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"Skripsi ini membahas tentang kepatuhan petugas yang baik dengan yang tidak baik terhadap perilaku dia dalam memberikan obat yang rasional atau tidak rasional pada anak balita dengan penyakit Pneumonia dan Diare. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa masih banyak petugas yang memberikan obat secara tidak rasional yaitu diatas 60 % dan disarankan untuk dibuatnya SOP dalam pemberian pengobatan yang sesuai dengan standart Rasionalitas Obat.

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This essay discusses the compliance officer the good with the bad for her behavior in delivering drugs rational or irrational in children under five with pneumonia and diarrhea diseases. This research is a quantitative study with cross-sectional design. The results stated that there are many officers who gave the drug is not rational is above 60% ​​and is recommended for SOP made ​​in the provision of treatment in accordance with the standard drug Rationality."

"Penggunaan obat secara rasional sangat penting dalam mencapai layanan kesehatan yang berkualitas. Penggunaan obat yang tidak rasional dapat menyebabkan berbagai dampak negatif, seperti peningkatan angka kematian dan kesakitan akibat penyakit, timbulnya efek samping obat, biaya yang tinggi, dan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Oleh karena itu, praktik Penggunaan Obat Rasional (POR) di Puskesmas diharapkan dapat membantu pasien menggunakan obat dengan efektif, efisien, dan aman. Kementerian Kesehatan RI menetapkan parameter Penggunaan Obat Rasional (POR) dengan mengacu pada prevalensi penyakit tertentu, seperti penyakit ISPA non-pneumonia dan diare non-spesifik. Parameter POR yang ditetapkan adalah batas penggunaan antibiotik untuk kasus ISPA dan diare adalah 20% dan 8%. Penggunaan antibiotik yang berlebihan terhadap kasus yang belum terkonfirmasi bakteri dapat meningkatkan resistensi antibiotik di masa depan. Hasil evaluasi penggunaan obat rasional di Puskesmas Kelurahan Kramat Jati 1 pada bulan April 2023 menghasilkan persentase penggunaan antibiotik untuk ISPA non-pneumonia dan diare non-spesifik masing- masing sebesar 5% dimana hasil ini memenuhi syarat keberterimaan penggunaan antibiotik <20% untuk ISPA non-pneumonia dan <8% untuk diare non spesifik.

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The rational use of drugs is essential to achieve quality healthcare services. Irrational drug use can lead to various negative impacts, such as increased mortality and morbidity rates due to diseases, the emergence of drug side effects, high costs, and bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the practice of Rational Drug Use (RDU) in Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) is expected to assist patients in using medications effectively, efficiently, and safely. The Indonesian Ministry of Health establishes parameters for Rational Drug Use (RDU) based on the prevalence of specific diseases, such as non-pneumonia acute respiratory infections (ISPA) and non-specific diarrhea. The set RDU parameters for ISPA and diarrhea cases are 20% and 8% of antibiotic use, respectively. Excessive antibiotic use for cases that have not been confirmed as bacterial infections can contribute to antibiotic resistance in the future. The evaluation result of rational drug use at Kelurahan Kramat Jati Community Health Care 1 in April 2023 shows that the percentage of antibiotic use for non-pneumonia ISPA and non-specific diarrhea is 5% each, meeting the acceptable criteria of antibiotic use <20% for non-pneumonia ISPA and <8% for non-specific diarrhea."

"Analysis on the Compliance Rate of Health Personnel towards the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness at DKI Jakarta Health Center Year 2001The Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia in collaboration with the World Health Organization, since 1997, has developed an approach in managing sick child under-five at the primary health services known as Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). Today, IMCI has been implemented in 26 provinces (of 30 provinces present) covering 128 districts/municipalities in Indonesia.The province of DKI Jakarta, using regional budget 2000, has started socializing the IMCI to 14 health centers in 5 regions of Jakarta. How is the compliance of health worker in implementing the IMCI has never been studied.The objective of this study is to have a outline information on factors related to the health worker's compliance towards IMCI implementation at HC in Jakarta. The study will use "cross-sectional" design with quantitative and qualitative approach and total sample of 23 IMCI-implement health workers. Data collection is conducted by direct observation to the health workers during sick child examination using a checklist. After the observation, the health workers will fill in a questionnaire. Some secondary data will also be collected using the checklist for Monitoring IMCI record and checklist for supporting facilities.The result of the study shows that of 23 IMCI-implement health workers in DKI Jakarta 21.72% comply with interval value 58.61% - 90.28%, with cut off point value 80. The Internal factors is proven to have significant correlation with health worker's compliance with p = 0.04. While the external factors is proven to have significant correlation with human resources/MMCI facilities with p = 0.02 and leader's commitment with p = 0.009.In conclusion, the compliance rate of HC personnel in DKI Jakarta towards IMCI has not adequate. It is suggested to the Provincial Health Services DKI Jakarta to provide a health policy in managing sick child under-five using IMCI approach and at the same time improving quality of its monitoring and supervision.Health Center needs to have a clear task description for each of their personnel and a continued monitoring/supervision. A reward system should also be considered. The Ministry of Health needs to review the IMCI Monitoring and Supervision Checklist also considers Cut of Point of IMCI compliance rate and finalizing the Essential Drug for IMCI."

"Penggunaan Obat Rasional (POR) merupakan salah satu langkah untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu. Parameter dalam Penggunaan Obat Rasional (POR) di sarana pelayanan kesehatan difokuskan pada prevalensi penyakit terbanyak di Indonesia, salah satunya yaitu ISPA non pneumonia dan diare non spesifik. Kemenkes memberikan indikator POR pada 2 diagnosis penyakit yaitu ISPA non pneumonia dengan batas toleransi penggunaan antibiotik sebesar 20% dan diare non spesifik sebesar 8%. Data diambil secara retrospektif berupa resep obat pasien sebanyak 25 pasien ISPA non pneumonia dan 20 pasien diare non spesifik yang terdapat pada Puskesmas Kelurahan Dukuh. Kerasionalan penggunaan obat menggunakan obat berdasarkan dengan indikasi pada penyakit ISPA non pneumonia dan diare non spesifik. Persentase penggunaan antibiotik pada ISPA non pneumonia sebesar 0% dengan nilai batas toleransi yang ditetapkan adalah ≤ 20% dan pada diare non spesifik sebesar 5% dengan nilai batas toleransi  penggunannya adalah ≤ 8%. Persentase capaian kinerja penggunaan obat rasional (POR) pada Puskesmas Kelurahan Dukuh adalah 78,94%, yang dapat disimpulkan bahwa telah memenuhi target POR Nasional yaitu lebih dari 60%.

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Rational Drug Use (RDU) is one step in getting quality health services. Parameters for Rational Drug Use (RDU) in health care facilities are focused on the prevalence of the most common diseases in Indonesia, one of which is non-pneumonic ARI and non-specific diarrhea. The Ministry of Health provides RDU indicators for 2 disease diagnoses, namely non-pneumonic ARI with a tolerance limit for antibiotic use of 20% and non-specific diarrhea of ​​8%. The data was taken retrospectively in the form of patient medication prescriptions for 25 non-pneumonia ARI patients and 20 non-specific diarrhea patients at the Dukuh Village Health Center. The rationale for using drugs is using drugs based on indications for non-pneumonia ARI and non-specific diarrhea. The percentage of antibiotic use in non-pneumonic ARI is 0% with a set tolerance limit value of ≤ 20% and in non-specific diarrhea it is 5% with a tolerance limit value of ≤ 8%. The percentage of rational drug use (RDU) performance achieved at the Dukuh Village Health Center is 78.94%, which can be concluded that it has met the National RDU target of more than 60%."

"Pneumonia merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian anak balita terbanyak di Indonesia. Prevalensi pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia lima tahun terakhir mengalami peningkatan yaitu 1,6% pada tahun 2013 menjadi 2% pada tahun 2018. Provinsi Jawa Barat merupakan provinsi dengan prevalensi pneumonia pada balita tertinggi keempat di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional menggunakan data sekunder Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2017. Variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah pneumonia pada balita usia 12-59 bulan. Sedangkan, variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah faktor lingkungan rumah, faktor karakteristik balita dan faktor ekonomi. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara indeks kepemilikan rendah (OR = 4,23; 95% CI: 1,72-10,41), tempat tinggal (OR = 3,70; 95% CI: 1,71-8,02) dan jenis dinding (OR = 4,84; 95% CI: 1,55-15,14) dengan pneumonia pada balita.

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Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of child mortality in Indonesia. The prevalence of pneumonia in children under five in the last five years has increased by 1,6% in 2013 to 2% in 2018. West Java Province is the fourth highest prevalence of pneumonia on children under five in Indonesia. The aim of the study was to analyze the factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in West Java Province. The study was conducted with a cross sectional design using secondary data on the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2017. Dependent variable of this study was pneumonia among children aged 12-59 months. Meanwhile, independent variables are house environment factors, children characteristic factors, and economic factors. The data analysis used in this study is Chi-Square test. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between low wealth index (OR = 4,23; 95% CI: 1,72-10,41), type of residence (OR = 3,70; 95% CI: 1,71-8,02), and type of wall (OR = 4,84; 95% CI: 1,55-15,14) with pneumonia on children under five years old. "

"Salah satu parameter derajat kesehatan suatu negara adalah kematian bayi dan balita. Dalam Setiap tahun terdapat 12 juta anak meninggal sebelum usia 5 tahun karena pneumonia, diare, malaria, campak, malnutrisi dan kombinasi dari penyakit tersebut. Untuk mencegah kematian tersebut terdapat cara efektif berupa perawatan anak yang menderita penyakit tersebut di fasilitas rawat jalan yaitu Manajemen Terpadu Balita Sakit (MTBS) yang dikembangkan oleh Departemen Kesehatan bekerjasama dengan WHO dan UNICEF. Setiap balita sakit harus dilakukan pendekatan MTBS. Pencapaian MTBS Kabupaten Kulon Progo 2011 55,6% dimana pencapaian cakupan MTBS merupakan gambaran kinerja petugas MTBS. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kinerja petugas MTBS. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Survei analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Hasil penelitan persentase kinerja baik dan kinerja kurang hampir sama. Variabel individu yang berhubungan dengan kinerja petugas MTBS adalah masa kerja dan motivasi, variabel organisasi yang berhubungan adalah kepemimpinan dan fasilitas. Saran bagi Dinas Kesehatan adalah meningkatkan pembinaan dan pengawasan melalui supervisi, bagi kepala Puskesmas untuk mendukung pelaksanaan MTBS dan bagi petugas MTBS untuk melaksanakan MTBS pada setiap kunjungan balita sakit.

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One of health degree parameter of country is infant mortality. For every year 12 milions of infant died before 5 years old due to pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles, malnutrition, and it?s combination. To preven of death, there is an affective way by treating infant in outpatient facility by Integrated Management Of Childhood Illness (MTBS) developed by Health Department in collaboration with WHO and UNICEF. Each of infant illness must be treated by MTBS approach. MTBS achievement of Kulon Progo Regency 2011 was 55,6% at which of it was description of MTBS officer performance.

This study aims to find out factors related to MTBS officer performance. It used analytic survey method by Cross Sectional approach.

Study result for percentage of good and poor performance is almost equal. Individual variabel related to MTBS officer performance is length of work and motivation, while related organization variable is leadership and facility.

Suggestion for Health Departemen is to improve development and monitoring by supervision, for head of Public Health Center to support MTBS implementation and for MTBS officer to apply MTBS to every childhood illness."

"Pneumonia merupakan masalah kesehatan utama balita, penyebab kematian kedua tertinggi di Indonesia diantara balita setelah diare. Tingkat kematian balita akibat pneumonia lebih tinggi di perdesaan dibanding perkotaan. Prevalensi pneumonia dan persentase period prevalence pneumonia di daerah perdesaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan daerah perkotaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor risiko terjadinya kejadian pneumonia pada balita di wilayah perdesaan Indonesia Tahun 2012. Desain studi cross sectional dengan menggunakan data SDKI 2012. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah karakteristik anak yang meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, berat badan lahir, pemberian ASI ekslusif, pemberian vitamin A, status imunisasi campak, status imunisasi DPT; karakterisk sosial dan ekonomi yang meliputi pendidikan ibu, status ekonomi; dan karakteristik lingkungan yang meliputi keberadaan perokok dalam rumah dan bahan bakar memasak. Sedangkan variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah pneumonia balita. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara usia PR=1,42-1,80, jenis kelamin PR=1,2, berat badan lahir PR=1,3, pemberian ASI ekslusif PR=1,85, status ekonomi PR=1,59-1,60 dan bahan bakar memasak PR=1,43.

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Pneumonia is a major health problem for children under five, It cause second death in Indonesia among under fives after diarrhea. The mortality rate of children under five due to pneumonia is higher in rural than urban areas. Prevalence of pneumonia and percentage of prevalence period of pneumonia in rural area is higher than urban area. This study aims to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of pneumonia in children in rural areas of Indonesia 2012. Designcross sectional study using data SDKI 2012. Independent variables in this study are the characteristics of children that include age, sex, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, vitamin A, measles immunization status, DPT immunization status Social and economic characteristics that include maternal education, economic status and environmental characteristics that include the presence of in house smokers and cooking fuels. While the dependent variable in this research is pneumonia among children under five years. The results child rsquo s age PR 1,42 1,80, sex PR 1,2, birth weight PR 1,3, exclusive breastfeeding PR 1,85, economic status PR 1,59 1,60 and cooking fuel PR 1,43 associated with pneumonia in children under five at rural area Indonesia."

"Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian kedua pada balita. Lima dari enam provinsi di Pulau Sulawesi memiliki period prevalence pneumonia balita di atas angka nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pneumonia pada anak balita di 5 Provinsi di Pulau Sulawesi pada tahun 2012. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi cross sectional dengan menggunakan data SDKI 2012. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah faktor pejamu yang meliputi umur anak balita, jenis kelamin, berat badan lahir, pemberian vitamin A, status imunisasi campak, status imunisasi DPT, dan faktor lingkungan yang berupa pendidikan ibu, tempat tinggal, bahan bakar memasak, keberadaan perokok yang merokok dalam rumah. Sedangkan variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah pneumonia pada anak balita. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa terdapat hubungan bermakna antara umur anak balita, status imunisasi DPT, pendidikan ibu, bahan bakar memasak, keberadaan perokok yang merokok dalam rumah dengan pneumonia pada anak balita.

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Pneumonia is the second cause of death in children. The prevalence of pneumonia in children in 5 provinces in Sulawesi is higher than those in the national level. The aim of this study was to describe its condition and factors associated with pneumonia in children under five years in 5 provinces in Sulawesi in 2012. The design of this study was cross sectional using Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 2012. Independent variable of this study was host factors consisting of child?s age, sex, birth weight, provision of vitamin A, measles immunization status, DTP immunization status, and environmental factors consisting of maternal education, type of residence, type of cooking fuel, in house smokes. Dependent variable of this study was pneumonia among children under five years. The result indicated that child?s age, DTP immunization status, maternal education, type of cooking fuel, and in house smokes associated with pneumonia in children under five years."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kualitas penatalaksanaan balita sakit dengan gejala pneumonia di puskesmas, Jawa Barat tahun 2012. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data evaluasi pelatihan MTBS tahap pretest dengan desain cross-sectional. Hasil menunjukkan kualitas penatalaksanaan rendah (9,3%). Terlihat dari rendahnya kepatuhan petugas dalam melakukan penilaian terhadap tanda dan gejala, kesesuaian petugas dalam menetapkan klasifikasi, kesesuaian petugas dalam memberikan pengobatan, serta kepatuhan petugas dalam memberikan konseling (2,6%; 7,9%; 5,6%; dan 1,3%). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kualitas penatalaksanaan balita sakit tersebut adalah tipe profesi dan pendidikan petugas kesehatan. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan kualitas penatalaksanaan balita sakit dengan gejala pneumonia masih rendah.

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This thesis aims to describe the quality of care for under-five ill children having pneumonia symptom in community health center in West Java, 2012. This study is conducted by using the evaluation study pre-test IMCI training data with cross sectional design. The result indicates that the quality of care for under-five children is still low. It is showed from the lack adherence of health worker assessing sign and symptom, the lack compatibility in classification and treatment, and the lack adherence of health worker giving the counseling (2,6%;7,9%; 5,6%; 1,3%). The determinants of quality of care for under-five are the type of profession and education of health workers. In conclusion, quality of care for underfive children is low and the determinants are type of profession and education of health worker."

"Pneumonia merupakan infeksi saluran pernapasan akut yang mengenai jaringan paru-paru (alveoli). Pneumonia di Indonesia masih menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kematian balita dan terus menempati posisi teratas penyebab kematian pada balita. Menurut Riskesdas tahun 2018, prevalensi pneumonia pada balita sebesar 4,8%. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua Barat, dan Papua yang berada di wilayah Indonesia Timur memiliki prevalensi pneumonia pada balita melebihi angka nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor (faktor lingkungan rumah, karakteristik balita, dan karakteristik ibu balita) yang berhubungan dengan gejala pneumonia pada balita di Wilayah Indonesia Timur. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2017 dengan sampel sebanyak 191 balita. Desain yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi gejala pneumonia pada balita di wilayah Indonesia Timur adalah sebesar 14,1%. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor lingkungan rumah, karakteristik balita, dan karakteristik ibu balita dengan gejala pneumonia pada balita. Terdapat 4 variabel yang memiliki risiko lebih tingi bagi balita untuk memiliki gejala pneumonia, yaitu jenis dinding (OR=1,64), status imunisasi (OR=1,83), pemberian vitamin A (OR=1,83), dan pendidikan ibu (OR=1,96).

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that affects the lung tissue (alveoli). Pneumonia in Indonesia is still one of the main causes of under-five deaths and continues to occupy the top position as the cause of under-five deaths. According to the 2018 Riskesdas, the prevalence of pneumonia in children under-five is 4.8%. The provinces of East Nusa Tenggara, West Papua and Papua, which are in the eastern part of Indonesia, have a prevalence of pneumonia in children under-five exceeding the national figure. This study aims to analyze the factors (home environment factors, characteristics of children under-five, and characteristics of mothers) that are associated with the symptoms of pneumonia in children under-five in Eastern Indonesia Region. The data used comes from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) with a sample of 191 children under-five. The design used is cross-sectional. The results showed that the proportion of pneumonia symptoms in children under-five in Eastern Indonesia was 14.1%. There is no significant relationship between home environmental factors, the characteristics of children under-five, and characteristics of mothers with pneumonia symptoms in children under-five. There are 4 variables that have a higher risk for children under-five to have pneumonia symptoms, namely the type of wall (OR=1.64), immunization status (OR=1.83), administration of vitamin A (OR=1.83), and mother's education (OR=1.96). "