Intervensi edukasi merupakan hal yang penting dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah operasi pembedahan dilakukan. Edukasi pada klien bertujuan untuk mengurangi ansietas klien, sebagai promosi kesehatan, peningkatan pemberdayaan klien dan keluarga dalam asuhan keperawatan. Intervensi edukasi pada klien meningkatkan kesuksesan dalam mencapat tujuan-tujuan dalam asuhan keperawatan, maka dari itu edukasi perlu dipersiapkan perawat karena merupakan intervensi vital dalam setiap asuhan keperawatan.

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ABSTRACTBladder carcinoma is the most prevalent malignancies cases of urinary system. More than 50 percent cases of malignancies of the urinary system are bladder carcinoma cases. Bladder carcinoma at an early stage is usually treated with TURB surgery. Education is an important thing to do to Client. Education on the client aims to reduce client anxiety, as health promotion, and increase clients and families empowerment in nursing care. Educational intervention on clients will improve the success rate of nursing care, and because of that, before doing education to client, nurses must be prepare everything.;Bladder carcinoma is the most prevalent malignancies cases of urinary system More than 50 percent cases of malignancies of the urinary system are bladder carcinoma cases Bladder carcinoma at an early stage is usually treated with TURB surgery Education is an important thing to do to Client Education on the client aims to reduce client anxiety as health promotion and increase clients and families empowerment in nursing care Educational intervention on clients will improve the success rate of nursing care and because of that before doing education to client nurses must be prepare everything , Bladder carcinoma is the most prevalent malignancies cases of urinary system More than 50 percent cases of malignancies of the urinary system are bladder carcinoma cases Bladder carcinoma at an early stage is usually treated with TURB surgery Education is an important thing to do to Client Education on the client aims to reduce client anxiety as health promotion and increase clients and families empowerment in nursing care Educational intervention on clients will improve the success rate of nursing care and because of that before doing education to client nurses must be prepare everything ]"

"Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Indonesia are still increasing and even higher in the last few weeks. Contact tracing and surveillance are important to locate cases in the community, including asymptomatic individuals. Diagnosis of COVID-19 depends on the detection of viral RNA, viral antigen, or indirectly, viral antibodies. Molecular diagnosis, using real time, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), is the common standard method; however, it is not widely available in Indonesia and requires a high standard laboratory. Rapid, point-of-care antibody testing has been widely used as an alternative; however, interpretation of the results is not simple and now it is no longer used by the Indonesian government as a screening test for people travelling between locations. Thus, the rapid antigen detection test (Ag-RDT) is used by the Indonesian government as a screening test for travellers. As a result, many people buy the kit online and perform self-Ag-RDT at home. This raises the question of how safe and accurate it is to perform self-Ag-RDT at home. Before a test is applied, it is suggested to research its sensitivity and specificity, as compared to gold standard, and its limitations. In this article, laboratory diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is discussed, with an emphasis on Ag-RDT and the recommendation to use it properly in daily practice."

"Latar Belakang: Infeksi Helicobacter pylori merupakan infeksi kronis bakterial yang berhubungan dengan penyakit gastroduodenal. Berdasarkan konsensus Bangkok, pemeriksaan diagnostik infeksi H.pylori hendaknya dilakukan pada semua pasien dispepsia kronis. Urea breath test (UBT) merupakan pemeriksaan referens non-invasif dengan biaya cukup mahal. Rapid test antigen feses merupakan pemeriksaan yang praktis dengan biaya lebih terjangkau. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi peran diagnostik rapid test antigen H.pylori dalam feses terhadap UBT pada pasien dispepsia. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji potong lintang terhadap pasien dispepsia di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo selama bulan Agustus-Oktober 2018. Sebanyak 70 subjek diambil secara consecutive sampling dan dilakukan pemeriksaan rapid test SD Bioline H.pylori Ag^® dan Urea [¹³C] Breath Test Kit-Heliforce^®. Hasil: Rerata usia subjek penelitian adalah 46,2 ± 14,23 tahun (18-70 tahun) dan terdapat 17,14% subjek positif terinfeksi H.pylori berdasarkan hasil UBT. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai prediksi positif, dan nilai prediksi negatif rapid test secara berurutan adalah 41,67%, 100%, 100%, dan 89,23%. Simpulan: Rapid test antigen H.pylori dalam feses memiliki sensitvitas yang kurang baik tetapi memiliki spesifisitas, NPP, dan NPN yang cukup baik; praktis digunakan; dan harganya jauh lebih terjangkau sehingga masih dapat dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan pada daerah dengan keterbatasan ekonomi dan fasilitas.

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Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a chronic bacterial infection associated with gastroduodenal diseases. Based on the Bangkok consensus, a diagnostic test of H.pylori infection should be carried out in all patients with chronic dyspepsia. Urea breath test (UBT) is a non-invasive reference test with a fairly expensive cost. Stool antigen rapid test is a practical test with a more affordable cost. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic role of the H.pylori stool antigen rapid test against UBT in dyspeptic patients.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of dyspeptic patients at RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo during August-October 2018. A total of 70 subjects were taken by consecutive sampling method and tested with rapid test SD Bioline H.pylori Ag^® and Urea [¹³C] Breath Test Kit-Heliforce^®.

Results: The mean age of the subjects was 46.2 ± 14.23 years (18-70 years) and there were 17.14% subjects positively infected with H.pylori based on UBT results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the rapid test were 41.67%, 100%, 100%, and 89.23% respectively.

Conclusion: Helicobacter pylori stool antigen rapid test had poor sensitivity but had a good specificity, PPV, and NPV; practical use; and more affordable price so that it could still be considered to be used in areas with economic and facilities limitations."