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"Latar Belakang: Pasien yang menggunakan ventilator mekanik (VM) merupakan pasien dengan penyakit kritis dan memiliki angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Pengetahuan tentang prediktor mortalitas dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan klinis untuk tatalaksana pasien dan mengetahui prognosis pasien. Studi-studi tentang faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien yang menggunakan VM menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda-beda dan tidak ada penelitian yang komprehensif di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien yang menggunakan VM di RSCM. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada pasien di Unit Perawatan Intensif (UPI) RSCM yang menggunakan VM selama tahun 2010 –2012. Data klinis dan laboratorium beserta status luaran (hidup atau meninggal) selama perawatan diperoleh dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat dilakukan pada variabel usia, keganasan, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), renjatan, pasca operasi, riwayat henti jantung, hiperglikemia, CVD, gangguan ginjal akut, sepsis dan hipoalbuminemia. Variabel yang memenuhi syarat akan disertakan pada analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik. Hasil: Sebanyak 242 pasien diikutsertakan pada penelitian ini. Didapatkan angka mortalitas selama perawatan sebesar 45,4%. Kelompok usia, keganasan, ARDS, renjatan, pasca operasi, riwayat henti jantung, stroke, gangguan ginjal akut, sepsis dan hipoalbuminemia merupakan variabel yang berbeda bermakna pada analisis bivariat. Prediktor mortalitas pada analisis multivariat adalah gangguan ginjal akut (OR 1,91; IK 95% 1,08 sampai 3,39; p = 0,002), renjatan (OR 2,13; IK 95% 1,18 sampai 3,85; p = 0,012), CVD (OR 3,39; IK 95% 1,65 sampai 6,95; p = 0,01), ARDS (OR 2,19; IK 95% 1,10 sampai 4,35; p = 0,025) dan riwayat henti jantung (OR 4,85; IK 95% 1,56 sampai 15,07; p = 0,006). Kesimpulan: Gangguan ginjal akut, renjatan, CVD, ARDS, dan riwayat henti jantung merupakan prediktor independen mortalitas pada pasien yang menggunakan VM.

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Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is one of the most essential modality that supports many critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). A high mortality rate was observed in mechanically ventilated patients. The prediction of patients outcome at initiation of MV is important in decision-making process and in the effort reducing mortality rate. This study was designed to determine early predictors of mortality in patients with MV.

Objective: To determine early predictors of mortality in patients with MV in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on 242 ICU patients who used MV for more than 48 hours between January 2010 – June 2012. Data were collected at initiation of mechanical ventilation and the main outcome was all-cause mortality during ICU. We analyzed age, sepsis, hypoalbuminemia, shock, post surgical, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), hyperglicemia, CVD, malignancy, cardiac arrest, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) at initiation of MV. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.

Results: A total of 242 patients were evaluated in this study. In-hospital mortality rate was 45.4%. The independent predictors of mortality in multivariate analysis were AKI (OR: 1.91; 95% CI 1.08 to 3.39; p = 0.02), shock (OR: 2.13; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.85; p = 0.012), stroke (OR: 3.39; 95% CI 1.65 to 6.95; p = 0.01), ARDS (OR: 2.19; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.35; p = 0.025) and cardiac arrest (OR: 4.85; 95% CI 1.56 to 15.07; p = 0.006).

Conclusion: Shock, CVD, ARDS, cardiac arrest, and AKI were independent predictors of mortality due to patients with MV."

"Latar Belakang: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) merupakan infeksi yang sering terjadi di intensive care unit (ICU) dan memiliki angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Pengetahuan tentang prediktor mortalitas dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan klinis untuk tatalaksana pasien. Studi-studi tentang faktor prediktor mortalitas VAP menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda-beda dan tidak ada penelitian yang komprehensif di Indonesia.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien VAP di RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada pasien ICU RSCM yang didiagnosis VAP selama tahun 2003-2012. Data klinis dan laboratorium beserta status luaran (hidup atau meninggal) selama perawatan diperoleh dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat dilakukan pada variabel kelompok usia, infeksi kuman risiko tinggi, komorbiditas, renjatan sepsis, kultur darah, prokalsitonin, ketepatan antibiotik empiris, acute lung injury, skor APACHE-II, dan hipoalbuminemia. Variabel yang memenuhi syarat akan disertakan pada analisis multivariat regresi logistik.Hasil: Sebanyak 201 pasien diikutsertakan pada penelitian ini. Didapatkan angka mortalitas selama perawatan sebesar 57,2%. Kelompok usia, komorbiditas, renjatan sepsis, prokalsitonin, ketepatan antibiotik empiris, dan skor APACHE II merupakan variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas pada analisis bivariat. Prediktor mortalitas pada analisis multivariat adalah antibiotik empiris yang tidak tepat (OR 4,70; IK 95% 2,25 sampai 9,82; p < 0,001), prokalsitonin > 1,1 ng/mL (OR 4,09; IK 95% 1,45 sampai 11,54; p = 0,01), usia ≥ 60 tahun (OR 3,71; IK 95% 1,35 sampai 10,20; p = 0,011), dan adanya renjatan sepsis (OR 3,53; IK 95% 1,68 sampai 7,38; p = 0,001).Kesimpulan: Pemberian antibiotik empiris yang tidak tepat, prokalsitonin yang tinggi, usia 60 tahun atau lebih, dan adanya renjatan sepsis merupakan pediktor independen mortalitas pada pasien VAP.

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Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent infection with high mortality rates in intensive care unit (ICU). The prediction of outcome is important in decision-making process. Studies exploring predictors of mortality in patients with VAP produced conflicting results and there are no comprehensive reports in Indonesia.

Objective: To determine predictors of mortality in patients with VAP in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on patients admitted to the ICU who developed VAP between 2003?2012. Clinical and laboratory data along with outcome status (survive or non-survive) were obtained for analysis. We compared age, presence of high risk pathogens infection, presence of comorbidity, septic shock status, blood culture result, procalcitonin, appropriateness of initial antibiotics therapy, presence of acute lung injury, APACHE II score, and serum albumin between the two outcome group. Logistic regression analysis performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.

Results: A total of 201 patients were evaluated in this study. In-hospital mortality rate was 57.2%. Age, comorbidity, septic shock status, procalcitonin, appropriateness of initial antibiotics therapy, and APACHE II score were significantly different between outcome groups. The independent predictors of mortality in multivariate logistic regression analysis were inappropriate initial antibiotics therapy (OR: 4.70; 95% CI 2.25 to 9.82; p < 0.001), procalcitonin > 1.1 ng/mL (OR: 4.09; 95% CI 1.45 to 11.54; p = 0.01), age ≥ 60 years old (OR: 3.71; 95% CI 1.35 to 10.20; p = 0.011), and presence of septic shock (OR: 3.53; 95% CI 1.68 to 7.38; p = 0.001).

Conclusion: Inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy, high serum procalcitonin level, age 60 years or older, and presence of septic shock were independent predictors of mortality in patients with VAP."

"Latar belakang: Penilaian nyeri pada pasien-pasien UPI cukup sulit dikarenakan kendala komunikasi yang mereka dapatkan. Untuk penilaian pada pasien UPI digunakan skala evaluasi seperti Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). Skala CPOT dikembangkan oleh Gellinas pada tahun 2006, dibuat dalam bahasa Prancis lalu diterjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris dan sudah dinilai kesahihannya. Pemakaian skala CPOT di UPI RSCM bisa dilakukan, namun jika diterjemahkan akan mempermudah sosialisasi dan pemahaman dalam penilaian skala CPOT. Sebelum suatu alat ukur yang diterjemahkan dapat diterapkan pada populasi, harus dinilai kesahihannya terlebih dahulu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai kesahihan CPOT dalam penggunaannya menilai nyeri pada pasien dengan Skala Koma Glagow di bawah 14 di UPI RSCM. Metode: Studi observasional, potong lintang dengan pengukuran berulang dilakukan terhadap pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM April ? Mei 2013. Kesahihan BPS dinilai dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Keandalan dinilai dengan Cronbach α dan Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Ketanggapan dinilai dengan Besar efek. Hasil: Selama penelitian terkumpul 33 pasien dengan Skala Koma Glasgow di bawah 14 baik terintubasi maupun tidak di UPI RSCM. Skala CPOT memiliki kesahihan yang baik dengan nilai korelasi bermakna secara berurutan 0.145, 0.393 dan ? 0.205 untuk laju nadi, MAP dan skor Ramsay. Keandalan CPOT baik dengan ICC 0.981 (p<0.001) dan nilai Cronbach α 0.893. Ketanggapan CPOT juga baik dengan nilai Besar efek untuk penilaian pagi, siang dan malam adalah 2.11, 2.25 dan 2.33. Kesimpulan: CPOT sahih dalam menilai nyeri untuk pasien dengan skala koma glasgow di bawah 14 di UPI RSCM.

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Background: Assessment of Pain on ICU patient is difficult due to communication problems. To assess pain on ICU patient, we use behavioural scale such like Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). The CPOT scale was developed in French language and had been translated to English with the validity being checked. Using CPOT in ICU RSCM is doable, but if the scale is translated to Indonesian language, the understanding and socialization will be much better.However this scale must be validated before it?s use in RSCM population. The aim of this study is to validate CPOT scale in its use to assess pain on patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 in ICU RSCM.

Method: An Observational, cross sectional, repeated measures was done to patients hospitalized in the ICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from April to May 2013. Validation was assessed by Spearman Correlation test while reliability was analyzed using Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Responsiveness was assessed by Effect Size

Results: A total of 33 patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 either intubated or not were included in this study. The CPOT Scale has a good validation with significant correlation 0.145, 0.393 and -0.205 respectively for heart rate, MAP and Ramsay score. CPOT Scale has good reliability with ICC score 0.981 (p<0.001) and Cronbach α 0.893. Responsiveness for CPOT is also good with Effect Size on morning, afternoon and evening assessment are 2.11, 2.25 and 2.33 respectively.

Conclusion: CPOT scale is valid to assess pain on patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 in ICU RSCM."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Penilaian derajat kesadaran penting dilakukan pada pasien di Unit Gawat Darurat untuk memperkirakan prognosis. Banyak sistem penilaian dipakai untuk mengevaluasi pasien, masing-masing dengan kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Sistem penilaian yang baru, yaitu Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR )Score, dapat digunakan menilai derajat kesadaran dan memprediksi prognosis pasien. FOUR Score dapat memberikan data neurologis yang lebih detail dan dapat digunakan pada pasien yang terintubasi. Belum ada penelitian yang menilai validitas FOUR Score sebagai prediktor outcome pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran di IGD RSCM sebelumnya.Metode. Penelitian kohort prospektif observasional pada pasien dengan penurunan kesadaran yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Evaluasi FOUR Score dilakukan terhadap 120 pasien baru yang dirawat di IGD RSCM. Outcome pasien dicatat setelah perawatan 72 jam. Analisis bivariat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Analisis regresi logistik untuk menentukan hubungan komponen FOUR Score terhadap outcome. Nilai area di bawah kurva (AUC) digunakan untuk sebagai uji dsikriminasi FOUR Score terhadap outcome.Hasil. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai FOUR Score dengan outcome (p <0,001). Komponen respon membuka mata (FOUR-E) dan pola respirasi (FOUR-R) adalah komponen yang mempunyai nilai prediksi terhadap outcome. AUC FOUR Score adalah 0,864 (95% IK 0,784-0,928).Uji kesesuaian antarpenilai antara dokter dan perawat menunjukkan kesesuaian yang sangat baik dengan κ = 0,836 (95% IK 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.;Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment., Background. Asssessment of conciousness is important in patients in emergency room to estimate prognosis. Many scoring systems used to evaluate patients? level of conciousness, each with their advantages and disadvantages Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) Score is a new system to assess patients?s level of conciousness and future prognosis. FOUR Score can provide a detailed neurological data and can be used in patients who are intubated. There have never been done a research on validity of FOUR Score as a predictor of outcome in RSCM?s ER before.Method. Observational, prospective cohort study in patients with decreased of conciousness treated in the RSCM?s ER. FOUR Score?s evaluation conducted on 120 new patients. Patient?s outcome was recorded after 72 hours of treatment, and classified as dead or alive. Bivariate analysis conducted to determine the relation between FOUR Score and outcome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relation between components of the FOUR Score and the outcome, and the value of area under the curve (AUC) of the FOUR Score to outcome was determined to measure discrimination of FOUR Score.Results. There is a significant correlation statistically between the value of the FOUR Score with the outcome (p <0.001). From all the components had been measured, the eye response (FOUR-E) and respiratory pattern (FOUR-R) had predictive value related to the outcome. AUC of the FOUR Score is 0,864 (95% CI 0,784-0,928). Inter-rater agreement between doctor and nurse shows a very good strength of agreement wtith κ = 0,836 (95% CI 0,786- 0,894), p <0,001.Conclusion. FOUR Score can accurately predict the outcome of patients with decreased of consciousness in the RSCM?s ER after 72 hours of treatment.]"

"Latar Belakang: Mortalitas pasien dengan kandidiasis invasif cukup tinggi berkisar 30 ndash; 70. Perbedaan angka mortalitas pada tiap tiap studi erat kaitannya dengan desain penelitian dan sampel penelitian. Data tentang profil dan faktor faktor yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas pada pasien sakit kritis dengan kandidiasis invasif yang ada di Indonesia belum ada. Tujuan: Memberikan informasi profil kandidiasis invasif pada pasien sakit kritis beserta faktor faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas tata laksana pasien sakit kritis dengan kandidiasis invasif. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional, mengumpulkan data dari rekam medis pada seratus dua pasien sakit kritis dengan diagnosa kandidiasis invasif. Pasien kandidiasis invasif adalah pasien dengan hasil kultur darah dan atau kultur cairan tubuh normal steril positif jamur spesies Candida. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data usia, spesies jamur candida penyebab infeksi, faktor risiko kandidiasis invasif, serta faktor faktor yang diduga berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas yaitu ada tidaknya kondisi sepsis, nilai APACHE, ada tidaknya kondisi gagal nafas, ada tidaknya gagal ginjal, waktu pemberian terapi antijamur, Charlson Index, dan tempat perawatan ICU atau Non ICU. Uji analisa bivariat dengan uji chi square dilakukan terhadap masing masing faktor yang diduga dengan mortalitas, yang dilanjutkan dengan uji multivariat regresi logistik untuk menilai faktor yang paling berhubungan terhadap mortalitas 30 hari. Hasil: Dari 102 sampel penelitian didapatkan laki laki 52,9 dan perempuan 47,1. Median usia 53 th. angka mortalitas 68,6. Spesies candida penyebab terbanyak adalah Candida Tropicalis 34,3 dan Candida Parapsilosis 29,4. Faktor risiko kandidiasis invasif terkait dengan penyakit dasar adalah sepsis 78,9. keganasan 42,15. diabetes melitus 29,4. sedangkan terkait terapi atau tata laksana yang diberikan adalah penggunaan antibiotik spektrum luas 99. kateter vena sentral 77,5. serta pemberian nutrisi parenteral 70,6. Dari uji multivariat regresi logistik diperoleh data faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas 30 hari adalah sepsis berat. 0,001, OR 7,7, IK95 2,4 ndash; 24,6. Charlson Index ge;. p 0,022, OR 3,5, IK95 1,2 ndash; 10,2. dan gagal nafas. 0,066, OR 2,7, IK95 0,9 ndash; 8,0. Simpulan: Pada pasien sakit kritis dengan kandidiasis invasif yang dirawat di RSCM laki laki lebih banyak dari perempuan, dengan median usia 53 tahun, dengan angka mortalitas 68,6. Spesies candida terbanyak penyebab infeksi adalah Candida Tropicalis dan Candida Parapsilosis. Faktor risiko kandidiasis invasif terkait penyakit dasar adalah sepsis, sedangkan terkait tata laksana perawatan yang terbanyak adalah penggunaan antibiotik spektrum luas. Sedangkan faktor faktor yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas 30 hari adalah kondisi sepsis berat, dan Charlson index ge;3.

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Background: Mortality rate candidiasis invasive is still high, approximately 30 70. Every study has. variety mortality rate depend on study design and sample. There is no data in Indonesia about profile and mortality factors analysis in critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive.

Objectives: To give information about candidiasis invasive profile and to evaluate some factors relate to 30 days mortality in critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.

Method: The Study design was Cross Sectional. We studied 102 hospitalized critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive. The demographic, clinical and laboratory data, the risk factors for candidiasis invasive and the outcome of each patient in 30 days were recorded. An analysis bivariate with chi square or Fisher's test was carried out to analyse some factors such as age 60 years old, severe sepsis, APACHE score 20, respiratory failure, renal failure, delayed antifungal treatment 72 hours after positive culture, Charlson index score, and ICU or Non ICU patients. The logistic regression of multivariate analysis was carried out to identify the most influence of all mortality factors.

Result; Among 102 identified sample, the majority was male 52.9. the median age was 53 years old and the mortality rate was 68,6. Laboratory candida findings came from blood sample candidemia 98,03. liquor cerebrospinal 1,5 and retina exudat 1,5. The most common candida species was Candida Non Albicans especially Candida Tropicalis 34,3 and Candida Parapsilosis 34,3. The risk factors for Candidiasis invasive from this study, relate to underlying disease were sepsis 78,9. malignancy 42,15. diabetes mellitus 29,4 and relate to therapy or treatment were the usage of broad spectrum antibiotic 99. catheter vena central 77,5. and parenteral nutrition 70,6. The result from multivariate analysis, severe sepsis. 0,001, OR 7,7, IK95 2,4 ndash 24,7. Charlson Index ge. p 0,022, OR 3,5, IK95 1,2 ndash 10,2. and respiratory failure. 0,066, OR 2,7 IK95 0,9 ndash 8,0 were independently asscociated with mortality.

Conclusion: Critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, male was predominan than female, median age was 53 years old, and mortality rate was 68,6. The two most species candida caused infection were Candida Tropicalis and Candida Parapsilosis. The most risk factors of candidiasis invasive from underlying disease was sepsis and the one from the treatment was the usage of broad spectrum antibiotic. Severe sepsis, and Charlson index ge. were associated with. 30 day mortality in critically ill patients with candidiasis invasive."

"Perawat perlu keterampilan berpikir kritis dalam melaksanakan asuhan keperawatan yang dapat ditingkatkan melalui supervisi model reflektif interaktif. Penelitian quasi experiment pre-post test with control group ini bertujuan membuktikan pengaruh supervisi model reflektif interaktif terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis 61 perawat pada kelompok intervensi di RS.Dr.H.M. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin dan didukung oleh 61 perawat pada kelompok kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen uji keterampilan berpikir kritis dengan validitas 0,160-0,488 (r 0,250) dan Cronbach's Alpha 0,745. Hasil membuktikan ada pengaruh supervisi terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis perawat dalam melaksanakan asuhan keperawatan (p 0,0001; α 0,05). Supervisi model reflektif interaktif dapat menjadi salah satu model supervisi dalam manajemen keperawatan ruang rawat.

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Nurses need critical thinking skills in performing nursing care that can be improved through an interactively reflective supervision model. Quasi experiment research with pre-post test control group aimed to prove the influence of interactively reflective supervision model of critical thinking skills of 61 nurses in the intervention group at inpatient unit Dr. H. M. Ansari Saleh Hospital and supported by 61 nurses in the control group. This study used critical thinking skills test instrument and validity was .160 to .488 (r 0,250) and Cronbach's Alpha 0.745. The results proved there was the influence of supervision on critical thinking skills of nurses in implementing nursing care (p 0.0001; α 0.05). Reflectively interactive of supervision model can be one model of supervision in the management of ward nursing."

"Latar Belakang: Anemia atau kadar hemoglobin yang menurun dari nilai normalnya merupakan permasalahan yang biasa terjadi pada pasien kritis di Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dan 61% pasien anemia membutuhkan ventilasi mekanik. Anemia dapat mengganggu kemampuan ventilasi selama proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi. Namun pengaruh dari kadar hemoglobin yang menurun ini masih belum jelas dan diperdebatkan oleh karena itu telaah sistematis ini dibuat untuk mengambil kesimpulan apakah kadar hemoglobin berpengaruh terhadap proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian yang tersedia.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek kadar hemoglobin terhadap proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik.Metode: Dengan menggunakan kata kunci spesifik, dilakukan pencarian artikel potensial secara komprehensif pada PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus dan Cochrane database dengan pembatasan waktu 2013 sampai dengan 2022. Protokol studi ini telah di registrasi di PROSPERO (CRD42022336646) pada tanggal 7 Agustus 2022.Hasil: Total 7 penelitian dengan 2.054 pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik memenuhi kriteria untuk penelitian ini dan dimasukkan dalam tinjauan sistematis. Setelah pemeriksaan database menyeluruh, dilaposkan satu studi tidak menemukan korelasi antara hemoglobin dan keberhasilan proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi. Enam penelitian menyatakan bahwa kadar hemoglobin berhubungan dengan keberhasilan proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien sakit kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kadar hemoglobin mempengaruhi proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien sakit kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Namun, diperlukan lebih banyak penelitian untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil tinjauan sistematis ini.Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyimpulkan kadar hemoglobin mempengaruhi proses penyapihan dan ekstubasi pada pasien kritis dengan ventilasi mekanik. Namun dibutuhkan penelitian yang lebih banyak untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil telaah sistematis ini.

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Background: Anemia or hemoglobin levels that decrease from average values ​​is a common problem in critical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, and 61% of anemic patients require mechanical ventilation. Anemia can impair ventilation ability during weaning and extubation. However, the effect of decreased hemoglobin levels is still unclear and debated; therefore, this systematic review was made to conclude whether hemoglobin levels affect weaning and extubation processes in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation based on available studies.

Objective: To determine the effect of hemoglobin levels on the process of weaning and extubation in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation.

Methods: Using specific keywords, a comprehensive search of potential articles was carried out on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases with a time limit of 2013 to 2022. This study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022336646) ) on August 7th, 2022.

Result: A total of 7 studies with 2,054 patients with mechanical ventilation met the criteria for this study and were included in a systematic review after a thorough database check. One study found no correlation between hemoglobin and the successful weaning and extubation process. Six studies stated that hemoglobin levels were associated with the success of the weaning and extubation process in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion: This study concludes that hemoglobin levels influence the weaning and extubation processes in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation. However, more research is needed to confirm the results of this systematic review."