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"Latar Belakang : MSG mempunyai sifat eksitotoksik yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan dan kematian sel neuron. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian MSG terhadap gambaran histologis serebrum neonatus tikus Sprague Dawley yang induknya terpapar MSG selama gestasi.Metode : Desain penelitian adalah eksperimental in vivo menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Subjek penelitian adalah 25 ekor tikus betina putih (Rattus novergicus) strain Sprague Dawley, dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 2 kelompok kontrol dan 3 kelompok perlakuan yang selama masa gestasi dicekok MSG dosis 1200 mg, 2400 mg dan 4800 mg/kg BB/hari via sonde lambung. Saat induk tikus melahirkan, neonatus diambil acak 1 neonatus dari 1 induk tikus, dibuat sajian histologi otak pewarnaan HE. Fotomikrograf dianalisis dengan Optilab Camera dan Image Raster. Paramater penelitian adalah ketebalan lapisan korteks serebri, persentase kerusakan neuron, kepadatan neuron dan jumlah jenis neuron normal di korteks serebri area sensorik primer.Hasil : MSG mampu menembus sawar darah plasenta dan sawar darah otak Pemberian MSG selama masa gestasi menyebabkan kecenderungan terjadinya penipisan lapisan korteks serebri, peningkatan persentase kerusakan neuron, kepadatan neuron, dan jumlah sel neuron imatur korteks serebri area sensorik primer yang bermakna pada dosis MSG 2400 mg/kg BB/hariKesimpulan : Pemberian MSG selama masa gestasi menyebabkan terjadinya penipisan lapisan korteks serebri, peningkatan persentase kerusakan neuron, kepadatan neuron dan jumlah sel neuron imatur korteks serebri area sensorik primer yang bermakna pada dosis MSG 2400 mg/kgBB/hari.

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Background: MSG as exocitotoxin caused neuronal damage and death. This research aims to investigate the influence of MSG on the histological structure of cerebrum in the neonatus of Sprague Dawley rats whose mothers exposed to MSG during gestational periode.Methods: This research is eksperimental investigation in vivo using completely randomaized design. The subject are 25 adult female Sprague Dawley rats, which are divided into 2 groups : 2 control groups and 3 treated groups which were given with MSG with the doses of 1200 mg, 2400 mg, and 4800 mg/kg bw/day in 4 ml aquadest. When the female rats got labour, one neonatus was taken randomly from its mother. The brain spesimen were isolated and stained with HE staining. Photomicrograph was taken with Optilab Camera and was analyzed by Image Raster for thickness of cerebral cortex layers, the percentage of neuronal damage, neuronal density, and number of normal neuron in the primary sensor area of cerebral cortex.Result: MSG was able to penetrate blood placenta barrier and blood brain barrier of neonatal rats. MSG caused the tendency of serebral cortex layers to become thinner, the increasing of neuronal damaged percentage, the increasing of neuronal density, and the increasing number of normal immature neuron(neuroblast) in the primary sensory area of cerebral cortex significantly with the doses of 2400 mg/kg bw/day.Conclusion: MSG caused the tendency of cerebral cortex layers to become thinner, the increasing of neuronal damaged percentage, the increasing of neuronal density, and the increasing number of normal immature neuron(neuroblast) in the primary sensory area of cerebral cortex significantly with the doses of 2400 mg/kg bw/day."

"Monosodium glutamat MSG digunakan secara luas dan tanpa takaran yang terkontrol sebagai penyedap makanan Konsumsi MSG selama kehamilan pada hewan coba menyebabkan berbagai gangguan pada janin salah satunya adalah sel otak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap gambaran histologis otak bagian korteks serebri pusat motorik tikus yang induknya mengonsumsi MSG selama kehamilan Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental dengan cara mengamati dan menghitung sel saraf normal pada area M1 korteks serebri neonatus tikus yang induknya diberikan MSG per oral selama gestasi Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 36 otak tikus yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok kontrol MSG 1200 mg kg BB MSG 2400 mg kg BB dan MSG 4800 mg kg BB Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pertambahan persentase sel sel saraf normal pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol Walaupun pertambahan ini tidak signifikan secara statistik pada kelompok MSG 1200 mg kg BB dan MSG 4800 mg kg BB uji one way Anova namun kelompok MSG 2400 mg kg BB mengalami pertambahan signifikan p.

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Monosodium glutamate MSG is widely used without any regulation or controlled doses in Indonesia MSG consumption during pregnancy on rat causes many defects on fetus especially brain neurons The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of MSG on the histology of motoric center on cerebral cortex of the rats This study design was experimental by observing and counting the normal neurons on M1 area of rat neonates rsquo cerebral cortex whose mother received MSG per oral during the gestation period This study used 36 rat brains which were divided into four groups control MSG 1200 mg kg BW MSG 2400 mg kg BW and MSG 4800 mg kg BW The result showed an increased percentage of normal neurons on MSG group compared to control group This increment is not significant statiscally on group MSG 1200 mg kg BW and 4800 mg kg BW Nevertheless on group who was given MSG 2400 mg kg BW there was a significant increased of normal neuron percentage p"

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonesensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan di ginjal dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histologis dan fungsi ginjal pada tikus jantan dewasa setelah pemberian MSG dan setelah penghentiannya. Sebanyak 27 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dewasa dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (diberi akuades), kelompok MSG 4 g/kg dan kelompok MSG 6 g/kg. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi 3 berdasarkan waktu mematikannya (hari ke-31, hari ke-45, dan hari ke-59). Sampel darah diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar urea dan kreatinin, serta ginjal untuk pemeriksaan histologis. Kelompok MSG 6 g/kg yang dimatikan pada hari ke-31 dan hari ke-45 menunjukkan kerusakan berupa edema glomerulus dan edema tubulus, dimana luas kerusakan pada kelompok yang dimatikan pada hari ke-45 lebih kecil daripada yang dimatikan pada hari ke-31 (p=0,046). Kadar urea dan kreatinin darah tidak berbeda antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan yang dimatikan pada hari yang sama. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian MSG pada dosis 6 g/kg menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal dengan adanya pemulihan setelah penghentian pemberian MSG selama 2-4 minggu, tetapi tidak menyebabkan perubahan fungsi ginjal.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is a nonessential amino acid, that may cause excitotoxicity. Since glutamate receptors were also found in the kidney, it is suggested that glutamate can cause kidney damage by a mechanism similar to excitotoxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the renal histological and functional changes in adult male rats after exposure of MSG and after termination of exposure. A total of 27 adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: 1 control group (given distilled water), 2 treatment groups (given 4 g/kg MSG or 6 g/kg MSG).

Treatment was given for 30 days by oral gavage. Each group was then devided into 3 smaller groups based on the day of sacrifice (31st, 45th, and 59th day). Urea and creatinine levels, as well as the kidney histological changes were examined in all groups. Rats in the group treated with 6 g/kg MSG sacrificed on day-31 and day-45 showed glomerular and tubular edema, with less extensive damage observed in the group that was sacrificed on day-45 (p=0.046). Blood urea and creatinine levels did not differ between groups sacrificed on the same day. Our results revealed that administration of 6 g/kg MSG caused kidney damage which recovered after 2-4 weeks of cessation, but did not cause any alteration in renal function."

"Latar Belakang : Monosodium glutamat (MSG) mengandung glutamat yang apabila terakumulasi akan mengakibatkan kerusakan berbagai sel dan organ, salah satunya adalah sel Leydig. Sel Leydig memiliki kemampuan regenerasi setelahmengalami kerusakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan regenerasi sel Leydig tikus dewasa yang rusak akibat pajanan MSG.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan 27 ekor tikus putih jantan strain Sprague Dawley usia 10-12 minggu yang dibagi menjadi 9 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol (K) diberikan aquadest 1,5 ml, kelompok PI diberikan MSG 4g/kgBB, dan kelompok PII diberikan MSG 6g/kgBB. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral selama 30 hari. Dari masing-masing perlakuan akan dibagi menjadi kelompok yangdimatikan 1 hari, 14 hari, dan 28 hari pasca perlakuan terakhir dihentikan. Testis kanan dan hipofisis dibuat sajian histologi menggunakan pewarnaan HE dan PAS. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah sel Leydig, sel berinti lonjong intersisial tubulus seminiferus, dan sel basofil adenohipofisis.Hasil : Peningkatan dosis MSG menyebabkan penurunan jumlah sel Leydig, serta peningkatan jumlah sel berinti lonjong intersisial tubulus seminiferus yang diduga merupakan sel progenitor Leydig. Pajanan MSG juga menyebabkanpenurunan jumlah sel basofil adenohipofisis. Setelah pajanan MSG dihentikan selama 14 hari dan 28 hari, tejadi peningkatan jumlah sel Leydig, penurunan jumlah sel berinti lonjong, dan peningkatan jumlah sel basofil.Kesimpulan : Sel leydig memiliki kemampuan regenerasi yang berlangsung antara 14 hingga 28 hari setelah penghentian pajanan MSG.

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Background : Monosodium glutamate (MSG) contains glutamate which if accumulated will result in damage to various cells and organs, one of which in the Leydig cells. Leydig cells had the ability to regenerate after damage. This study aims to investigate the Leydig cells regeneration of adult male rats after cessation

of MSG exposure. Methods: This study was performed on twenty-seven Sprague Dawley male rats (10-12 weeks old). They were divided into 9 groups. Control group (K) was given aquadest 1,5ml/day and two treated groups (PI and PII ) were given MSG 4g/kgBB and 6 g/kgBB. Treatment was given orally during 30 days. Each group

was then divided into three groups that were sacrificed 1 day, 14 days and 28 days after the last treatment. Histological preparations of the right testes and pituitary was studied using HE and PAS staining, respectively. The number of Leydig and oval nucleated cells of the seminiferous tubules interstitial as well as basophil cells of adenohypophysis were observed.

Result : Monosodium glutamate exposure caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of Leydig cells and an increase in the number of oval nucleated cells. It was suggested that the oval nucleated cells were leydig progenitor cells.

Monosodium glutamate exposure also caused a decrease in the number of basophil cells of adenohypophysis. After cessation of MSG for 14 and 28 day, there was an increase in the number of Leydig cells, a decrease in the number of

oval nucleated cells and an increase the number of basophil cells.

Conclusion : Leydig cells had the ability to regenerate and the regeneration took place between 14 and 28 days after cessation of MSG exposure."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan penyedap rasa makanan yang sangat sering digunakan. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MSG dalam dosis tinggi dapat bersifat neurotoksik/eksitotoksik bagi sel saraf di sistem saraf pusat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap pembentukan memori khususnya memori spasial dan pengaruh MSG terhadap selsel saraf di hipokampus mengingat area ini sangat berperan dalam proses pembentukan memori. Subjek penelitian adalah 25 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague Dawley (berusia 8-10 minggu, berat 150-200 gr) yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok (dua kelompok kontrol dan tiga kelompok perlakuan masing-masing mendapat MSG sebanyak 2 mg/gr, 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr yang diberikan secara oral selama 30 hari). Uji memori spasial dilakukan dengan menggunakan water-E maze, sebelum pemberian MSG dimulai dan setiap minggu hingga minggu ke-4 (dilakukan 5x pengujian). Setelah hari terakhir pemberian MSG, seluruh hewan coba dikorbankan. Jaringan otak diambil dengan hati-hati, segera difiksasi dalam cairan formalin untuk selanjutnya diwarnai dengan pewarnaan HE. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil uji memori dengan perangkat water-E maze menunjukkan adanya peningkatan jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh kelompok perlakuan dosis 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr serta peningkatan durasi waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh semua kelompok perlakuan untuk menyelesaikan uji memori yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol setelah pemakaian MSG selama 30 hari. Gambaran histologi hipokampus menunjukkan peningkatan persentase kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penggunaan MSG dalam dosis tinggi seperti yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus tikus dan menurunkan fungsi pembentukan memori spasial.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used as a flavor enhancer in modern nutrition. Recent studies have shown that high dose of MSG was neurotoxic/excitotoxic to neuronal cells in Central Nervous System. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of MSG on spatial memory formation and neuronal cells in hippocampus which play the role in forming memory. Twenty five male albino Sprague Dawley rats (age: 8-10 weeks, weight: 150-200 gr) were divided into five groups (two control groups and three treated groups with varying doses of MSG: 2mg/gr, 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr respectively received MSG dissolved in normal saline by oral gavage for a period of 30 days). To measure the spatial memory, the animals were exposed to the water-E maze before treatment and every week until the 4th week (5 times measurement). The rats were sacrified after the last day of MSG treatment. The brain was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde and then stained with HE staining. Result were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by a Post Hoc test. Water-E maze performance showed a significant increase in the number of errors in the 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr MSG treated groups and increase duration time to finish the spatial memory task in all treated groups compared to control groups after 30 days of MSG treatment. Histological structure of hippocampal showed significant increase in the percentage of neuronal cells damage. The study conclude that high dose of MSG at the doses administered was damaged neuronal cells in the rat's hippocampus and impaired the spatial memory formation."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) adalah garam natrium glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonessensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan peningkatan stres oksidatif di hati dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar MDA, GSH, dan aktivitas spesifik katalase sebagai penanda adanya stres oksidatif. Sebanyak 27 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dibagi dalam 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (diberi akuades), kelompok P1A (diberi MSG 4g/KgBB), dan kelompok P2A (diberi MSG 6g/KgBB). Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Pengambilan sampel hati dilakukan pada hari ke-31. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan kadar MDA pada kelompok perlakuan yang berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok kontrol, p≤0,05, tetapi pada kadar GSH terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, (p≥0,05). Aktivitas spesifik katalase, juga terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, p≥0,05. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pemberian MSG dengan dosis 4g/KgBB dan 6g/KgBB selama 30 hari menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan kadar MDA.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is a nonessential amino acid that may cause exicytotoxicity. There are allegations that glutamate could potentially increase an oxidative stress in the rat's liver by the same mechanism with exicytotoxicity because of glutamate receptors are also found in the liver.

This study aims to determine the effect of MSG on oxidative stress in the rat's liver. The level of MDA and GSH were measured as the marker of oxidative stress, and also specific activity of catalase. 27 albino rat's (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: control group (distilled water), and 2 treatment groups, P1A (treated with MSG 4g / KgBW), and P2A (treated with MSG 6g / KgBW). The treatment was carried out for 30 days. On day 31 the liver were collected after euthanasia of the rats.

The results showed there were increased levels of MDA in the treatment groups compare to control significantly, p≤0,05, but the decreased of GSH levels were not significantly different than the control group, (p≥0,05). The specific activity of catalase, also a decreasing but not significantly different compared to control group, p≥0,05.

This study showed that the administration of MSG with a dose of 4g / KgBW and 6g / KgBW for 30 days led to an increased in oxidative stress on the liver of rats (Rattus norvegicus) which is indicated by elevated levels of MDA."

"ABSTRAKDasar (Riset Kesehatan Dasar / Riskesdas) yang dilakukan oleh Departemen Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2010 melaporkan bahwa 17,9 persen (17,9%) dari anak-anak di Indonesia dengan usia di bawah 5 tahun memiliki masalah gizi buruk dan 14 persen ( 14%) di antara mereka memiliki masalah obesitas. Makanan sehari-hari diduga menjadi penyebab masalah gizi ini terutama penggunaan Monosodium L-glutamat (MSG) yang banyak digunakan sebagai aditif makanan dan zat untuk merangsang nafsu makan. Muncul beberapa pertanyaan tentang hubungan antara konsumsi MSG dan kenaikan berat badan dan hubungan antara efek neurotoksisitas MSG dengan kerusakan sel-sel saraf di otak. Dan apakah kerusakan sel-sel saraf di otak ini mengalami regenerasi atau menjadi persisten?Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan dampak dari MSG dalam berat badan dan perkembangan otak pada anak tikus dengan usia 7 dan 14 hari di mana ibu mereka diberi MSG selama hamil. Semua anak tikus juga diamati untuk perilaku mereka.Metode: Rancangan eksperimental in vivo dengan random sampling. Subyek adalah 25 tikus betina (Rattus novergicus) galur Sprague Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok (kelompok kontrol, grup pelarut dan 3 kelompok perlakuan MSG selama kehamilan dengan dosis 1200mg, 2400mg dan 4800mg/kg/day). Ketika tikus hamil melahirkan anaknya diamati sampai usia 7 dan 14 hari. Dua ekor anak tikus diambil secara acak dari tiap induk tikus lalu ditimbang berat badannya. Otak dari anak tikus diisolasi, ditimbang dan diwarnai dengan hematoxylin-eosin (HE) pewarnaan. Photomicrographs dari slide histologis diamati oleh optilab dan dianalisis dengan program Optic Raster. Parameter yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah penurunan berat badan, kerusakan sel-sel saraf dalam nukleus arkuata dan daerah paraventrikular dari hipotalamus dan perilaku anak tikus pada usia 7 dan 14 hari.Hasil: MSG dapat menembus blood plansental barrier dan blood brain barrier anak tikus pada usia 7 dan 14 hari ketika ibu mereka diberikan MSG selama hamil. Berat badan anak tikus usia 7 hari lebih rendah pada kelompok MSG dengan dosis 4800mg jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok pelarut 1200 mg dan 2400 mg. Namun peningkatan berat badan dengan pemberian MSG 4800 mg lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok MSG dosis 1200mg dan 2400mg. Pada anak tikus usia 14 hari, ditemukan kenaikan berat badan lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada kelompok MSG dengan dosis 4800mg dibandingkan dengan 1200mg dan 2400mg. Berat otak sedikit lebih rendah pada usia 7 dan 14 hari pada kelompok MSG 4800mg . Kerusakan sel saraf dalam nukleus arkuata dan di daerah paraventrikular dari hipotalamus secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok MSG 4800mg . Perubahan perilaku yang diamati pada anak tikus dengan kelompok MSG 4800mg pada usia 7 dan 14 hari terlihat jelas dibandingkan kelompok kontrol dan MSG 1200 mg dan 2400 mg.Kesimpulan: Asupan MSG selama kehamilan menyebabkan perubahan berat badan, berat otak dan kerusakan sel-sel saraf di daerah arkuata dan hipotalamus paraventrikular pada anak tikus dengan usia 7 dan 14.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Good Nutrition intake is the most important factor that determines the health status of our next generation. However the Basic Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Dasar / Riskesdas) conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2010 reported that 17.9 percent (17.9%) of the children in Indonesia with the age under 5 years old had the problem of malnutrition and 14 percent (14%) among them had the problem of obesity. Daily food was suggested to become a cause of malnutrition problem especially the use of Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) which is widely used as food additive and a substance to stimulate the appetite. There are some questions about the correlation of MSG consumption and weight gain and the correlation of neurotoxicity effect of MSG with the damage of neuronal cells in the brain. Another question is whether the damage of neuronal cells in the brain is persistent or not. This study was conducted to determine the effects of MSG in the weight gain and in the development of the brain in the rat pups with age of 7 and 14 days in which their mother were given the MSG during pregnancy. The rat pups were also observed for their behavior.

Methods: The experimental design was in vivo studies with randomized sampling. Subjects were 25 female rats (Rattus novergicus)of Sprague-Dawley strain which are divided into 5 groups (control group, solvent group and 3 MSG treatment groups during gestation given MSG in the dose of 1200mg/kgbw/day, 2400mg/kgbw/day and 4800mg/kgbw/day). Upon giving birth the pups were observed until the ages of 7 and 14 days. Two pups from each mother rat were taken randomly. The brain of the rat pups were isolated and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Photomicrographs of the histological slides were taken by optilab and were analyzed with Image Raster program. The parameters that were analyzed in this experiment were weight body loss, the damage of neuronal cells in the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular area of hypothalamus and the behavior of the pups at age of 7 and 14 days.

Results: High dose MSG penetrate the placental blood barrier and the blood brain barrier in the brain of rat pups with the age of 7 14 days when their mothers were administered with MSG during their pregnant. The body weights of pups with age of 7 days were lower in the MSG treated group with the dose of 4800mg than that in the control and solvent groups. However body weigh were higher in the MSG treated groups of 1200mg/kgbw/day and 2400mg/kgbw/day than those in the control and solvent groups. In the 14 days pups, the body weight were higher significantly in the MSG treated groups with the dose of 4800mg/kgbw/day compared to the 1200mg/kgbw/day and 2400mg/kgbw/day. The weight of the brain was slightly lower at the age of 7 and 14 days in the 4800mg MSG treated group. The neuronal cell damage in the arcuate nucleus and in the paraventricular area of hypothalamus was significantly higher in the 4800mg MSG treated group. The behavior changes were observed in the pups with the 4800mg MSG treated group at the age of 7 and 14 days.

Conclusion: Intake of MSG during gestation causes changes in body weight, brain weight and damage of neuronal cells in the arcuate and paraventricular area of hypothalamus in rat pups of the age of 7 and 14."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Monosodium glutamat merupakan penyedap makanan dan dipakai sebagai wahana/ pembawa vitamin A. MSG dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada nukleus hipotalamus, khususnya pada hewan muda. Beratnya kerusakan tergantung pada dosis dan umur, makin muda makin mudah terjadi kerusakan. MSG dapat melalui plasenta, dan hat ini kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan kelainan pada neonatus yang dilahirkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada kelainan histologik neuron hipotalamus neonatus tikus yang induknya diberi monosodium glutamat selama gestasi. 24 tikus putih betina dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, masing-masing 6 ekor, dan dikawinkan. Setelah ada tanda gestasi, masing-masing diberi MSG secara intubasi esofagus. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol, kelompok II diberi MSG 2400 mg/kgBB/hari, kelompok III 4800 mg dan kelompok IV 9600 mg. Semua neonatus yang dilahirkan setelah 5 hari kemudian dimatikan. Dibuat sediaan potong 5 melalui hipotalamus secara sari, masing-masing neonatus 24 sediaan dan di warnai HE; sel neuron hipotalamus sekitar ventrikel 3 dinilai secara kualitatif.Hasil dan kesimpulan: Pada kelompok I 34 ekor neonatus tikus dan kelompok II 31 ekor tidak ditemukan kelainan pada neuron hipotalamus. Kelompok III, 6 ekor tanpa kelainan dan 7 ekor memperlihatkan edema intraseluler. 30 ekor dari kelompok III, dan seluruhnya 34 ekor dari kelompok IV memperlihatkan edema intraseluler dan/atau inti sel neuron piknotik.MSG yang diberikan secara intubasi esofagus dengan dosis 2400 mg/kgBB/hari pada induk tikus selama gestasi tidak menimbulkan kerusakan pada neuron hipotalamus neonatus yang dilahirkan. MSG dengan dosis 4800 mg mengakibatkan kerusakan pada neuron hipotalamus dalam derajat yang berbeda, dan dosis 9600 mg menimbulkan kerusakan neuron hipotalamus pada semua neonatus.

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Scope and Method of Study: Monosodium glutamate MSG) is used as food additive and as a carrier for vitamin A fortification. It might induce lesions on the hypo-thalamic neuron, especially in infant animals, the incidence and severity varied according to the dosage and age. Young animals were more susceptible than old ones. MSG can be carried via placenta, therefore this may cause changes on newborn rats.

This study was carried out to indicate whether there are disturbances on hypothalamic neuron of newborn rats whose mothers were given MSG orally during gestation. 24 white female rats were divided into 4 groups. After gestation, MSG was given orally with intubations esophagus. The control group (group I), groups treated with 2400 mg/kgBW/day (group II), 4800 mg {group III) and 9600 mg (group IV). Five days after all the neonatus were born then killed, part of the hypothalamic were made. Serial sections were made and stained routinely with hematoxylin-eosin. Qualitative evaluation of neuronal damage of the nuclei in the hypothalamic region around the third ventricle were carried out.

Findings and Conclusions: In the control group (34 litters) and group II (31 litters) no histological abnormalities on the hypothalamic neuron were found. In group III, 6 showed no abnormalities and 7 showed intracellular edema. 30 litters of group III and all 34 of group IV showed intracellular edema and pycnotic neuronal nuclei.

MSG given orally in dosage of 2400 mg/kgBW/day to female rats during gestation produce healthy litters which showed no histological damage to neuronal cells in the hypothalamic region. However, with a dosage of 4800 mg/kgBW/day and 9600 mg/kgBW/day damage was seen at variable degrees in neuronal cells in the hypothalamic region."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonesensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif di hati dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pemulihan kerusakan oksidatif hati tikus setelah pemberian MSG dihentikan. Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dewasa dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kontrol (akuades), kelompok MSG 4 g/kg dan 6 g/kg. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi 2 berdasarkan waktu mematikannya (hari ke-45, dan hari ke-59). Organ hati diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar MDA, GSH dan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase. Kadar MDA meskipun tidak berbeda bermakna pada semua kelompok tetapi cenderung menurun, kadar GSH meningkat dan berbeda bermakna (p=0,017), aktifitas spesifik katalase menurun dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,012). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar MDA, GSH, dan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada jaringan hati tikus setelah penghentian pemberian MSG. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pasca penghentian pemberian MSG dengan dosis 4 gr/kg BB dan 6 gr/kg BB selama 14 dan 28 hari dapat menyebabkan penurunan kadar MDA, peningkatan kadar GSH, dan penurunan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase jaringan hati tikus. Hal ini mengindikasikan telah terjadi pemulihan kerusakan oksidatif akibat penghentian total pemberian MSG.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt which is can be excitotoxic. Glutamate could potentially cause oxidative damage in the liver by excitotoxicity because glutamate receptors are also found in the liver. This study aims to investigate the oxidative damage recovery rat liver after administration of MSG is stopped. A total of 30 adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: control (distilled water), MSG 4 g / kg and the last group MSG 6 g / kg. The treatment is given through a sonde for 30 days. Each group was further divided into two by sacrivised time as follow, day 45, and day 59. The liver was taken for measurement of MDA, GSH levels and the specific activity of catalase. MDA levels although not significantly different in all groups but tend to decline. Different levels of GSH increased significantly (p = 0.017) during recovery, the specific activity of catalase were decline (p=0.012). There was no correlation between MDA, GSH, and specific activity of catalase in the liver after cessation of MSG. This study shows that cessation administration of that certain doses of MSG can lead to decreased levels of MDA, GSH levels, and a decrease in the specific activity of catalase rat liver tissue. This indicates that there was a recovery process of oxidative damage as a result of the cessation of administration of MSG."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk proses modifikasi bentonit alam Tapanuli menjadi organobentonit dengan cara menginterkalasi bentonit menggunakan monosodium glutamat yang berasal dari penyedap masakan. Peningkatan kandungan montmorillonit dilakukan dengan proses fraksinasi-sedimentasi pada suspensi bentonit. Monmorillonit yang diperoleh, diseragamkan kation penyeimbangnya dengan ion Na+ menjadi Na-Bentonit. Selanjutnya penentuan nilai Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK) dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode memakai senyawa kompleks [Cu(en)22+], dan diperoleh nilai KTK sebesar 46,74 mek/100g bentonit. Sintesis organobentonit dilakukan dengan menambahkan larutan monosodium glutamat pada pH 3,22 yaitu pH pada titik isoelektrik asam glutamat agar terbentuk muatan positif pada gugus amina monosodium glutamat (-NH3+), yang dapat berinteraksi dengan muatan negatif pada permukaan antarlapis bentonit. Hasil proses interkalasi diuji dengan menggunakan XRD dan FTIR. Organobentonit yang diperoleh diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi logam berat ion kadmium dan timbal. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa walaupun tidak terjadi perbedaan yang signifikan, organobentonit 2 KTK memiliki daya adsorpsi lebih baik dibandingkan dengan 1 KTK dan bentonit alam. Adsorpsi terhadap ion Pb relatif lebih baik daripada ion Cd.

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This study is to intercalate a Natural clay of Tapanuli using monosodium glutamate sourced from food flavoring. Prior to intercalation of bentonit, the clay was purified through a sedimentation process in order to obtain clay with high content of montmorilonite. The cation on the monmorillonite fraction then was converted into Na-Monmorillonite by adding NaCl solution. Furthermore, the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Na-Monmorillonite was determined using [Cu(en)22+] complex, and was obtained to be 46.74 meq/100g.

Organoclay synthesis was prepared by adding equivalent amount of monosodium glutamate solution at the isoelectric point of glutamate acid at pH 3.22. The isoeletric point was choosen in order to form a positive charge on monosodium glutamate (-NH3+) that can interact with negative charge on the surface of the clay interlayer. The presence of intercalated glutamate in the bentonite interlayer was performed using XRD and FTIR spectrometry. The intercalated bentonite (organoclay) was applied to absorb cadmium and lead ions.

The result showed that the organoclay 2 CEC has the better adsorption capacity compared to the 1 CEC and natural clay eventhough not different significantly. Clay absorption capacity of cadmium and lead ions are not much different, but the organobentonite the absorption capacity of lead is higher than the absorption capacity of cadmium."