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"ABSTRAKMalaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama negara tropis, karena angka kesakitan dan kematiannya yang tinggi. Gejala yang berat sampai kematian akibat malaria dipengaruhi respon imun setiap individu maupun ketepatan pengobatan malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek respon imun (TNF-α) mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei yang diberi ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental in vivo dengan membagi 5 kelompok perlakuan yang berbeda (kontrol, Plasmodium berghei dan akuades, CMC, Plasmodium berghei dan CMC, Plasmodium berghei dan ekstrak akar pasak bumi). Pemeriksaan tingkat parasitemia menggunakan pemeriksaan darah tipis dan tebal. Hasil pemeriksaan TNF-α menggunakan teknik bead based multiplexing technique didapatkan nilai mean flourescence intensity (MFI) yang digunakan sebagai ukuran kadar TNF-α. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kemampuan ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebagai antimalarial, dengan nilai rerata growth inhibit sebesar 88,93%. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara tingkat parasitemia dengan TNF-α (Uji Spearman, r= - 0,838; p=0.002). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akar pasak bumi dapat mengaktivasi TNF-α yang bekerja sebagai imunoproteksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi meningkatkan ekspresi TNF-α yang berhubungan dengan menurunnya tingkat parasitemia pada mencit yang diinfeksi plasmodium berghei.

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ABSTRACTMalaria is still the main health problem in the world, mainly in tropical countries since its incidence of illness and death is high. The severe symptoms, which may lead to death, are affected not only by the immune response of each individual but also by the efficacy in the malaria treatment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of immune response (TNF-α) of the Plasmodium berghei infected mice which was treated with the pasak bumi root extract as antimalaria. This was in vivo experimental study in which the experimental animals were divided into five different groups (control, Plasmodium berghei and aquades, CMC, Plasmodium berghei and CMC, Plasmodium berghei and pasak bumi root extract). The level of parasitemia were determineted by using thin and thick blood staining. The bead based multiplexing technique was used in the TNF-α examination in order to obtain mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) which was later used as TNF-α standard. The results of this research showed the potential of the pasak bumi root extract as antimalaria with the mean percentage of growth inhibition was 88.93%. The correlation analysis showed a meaningful relation between the parasitemia level and TNF-α (Spearman test, r= - 0,838; p=0.002). This means that the pasak bumi root extract could activate TNF-α which acts as immune protector. In conclucion, the pasak bumi root extract could enhance the TNF-α expression as shown by the decline of the parasitemia level in the Plasmodium berghei infected mouse"

"Latar belakang. Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan. Malaria disebabkan oleh parasit genus Plasmodium. Respon imun ternyata mempunyai kontribusi terhadap infeksi malaria, antara lain sitokin proinflamasi dan antiinflamasi yang berperanan pada beratnya infeksi malaria. Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) merupakan obat tradisional sebagai antimalaria, dan imunomodulator. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak metanol akar pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria yang berpengaruh pada kadar sitokin proinflamasi dan antiinflamasi pada mencit yang terinfeksi P. berghei Metode. 5 mencit yang diinfeksi dengan P. berghei diberi ekstrak metanol akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 60 mg/kgBB. Antimalaria ditunjukkan dari apusan tipis dan apusan tebal. Sitokin proinflamasi dan antiinflamasi diperiksa dengan bead based multiplexing technique.Hasil. Aktivitas antimalaria ekstrak akar pasak bumi mempunyai daya hambat terhadap parasit sebesar 88,78% (p=0,007) dan rata-rata pertumbuhan parasit yaitu 0,03% (p=0,001). Efek Imunomodulator, dinilai terhadap rata-rata MFI TNF-α, IFN-γ dan IL-10 kelompok yang diterapi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol secara berturut-turut ± 14,5 : ± 6,2; ±9,2 : ±25,38; ±29,6 : ±14,75.Terdapat korelasi positif penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit dengan nilai TNF-α (r = 0,612, p = 0,06), Korelasi negatif Penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit dengan nilai IFN-γ (r = -0,092, p = 0,814), Korelasi positif penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit dengan nilai IL-10 (r = 0,276, p = 441). Terdapat korelasi negatif antara nilai TNF-α dengan IFN-γ (r = - 0,699, p = 0,036), korelasi positif antara nilai TNF-α dengan IL=10 (r = 0,350, p = 0,355) Kesimpulan ekstrak akar pasak bumi mempunyai efektivitas sebagai antimalaria, dengan mempengaruhi peningkatan sitokin TNF-α dan IL-10, tetapi tidak pada IFN-γ

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Background. Malaria is still a health issues. Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. An immune response actually has contribution against infection malaria, among others proinflamation and antiinflamation cytokine play an important role. Extract of pasak bumi root is a drug traditional as antimalarial. Pasak bumi root is also immunomodulator. The aim of this research is to analyze of an extract of methanol of Pasak bumi root as antimalarial against the level of a proinflamation and antiinflamation cytokines on mice is infected by P. berghei Methods. 5 mouse are infected by P. berghei, are given extract of pasak bumi root with dose 60 mg/kg BB. Antimalaria is shown by apusan tipis and apusan tebal. Proinflamasi and antiinflamasi is examined by bead based multiplexing technique.Result. Antimalarials activity has its obstruent against parasitic about 88,78% (p = 0,007) and The average growth of the parasitic 0,03% (p = 0,001). Effect of immunomodulator, mean of MFI TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-10 on a group that is in therapy is compared on an group that are not in therapy respectively ± 14,5 : ± 6,2; ±9,2 : ±25,38; ±29,6 : ±14,75. There is a positive correlation between Growth inhibitor of parasitic and TNF-α. (r = 0,612, p = 0,06). There is a negative correlation between growth inhibitor of parasitic and IFN-γ (r = -0,092, p = 0,814) and there is a positive correlation between growth inhibitor of parasitic and IL-10 (r = 0,276, p = 0,441). There is a negative correlation between score of TNF-α and IFN-γ (r = -0,699, p = 0,036) between TNF-α. and IL-10 (r = 0,350, p = 0,355). Conclusions. An extract of Pasak bumi root a have an antimalarial the effectiveness and influence to TNF-α and IL-10 but not on IFN- γ"

"Infeksi malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan yang masih menjadi perhatian dunia karena meningkatnya resistensi terhadap obat standar malaria, yaitu ACT. Pada penelitian ini, ekstrak tumbuhan yang digunakan adalah pasak bumi dan propolis sebagai antimalaria. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek antimalaria pada kelompok tunggal propolis dan kelompok kombinasi propolis dengan ekstrak akar pasak bumi. Mencit yang digunakan sejumlah 35 ekor dan terbagi atas 6 kelompok. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas dua kelompok kontrol, kelompok propolis tunggal dengan dosis 90 mg/kgBB dan 180 mg/kgBB dan kelompok kombinasi propolis dosis sama seperti tunggal dengan pasak bumi dosis 60 mg/kgBB dan 75 mg/kgBB. Plasmodium berghei 2 diinjeksikan pada setiap mencit dan dibuat apusan darahnya selama 8 hari untuk dilihat tingkat parasitemianya. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kontrol positif dengan kedua kelompok kombinasi p=0,136 dan 0,289 . Akan tetapi pemberian kedua dosis kombinasi propolis dengan pasak bumi GI: 97,97 dan 97,83 jauh lebih baik dibandingkan penggunaan tunggal propolis. Kontrol positif GI: 98,63 memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan propolis tunggal GI: 23,88 dan 51,66 . Perlakuan kombinasi lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan tunggal dalam menghambat parasitemia.

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Malaria infection is still being a global concern because of the increasing resistance to standard drug malaria, Artemisinin Combination Therapy. In this research, plant extract, pasak bumi and propolis, was using as antimalarial. This study was conducted to find out antimalarial effect of single propolis and combination of propolis with pasak bumi root extract. Using 30 mice, the treatment group divided to 6 groups, consisted of two control groups, two groups of Single propolis with doses of 90 mg kgBW and 180 mg kgBW and two Combination groups of propolis doses same as Single propolis group with pasak bumi dose 60 mg kgBW and 75 mg kgBW. Plasmodium berghei 2 was injected in each mouse and made blood smear for 8 days to be seen parasitemia level. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between positive control with the two Combination groups p 0.136 and 0.289 . However, the Combination group of propolis and pasak bumi GI 97.97 and 97.83 is much better than Single propolis group. Positive control GI 98.63 had a better outcomes than Single propolis group GI 23.88 and 51.66 . Combination group is better than Single propolis group in inhibiting parasitemia. "

"[Resistensi obat antimalaria mendorong pengembangan obat antimalaria baru. Salah satu alternatif pengembangan obat antimalaria adalah mengombinasikan klorokuin dengan komponen lain, contohnya ekstrak akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack.). Berbagai penelitian in vitro maupun in vivo telah membuktikan potensi pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 10 mg/kgBB, 20 mg/kgBB, serta kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dua dosis tersebut dan klorokuin. Berdasarkan Peters 4-days suppressive test, pertumbuhan parasitemia mencit yang diberikan kombinasi obat memiliki nilai yang mendekati kontrol positif (0,60%), yaitu 0,60% pada dosis kombinasi pasak bumi 10 mg/kgBB dan 0,50% pada dosis 20 mg/kgBB namun analisis statistik menunjukkan perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Hasil penghitungan penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit menunjukkan kecenderungan yang sama. Penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit kontrol positif menunjukkan angka 97,9% sementara pemberian kombinasi obat menunjukkan angka 97,7% (dosis pasak bumi10 mg/kgBB) dan 98,2% (dosis pasak bumi 20 mg/kgBB). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan dibandingkan dengan terapi klorokuin saja;Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy., Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy.]"

"Latar belakang: Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia, termasuk juga Indonesia, dengan jumlah kasus dan angka kematian yang cukup tinggi. Saat ini, terjadi tren peningkatan resistensi terhadap obat antimalaria lini pertama. Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) dan spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) merupakan dua tanaman herbal yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia dan diketahui memiliki aktivitas antimalaria. Penelitian Kusmardi dkk menunjukkan pemberian kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto dan spirulina dapat menurunkan fokus inflamasi pada kolon media mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto dan spirulina terhadap ekspresi protein COX-2 pada kolon media mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Metode: 30 ekor mencit Swiss Webster jantan terinfeksi P. berghei dibagi ke dalam lima kelompok uji yang terdiri atas kelompok kontrol positif (DHP), kontrol negatif (CMC), ekstrak sambiloto (AP), kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto dengan ekstrak spirulina (AP+ES), dan dengan powder spirulina (AP+PS). Sebanyak lima lapang pandang untuk masing-masing sampel biologi tersimpan diambil menggunakan mikroskop cahaya (400x) dan dianalisis menggunakan ImageJ® untuk mendapatkan persentase indeks H-Score COX-2. Hasil: Ditemukan hasil signifikan antara kelompok DHP dengan AP, AP+ES, dan AP+PS (p<0,05). Angka rata-rata ekspresi COX-2 pada kelompok DHP adalah 226,67, sedangkan pada kelompok AP, AP+ES, dan AP+PS berturut-turut adalah 201,89; 203,22; dan 204,9. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok CMC dengan DHP (p=0,7) dan kelompok CMC dengan AP (p=0,875). Kesimpulan: Pemberian ekstrak sambiloto dan spirulina, baik dalam bentuk tunggal maupun kombinasi dapat menurunkan ekspresi COX-2 pada jaringan kolon media mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

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Background: Malaria is a world health problem, including Indonesia, with a fairly high number of cases and mortality. Currently, there is an increasing trend of resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs. Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) are two herbal plants that are widely available in Indonesia and are known to have antimalatial activity. Kusmardi et al’s study showed that giving a combination of sambiloto and spirulina extracts could reduce the inflammation focus in the colon media of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of giving a combination of sambiloto and spirulina extract on the expression of COX-2 protein in the colon media of mice infected witth Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

Methods: Thirty male Swiss Webster mice infected with P. berghei were divided into five groups consisting of positive control (DHP), negative control (CMC), sambiloto extract (AP), combination of sambiloto extract and spirulina extract (AP+ES), and with spirulina powder (AP+PS). A total of five colon’s histological images were taken by microscope (400x) and analyzed using ImageJ® to obtain the percentage of the H Score COX-2 index value.

Results: Significant results were found between the DHP group with AP, AP+ES, and AP+PS (p<0.05). The mean number of COX-2 expression in the DHP group is 226.67, while in the AP, AP+ES, and AP+PS groups are 201.89, 203.22, and 204.9, respectively. There is no significant difference between the CMC group with DHP (p=0.7) and the CMC group with AP (p=0.875).

Conclusion: The administration of sambiloto extract and spirulina, either in single or in combination form, can reduce the level of COX-2 expression in the medial colon of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA."

"[ABSTRAKKemampuan Mycobacterium tuberculosis yang dapat memanipulasi danmenghindari respon imun adalah tantangan dalam mencari terapi dan vaksinasiefektif. Penelitian ini untuk menguji potensi ekstrak metanol akar Eurycomalongifolia Jack dalam memodulasi peningkatan IgA dan IgG mencit putih jantanyang divaksinasi BCG, sekaligus untuk menganalisis peningkatan sitokinproinflamasi yang berhubungan dengan produksi IgA dan IgG. Plasma diambilsebelum dan setelah vaksinasi BCG pada 18 ekor mencit yang dibagi ke dalam 2kelompok; perlakuan dan kontrol. Kadar IgA, IgG, TNF-! dan IL-10 diukurdengan metode ELISA. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan IgA kelompok air(0,33±0,16) lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok pasak bumi (0,30±0,30),sedangkan peningkatan IgG kelompok pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) terlihat lebihtinggi dibandingkan kelompok air (0,29±0,35). Rasio TNF-!/IL-10 kelompokpasak bumi (0,46±0,07) lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok air (0,41±0,05).Terdapat korelasi antara TNF-! dengan IgA pada kelompok air (r=0,601,p=0,035) juga dengan IgG pada kelompok pasak bumi (r=0,559, p=0,059).Disimpulkan, pemberian pasak bumi cenderung berpotensi memodulasipeningkatan IgG, tetapi tidak IgA. Selain itu, pemberian pasak bumi jugacenderung meningkatkan sitokin proinflamasi yang mempengaruhi produksi IgAdan IgG.

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ABSTRACTThe ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to manipulate and evade host?simmune response is a challenge in finding an effective therapy and vaccination.The purpose of this research were to investigate the potency of methanol extractof the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack as immunomodulators for male whitemice vaccinated with BCG, as well as to analyze the increase of proinflammatorycytokines associated with IgA and IgG production. Plasma were taken before andafter BCG vaccination from 18 mice, that were divided into 2 groups; treatmentand control. IgA, IgG, TNF-! and IL-10 levels were measured by using ELISA.The results showed that the enhancement of IgA group with water (0,33±0,16)was higher than group with pasak bumi (0,30±0,30). On the other hand theenhancement of IgG group with pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) was higher than groupwith water (0,29±0,35). The ratio of TNF-!/IL-10 group with pasak bumi(0.46±0.07) was higher than group with water (0.41±0.05). There are correlarionsbetween TNF-! and IgA in the group with water (r=0.601, p=0.035) as well asbetween TNF- ! and IgG in group with pasak bumi (r=0.559, p=0.059). As theconclusion, methanol extract of pasak bumi root tend to potentially modulate theincrease IgG production, but not IgA. In addition, it also tends to increase theproinflamasi cytokines associated with IgA and IgG production.;The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to manipulate and evade host’simmune response is a challenge in finding an effective therapy and vaccination.The purpose of this research were to investigate the potency of methanol extractof the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack as immunomodulators for male whitemice vaccinated with BCG, as well as to analyze the increase of proinflammatorycytokines associated with IgA and IgG production. Plasma were taken before andafter BCG vaccination from 18 mice, that were divided into 2 groups; treatmentand control. IgA, IgG, TNF-! and IL-10 levels were measured by using ELISA.The results showed that the enhancement of IgA group with water (0,33±0,16)was higher than group with pasak bumi (0,30±0,30). On the other hand theenhancement of IgG group with pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) was higher than groupwith water (0,29±0,35). The ratio of TNF-!/IL-10 group with pasak bumi(0.46±0.07) was higher than group with water (0.41±0.05). There are correlarionsbetween TNF-! and IgA in the group with water (r=0.601, p=0.035) as well asbetween TNF- ! and IgG in group with pasak bumi (r=0.559, p=0.059). As theconclusion, methanol extract of pasak bumi root tend to potentially modulate theincrease IgG production, but not IgA. In addition, it also tends to increase theproinflamasi cytokines associated with IgA and IgG production., The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to manipulate and evade host’simmune response is a challenge in finding an effective therapy and vaccination.The purpose of this research were to investigate the potency of methanol extractof the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack as immunomodulators for male whitemice vaccinated with BCG, as well as to analyze the increase of proinflammatorycytokines associated with IgA and IgG production. Plasma were taken before andafter BCG vaccination from 18 mice, that were divided into 2 groups; treatmentand control. IgA, IgG, TNF-! and IL-10 levels were measured by using ELISA.The results showed that the enhancement of IgA group with water (0,33±0,16)was higher than group with pasak bumi (0,30±0,30). On the other hand theenhancement of IgG group with pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) was higher than groupwith water (0,29±0,35). The ratio of TNF-!/IL-10 group with pasak bumi(0.46±0.07) was higher than group with water (0.41±0.05). There are correlarionsbetween TNF-! and IgA in the group with water (r=0.601, p=0.035) as well asbetween TNF- ! and IgG in group with pasak bumi (r=0.559, p=0.059). As theconclusion, methanol extract of pasak bumi root tend to potentially modulate theincrease IgG production, but not IgA. In addition, it also tends to increase theproinflamasi cytokines associated with IgA and IgG production.]"

"[Munculnya fenomena resistensi dari berbagai obat malaria yang telah digunakan untuk melawan penyakit malaria merupakan suatu ancaman bagi dunia kesehatan untuk mencari terobosan baru dalam melawan penyakit malaria. Salah satunya dengan strategi pengobatan secara kombinasi. ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) obat standar sebagai antimalaria. Ekstrak tanaman Akar Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) diketahui memiliki potensi antimalaria. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan menguji kombinasi ekstrak Akar Pasak Bumi (PB) dan ACT. Dengan menguji 2 dosis terdiri dari PB 60mg/kgBB tambah ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB; PB 75 mg/kgBB tambah ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimental in vivo pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Berdasarkan hasil analisa peningkatan parasitemia hari ke-4 menggunakan SPSS menunjukkan hasil tidak bermakna (p>0.05) pada kedua kelompok uji ketika dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (ACT). Hal ini ditunjang dengan presentase inhibisi kedua kelompok (68.4%;54.46%) lebih kecil daripada kontrol positif (70%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua dosis kombinasi tidak bersifat sebagai antimalaria. Kombinasi dosis ekstrak akar pasak bumi 60 mg/kgBB dan ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB merupakan kelompok yang memiliki presentase daya hambat yang paling baik berdasarkan presentase daya hambat pada hari ke-4.;The emergence of the phenomenon of resistance from the malaria drug that has been used to combat malaria is a threat to the health of the world to search for new breakthroughs in the fight against malaria. One way by using combination treatment strategies. ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) is a standard drug as anti-malaria. The extract of Pasak Bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia) had been known to have anti-malaria potency. This study aimed to test a combination of the extract of Pasak bumi root and ACT. By testing two doses consisting of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB; PB 75 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB. Design of this study using an experimental in vivo in a mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. Based on the analysis of the increase in parasitemia day 4 using SPSS shows the results are not significant in both groups combination compared with positive control (ACT). It is supported with a percentage of inhibition of the two groups (68.4%;54.46%) is smaller than the positive control(70%). It can be concluded that both of doses combination is not as anti-malaria. Doses combination of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB has the best percentage of inhibition parasitemia, The emergence of the phenomenon of resistance from the malaria drug that has been used to combat malaria is a threat to the health of the world to search for new breakthroughs in the fight against malaria. One way by using combination treatment strategies. ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) is a standard drug as anti-malaria. The extract of Pasak Bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia) had been known to have anti-malaria potency. This study aimed to test a combination of the extract of Pasak bumi root and ACT. By testing two doses consisting of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB; PB 75 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB. Design of this study using an experimental in vivo in a mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. Based on the analysis of the increase in parasitemia day 4 using SPSS shows the results are not significant in both groups combination compared with positive control (ACT). It is supported with a percentage of inhibition of the two groups (68.4%;54.46%) is smaller than the positive control(70%). It can be concluded that both of doses combination is not as anti-malaria. Doses combination of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB has the best percentage of inhibition parasitemia]"

"[Resistensi yang terjadi pada beberapa obat antimalaria, seperti klorokuin, mendasari gencarnya dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menemukan terapi antimalaria alternatif, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan potensi herbal dari alam Indonesia. Ekstrak tanaman yang terbukti pada penelitian in-vivo memiliki efek antimalaria adalah akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in-vivo yang menguji ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 60 mg/kgbb, 75 mg/kgbb, dan 90 mg/kgbb terhadap mencit (Mus musculus) yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Peningkatan densitas parasitemia pada hari ke-4 terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb lebih tinggi dari kontrol negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb lebih rendah dari kontrol negatif namun perbedaannya tidak signifikan secara statistik. Ditinjau dari persentase inhibisi parasitemia, terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia < 50%. Ditinjau dari kadar hemoglobin, ketiga dosis perlakuan memiliki kadar hemoglobin yang fluktuatif dan cenderung menurun hingga pada kondisi anemia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akar pasak bumi dosis 60 mg/kgbb tidak memiliki efek antimalaria, sedangkan dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki efek antimalaria namun kurang adekuat. Terapi dosis 90 mg/kgbb menunjukkan peningkatan densitas parasitemia hari ke-4 yang paling rendah dan persentase inhibisi parasitemia paling baik. Dengan demikian disimpulkan bahwa terapi ekstrak akar pasak bumi kurang tepat digunakan sebagai terapi tunggal malaria;Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria, Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria]"

"Resistensi Plasmodium terhadap obat antimalaria merupakan masalah yang harus diatasi. Salah satu caranya dengan mencari obat baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak bunga dan ekstrak kulit buah Delonix regia dalam menurunkan densitas Plasmodium. Penelitian menggunakan desain uji eksperimental. Berdasarkan hasil uji fitokimia diketahui kadar alkaloid dalam esktrak kulit buah lebih tinggi dibandingkan kadar alkaloid dalam ekstrak bunga. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil uji in vivo pada mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak kulit buah dengan dosis 2,8 mg/mencit, 8,4 mg/mencit dan 14 mg/mencit mengalami penurunan densitas Plasmodium sedangkan pada mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak bunga terjadi kenaikan densitas Plasmodium. Berdasarkan uji Post Hoc LSD didapatkan adanya perbedaan perubahan densitas Plasmodium yang signifikan pada mencit yang mendapatkan kontrol negatif dibandingkan dengan mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak kulit buah dosis kecil, sedang maupun besar dengan nilai p 0,00; 0,03 dan 0,022. Sedangkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan di dapatkan saat perubahan densitas Plasmodium pada mencit yang mendapatkan kontrol negatif dibandingkan dengan mencit yang mendapatkan ekstrak bunga dengan nilai p 0,156; 0,064 dan 0,923. Dapat disimpulkan ekstrak kulit buah dapat menurunkan densitas Plasmodium.

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Resistance of Plasmodium to anti-malaria drugs is a problem that necessary to be solved. One of the way is create new drugs. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of flowers extracts and rinds extracts of Delonix regia to decrease density of Plasmodium. This study use experimental design. Based on the results of phytochemical test known that alkaloid levels in rind's extract is higher than flower's extract. This is consistent with the results of in vivo test in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei. The mice whom get rind's extract dose ie 2,8 mg/mice, 8,4 mg/mice dan 14 mg/mice shown decrease of parasitemia, mean while mice whom get flowers shown increase of parasitemia.

Based on Post Hoc LCD test, there is significantly difference in density change of plasmodium in mice whom get negative control compare with mice whom get small dose, medium dose and high dose of rinds extracts with the value of p 0,00; 0,03 and 0,022. While there is no significantly difference when mice whom get negative control compare with mice whom get small dose, medium dose and high dose of flowers extracts with the value of p 0,156; 0,064 and 0,923. It can be concluded that rind's extract of Delonix regia can decrease parasitemia."

"Latar belakang: Malaria masih merupakan penyakit infeksi utama di dunia. Sebagian besar kematian pada malaria disebabkan oleh malaria serebral yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodium falciparum. Bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus L) merupakan tumbuhan liar yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengukur pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus L) dan sambiloto (Andrographis paniculta Burm.F) terhadap survival, berat badan, kadar MDA dan GSH serta gambaran histopatologi otak mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei. Metode: penelitian eksperimental in vivo menggunakan hewan coba mencit jantan galur Swiss yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan diberi terapi kombinasi ekstrak bayam duri dan sambiloto. Kelompok terdiri atas: K: kontrol; I kontrol negatif; II. Ekstrak kombinasi (10mg/kgBB+4mg/kgBB, 1xsehari, selama 7hari); III kontrol positif klorokuin (10mg/kgBB; sehari 1 x selama 3 hari). Seluruh perlakuan diberikan melalui oral. Dilakukan analisis survival dan berat badan, serta pemeriksaan kadar MDA (metode Wills), dan GSH (metode Ellman) dan pengamatan histopatologi otak mencit. Hasil: Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bayam duri dan sambiloto pada mencit yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei meningkatkan survival (100%) dan berat badan (10%) mencit. Kadar MDA sedikit menurun dibandingkan kontrol, walaupun tidak berbeda bermakna (0,112 ± 0,021nmol/mg vs 0,133 ± 0,0145nmol/mg) (p≥0,05), dan meningkatkan GSH secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol negatif. (0,003 ± 0,0005µg/mg vs 0,0002 ± 0,0001µg/mg) p≤0,05. Analisis histopatologi menunjukkan perbaikan sel otak pada mencit yang diberi kombinasi ekstrak bayam duri dan sambiloto.

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Background: Malaria is still a major infectious disease in the world. Most of death in malaria are caused by cerebral malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum infection. Amaranthus spinosus L and Andrographis paniculata Burm.F were traditional herbs used to cure malaria. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-malarial effect of the combination of these two herbs in a malaria mouse model through the measurement of survival rate, body weight, MDA, GSH and brain histopathology of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei in vivo.

Methods: male mice (Swiss strain) weighing 28-30 g, 7-8 weeks were used for this study. Treatment animal groups: K. control (nil); I. control negative. II. combination treatment (10mg + 4mg/kgBW; once per day for 7 days); III. chloroquine treatment (10mg/ kgBW; once per day for 3 days). all treatment was administered per os.

Result: A combination of extracts of Amaranthus spinosus L and Andrographis paniculata Burm.F in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei increased the survival rate (100%) and the body weight (10%) of mice respectively. The MDA levels slightly lower than control, although not significantly different (0.112 ± 0,021 nmol/ vs. 0.133 ± 0,0145nmol/mg) (p ≥ 0.05), while GSH level increased significantly (0.003 ± 0,0005 µg/mg vs. 0.0002 ± 0,0001µg/mg) p ≤ 0.05. Histopathological analysis showed improvement of brain cells in mice given a combination of extracts."