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"Estuaries, which are rich in nutrient, act as a habitat to some aquatic lives, including mangroves. Human-induced activities such as dredging and shoreline development influence estuarine dynamics which includes mixing process. This will further affect estuarine salinity and adversely affect the aquatic life. A laboratory investigation was conducted in a flume to observe the mixing in a salt-wedge estuary. Three conditions were studied, i.e. mixing in ordinary estuary, mixing in an estuary with a presence of smaller deep channel and mixing in an estuary with a presence of resisting structures along the channel banks. Freshwater was run from one end of the channel, overflowing a weir at the other end, while salt water was introduced at the base of the weir and intruded upstream as gravity current. Mixing in open channel occurs in longitudinal, vertical and transverse directions. The spatial and temporal salt-water intrusions were studied where the mixing patterns were visualized using red dye tracer. To have better understanding on the mixing process, salinity patterns are studied through the plotted isohalines. The spatial and temporal salinity profiles in the flume are also studied through plotted graphs. The results show that salinity differences occurred due to the interfacial mixing between saline and freshwater"

"While most discoverability evaluation studies in the Library and Information Science field discuss the intersection of discovery layers and library systems, this book looks specifically at digital repositories, examining discoverability from the lenses of system structure, user searches, and external discovery avenues.Discoverability, the ease with which information can be found by a user, is the cornerstone of all successful digital information platforms. Yet, most digital repository practitioners and researchers lack a holistic and comprehensive understanding of how and where discoverability happens. This book brings together current understandings of user needs and behaviors and poses them alongside a deeper examination of digital repositories around the theme of discoverability. It examines discoverability in digital repositories from both user and system perspectives by exploring how users access content (including their search patterns and habits, need for digital content, effects of outreach, or integration with Wikipedia and other web-based tools) and how systems support or prevent discoverability through the structure or quality of metadata, system interfaces, exposure to search engines or lack thereof, and integration with library discovery tools.Discoverability in Digital Repositories will be particularly useful to digital repository managers, practitioners, and researchers, metadata librarians, systems librarians, and user studies, usability and user experience librarians. Additionally, and perhaps most prominently, this book is composed with the emerging practitioner in mind. Instructors and students in Library and Information Science and Information Management programs will benefit from this book that specifically addresses discoverability in digital repository systems and services."

"This book about more than just distances from electron density studies, modeling and analysis of hydrogen atoms, charge density methods in hydrogen bond studies. some main group chemical perceptions in the light of experimental charge density investigations. electronic structure and chemical properties of lithium organics seen through the glasses of charge density. bond orders in metal–metal interactions through electron density analysis, and on the nature of β-agostic interactions : a comparison between the molecular orbital and charge density picture."

"ABSTRACTThe combination of the coupled mode and normal mode theories has been used to formulaic the theoretical performance represented by the coupling length and crosstalk parameters of the X-cut APE-LN SDC fabricated using the benzoic acid as the proton source, where in this case the matrix effective refractive index (MERI) method is applied for solving the symmetric and antisymmetric propagation constants of the normal modes propagating in this device. The corresponding near field method has been used to experimentally determine its crosstalk. The actual performance of this device is characterized by comparing the theoretically calculated with the experimentally determined crosstalk parameters. A software computer program has been developed in order to numerically characterize the entire characteristic and performance of the SDC under study. For the SDC under study, the best crosstalk obtained at the operating wavelength lamda =1.3 micrometer is ~0.21 dB for the interaction length L = 6 mm and the gap separation g = 5 mm. Its coupling length is ~ 1.33 mm. The propagation constant of the corresponding individual single-mode X-cut APE-LN channel waveguide making up this SDC is beta = 10.37901 micrometer, and thereby its effective refractive index is N cπ= 2.14743330. It has been shown that the fabricated SDC is very lossy. It has been deduced that its bad performance predominantly caused by the side diffusion effect, corresponding to the fabrication problem, where in this case the substrate sample has been not coated first with the buffer layer when the deposition of substrate sample with the aluminum mask was to be performed in the fabrication stages. Moreover, in this case only the simple annealing has been performed. The successive annealing process in order to reduce the coupling loss has been not applied yet. Under the assumption that the fabrication tolerances are such that the practical devices with coupling loss below 0.25 dB are feasible, the fabricated SDC under study is a 3 dB coupler. "