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"Dalam suatu hubungan kerja terjadinya Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja adalah hal yang wajar untuk terjadi. Pengusaha dalam menjalankan usahanya berhak melakukan hal-hal yang dianggap perlu untuk kemajuan usahanya, seperti misalnya penambahan modal, penggabungan usaha, penyusutan karyawan, termasuk Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja. Pengusaha dalam melakukan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja harus memperhatikan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dan mematuhi prosedur yang ada. Apabila pengusaha sampai melakukan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja yang tidak sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku, baik peraturan tertulis maupun tidak tertulis, maka pengusaha dapat dikatakan telah melakukan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum. Apabila hal ini sampai terjadi maka pekerja/buruh dapat mengajukan gugatan atas Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan pekerja/buruh dapat menuntut ganti rugi. Untuk menentukan apakah suatu Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja merupakan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum harus memenuhi kriteria dan unsur Perbuatan Melawan Hukum yang ada. Apabila terbukti, maka pelaku dapat diwajibkan membayar ganti kerugian. Dalam putusan no. 039/PDT.G/2003/PN.JKT.BAR). Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja yang dilakukan oleh Tergugat telah memenuhi kriteria dan unsur Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, dan hakim memenangkan Penggugat dan menyatakan Para Tergugat telah melakukan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum. Dengan adanya pembahasan skripsi ini diharapkan pembaca dapat lebih mengerti mengenai Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan penyelesaian suatu gugatan atas dasar Perbuatan Melawan Hukum."

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas mengenai perbuatan melawan hukum pada pemutusan hubungan kerja terhadap pekerja. Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan oleh pengusaha dalam melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja seperti larangan dan prosedurnya, apabila dilanggar maka dikategorikan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum dan bagi pekerja yang dirugikan dapat melakukan gugatan ganti rugi berdasarkan undang-undang ke Pengadilan Negeri. Tulisan ini dibuat dengan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan memasukan perbuatan melawan hukum dalam Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan, meningkatkan pengawasan pemerintah serta memberikan sanksi maksimal terhadap perbuatan melawan hukum pada pemutusan hubungan kerja.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the deeds against law of dismissal of job of the workers. There is a view thing the entrepreneur had to concern within dismissal of job for example like the prohibition and the procedure, the infraction will be categorized as unlawful act and the victim can claim the compensation based on The Constitution to the district court. This thesis uses the method of literature research that is normative juridical. The researcher suggests unlawful act things in Labor Law, increase government supervision and providing maximum sanction against an unlawful act on the termination of employment"

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pembatalan perjanjian secara sepihak yang dilihat dari sudut pandang perbuatan melawan hukum. Melihat bagaimana terjadinya pembatalan perjanjian secara sepihak dapat diajukan gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum atau wanprestasi, serta konsistensi hakim dalam memeriksa perkara tersebut dengan gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum. Bentuk metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian doktrinal, dengan menafsirakan dan menganalisis berdasarkan pada asas-asas hukum dan sumber hukum tertulis. Dalam tulisan ini akan menganalisis putusan-putusan pengadilan terdahulu yang mendasari sikap Mahkamah Agung dalam Yurisprudensi 4/Yur/Pdt/2018, yang menyatakan bahwa pembatalan perjanjian secara sepihak yang termasuk dalam perbuatan melawan hukum. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga melihat pertimbangan hakim pada putusan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap pada tahun 2020-2021, bahwa hakim dalam pertimbangannya memandang pembatalan perjanjian secara termasuk sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum dengan melihat terlebih dahulu hubungan hukum yang terjadi diantara para pihak dan pemenuhan unsur-unsur perbuatan melawan hukum, yang tercantum dalam Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata. Suatu perjanjian yang telah sah dan mengikat para pihak, yang dikemudian hari dibatalkan secara sepihak oleh salah satu pihak dalam perjanjian, maka telah melawan hukum yang menimbulkan kerugian atas perbuatan itu.

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This thesis discusses the unilateral cancellation of agreements from the perspective of unlawful acts. It examines how the unilateral cancellation of agreements can be challenged through a lawsuit for unlawful acts or breach of contract, as well as the consistency of judges in examining such cases with lawsuits for unlawful acts. The research method used is doctrinal research, interpreting and analyzing based on legal principles and written legal sources. This paper will analyze previous court decisions that underlie the Supreme Court's stance in Jurisprudence 4/Yur/Pdt/2018, which states that unilateral cancellation of agreements is considered an unlawful act. In addition, this paper also examines the considerations of judges in legally binding decisions in 2020-2021, where judges consider the unilateral cancellation of agreements as an unlawful act by first examining the legal relationship between the parties and the fulfillment of the elements of unlawful acts, as stated in Article 1365 of the Civil Code. An agreement that is valid and binding for the parties, which is unilaterally canceled by one party, is considered an unlawful act that causes harm."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini meneliti dan mengkaji pembatalan perjanjian secara sepihak yang dilakukan dengan tidak berdasarkan pada itikad baik. Itikad baik adalah salah satu asas klasik dalam hukum perjanjian yang terkandung pula dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. Asas itikad baik harus diterapkan sejak tahap prakontraktual sampai dengan pascakontraktual. Di dalam tahap prakontraktual, kedua belah pihak memiliki kewajiban untuk menjelaskan dan meneliti fakta material yang terkait dengan pembuatan perjanjian. Dalam hal suatu ketiadaan itikad baik pada tahap pembuatan perjanjian telah membawa para pihaknya dalam suatu hubungan kontraktual yang diikat dengan perjanjian, maka jelas bahwa dikemudian hari perjanjian tersebut senantiasa dapat dibatalkan. Kecakapan bertindak seseorang dalam suatu perjanjian adalah hal yang harus diteliti sebelum ditandatanganinya suatu perjanjian. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian hukum yang mengacu kepada kaidah-kaidah atau norma-norma hukum yang terdapat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Pelanggaran asas itikad baik dalam tahap pembuatan perjanjian menjadi suatu hal yang sulit untuk dibuktikan, oleh karena itu dibutuhkan suatu peraturan yang tegas untuk mewajibkan pihak-pihak dalam perjanjian untuk menjelaskan dan meneliti fakta material yang terkait dengan perjanjian. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar terpenuhinya syarat sah perjanjian sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Pemutusan perjanjian secara sepihak yang memenuhi unsur perbuatan melawan hukum diharapkan dapat menciptakan kekonsistenan hakim dalam menerapkan hukum. Hal ini agar tercipta kejelasan dan kepastian hukum bagi para pihak yang terlibat dalam suatu perjanjian agar selalu beritikad baik dalam menjalankan suatu perjanjian baik dalam tahap prakontrak, pelaksanaan kontrak maupun pascakontrak.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis examines and assesses unilateral termination of the agreement which is not based on good faith. Good faith is one of the classic principles of contract law also contained in Indonesian Civil Code. The principle of good faith should be applied since pre-contractual phase until post-contractual. In the pre-contractual phase, both parties have an obligation to explain and examine the material facts related to the making of the agreement. In the case of an absence of good faith in the pre-contractual phase has brought the party in an contractual relationship which bound to the agreement, then obviously that the agreement in the future can always be canceled. The ability of a person in an agreement is something that should be examined before signing of the agreement. This type of research is normative juridical, which refers to the rules or norms of law contained in regulations. Violation of the principle of good faith in the process of making the agreement becomes a difficult thing to prove, and therefore required a strict regulation to require the parties to the agreement to explain and examine the material facts relating to the agreement. This meant that the conditions are met the legitimate agreement as provided for in article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Unilateral termination of the agreement which meets the elements of the tort is expected to create the consistency of judges in applying the law. It is to create the clarity and legal certainty for the parties involved in an agreement to always have a good faith in carrying out an agreement in the pre- contract phase, contractual phase and post-contract phase.;This thesis examines and assesses unilateral termination of the agreement which is not based on good faith. Good faith is one of the classic principles of contract law also contained in Indonesian Civil Code. The principle of good faith should be applied since pre-contractual phase until post-contractual. In the pre-contractual phase, both parties have an obligation to explain and examine the material facts related to the making of the agreement. In the case of an absence of good faith in the pre-contractual phase has brought the party in an contractual relationship which bound to the agreement, then obviously that the agreement in the future can always be canceled. The ability of a person in an agreement is something that should be examined before signing of the agreement. This type of research is normative juridical, which refers to the rules or norms of law contained in regulations. Violation of the principle of good faith in the process of making the agreement becomes a difficult thing to prove, and therefore required a strict regulation to require the parties to the agreement to explain and examine the material facts relating to the agreement. This meant that the conditions are met the legitimate agreement as provided for in article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Unilateral termination of the agreement which meets the elements of the tort is expected to create the consistency of judges in applying the law. It is to create the clarity and legal certainty for the parties involved in an agreement to always have a good faith in carrying out an agreement in the pre- contract phase, contractual phase and post-contract phase.;This thesis examines and assesses unilateral termination of the agreement which is not based on good faith. Good faith is one of the classic principles of contract law also contained in Indonesian Civil Code. The principle of good faith should be applied since pre-contractual phase until post-contractual. In the pre-contractual phase, both parties have an obligation to explain and examine the material facts related to the making of the agreement. In the case of an absence of good faith in the pre-contractual phase has brought the party in an contractual relationship which bound to the agreement, then obviously that the agreement in the future can always be canceled. The ability of a person in an agreement is something that should be examined before signing of the agreement. This type of research is normative juridical, which refers to the rules or norms of law contained in regulations. Violation of the principle of good faith in the process of making the agreement becomes a difficult thing to prove, and therefore required a strict regulation to require the parties to the agreement to explain and examine the material facts relating to the agreement. This meant that the conditions are met the legitimate agreement as provided for in article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Unilateral termination of the agreement which meets the elements of the tort is expected to create the consistency of judges in applying the law. It is to create the clarity and legal certainty for the parties involved in an agreement to always have a good faith in carrying out an agreement in the pre- contract phase, contractual phase and post-contract phase.;This thesis examines and assesses unilateral termination of the agreement which is not based on good faith. Good faith is one of the classic principles of contract law also contained in Indonesian Civil Code. The principle of good faith should be applied since pre-contractual phase until post-contractual. In the pre-contractual phase, both parties have an obligation to explain and examine the material facts related to the making of the agreement. In the case of an absence of good faith in the pre-contractual phase has brought the party in an contractual relationship which bound to the agreement, then obviously that the agreement in the future can always be canceled. The ability of a person in an agreement is something that should be examined before signing of the agreement. This type of research is normative juridical, which refers to the rules or norms of law contained in regulations. Violation of the principle of good faith in the process of making the agreement becomes a difficult thing to prove, and therefore required a strict regulation to require the parties to the agreement to explain and examine the material facts relating to the agreement. This meant that the conditions are met the legitimate agreement as provided for in article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Unilateral termination of the agreement which meets the elements of the tort is expected to create the consistency of judges in applying the law. It is to create the clarity and legal certainty for the parties involved in an agreement to always have a good faith in carrying out an agreement in the pre- contract phase, contractual phase and post-contract phase., This thesis examines and assesses unilateral termination of the agreement which is not based on good faith. Good faith is one of the classic principles of contract law also contained in Indonesian Civil Code. The principle of good faith should be applied since pre-contractual phase until post-contractual. In the pre-contractual phase, both parties have an obligation to explain and examine the material facts related to the making of the agreement. In the case of an absence of good faith in the pre-contractual phase has brought the party in an contractual relationship which bound to the agreement, then obviously that the agreement in the future can always be canceled. The ability of a person in an agreement is something that should be examined before signing of the agreement. This type of research is normative juridical, which refers to the rules or norms of law contained in regulations. Violation of the principle of good faith in the process of making the agreement becomes a difficult thing to prove, and therefore required a strict regulation to require the parties to the agreement to explain and examine the material facts relating to the agreement. This meant that the conditions are met the legitimate agreement as provided for in article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Unilateral termination of the agreement which meets the elements of the tort is expected to create the consistency of judges in applying the law. It is to create the clarity and legal certainty for the parties involved in an agreement to always have a good faith in carrying out an agreement in the pre- contract phase, contractual phase and post-contract phase.]"

"Perjanjian kerja dibuat untuk memperjelas hak dan kewajiban masing-masing pihak, yaitu pekerja dan pengusaha. Dalam hal ini, perjanjian kerja harus memuat unsur-unsur yang menyeimbangkan kepentingan para pihak. Faktanya saat ini, terdapat perusahaan yang mencantumkan klausula dalam perjanjian kerja yang tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, seperti halnya klausula pemutusan hubungan kerja secara sepihak (PHK) dalam perjanjian kerja waktu tertentu (PKWT) tanpa ganti rugi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah “law as it is written in the books” yaitu penelitian didasari dari pandangan bahwa hukum adalah norma-norma positif di dalam sistem perundang-undangan hukum nasional. Jenis metode penelitian adalah yuridis normatif sebagai suatu proses menemukan suatu aturan hukum untuk menjawab permasalahan hukum yang dihadapi. Sifat penelitian adalah deskriptif analitis dengan menggunakan metode analisis data kualitatif yaitu analisis yang dilakukan atas dasar pengumpulan data yang sistematis dan menyeluruh untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang penelitian yang akan diteliti, serta dengan menggunakan jenis data sekunder. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dapat diperoleh informasi bahwa adanya klausula PHK sepihak tanpa ganti rugi dalam PKWT pada PT. X menyebabkan PKWT tersebut batal demi hukum. Perlindungan hukum belum diberikan kepada pekerja yang dalam hal ini perlu adanya perlindungan hukum yang bersifat preventif dan represif. Pengawasan ketenagakerjaan terhadap pencatatan PKWT yang tidak sesuai ketentuan perundang-undangan juga masih belum optimal. Hal ini diperlukan untuk menghilangkan pelanggaran norma kerja agar proses hubungan kerja dapat berjalan dengan harmonis.

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Employment agreements are made to clarify the rights and obligations of each party, namely workers and employers. In this case, the work agreement must contain elements that balance the interests of the parties. The fact is that currently, there are companies that include clauses in work agreements that are not in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, such as the clause on unilateral termination of employment (PHK) in a certain time work agreement (PKWT) without compensation. The research method used is "law as it is written in the books", namely research based on the view that law is positive norms in the national legal system of legislation. While the type of research method is normative juridical as a process of finding a legal rule to answer the legal problems faced. The nature of the research is descriptive analytical using qualitative data analysis methods, namely the analysis carried out on the basis of systematic and comprehensive data collection to obtain an overview of the research to be studied, as well as by using secondary data types. Based on the results of the analysis, information can be obtained that there is a unilateral termination clause without compensation in the PKWT at PT. X caused the PKWT to be null and void. Legal protection has not been given to workers, which in this case needs preventive and repressive legal protection. Labor supervision of PKWT records that are not in accordance with statutory provisions are also still not optimal. This is necessary to eliminate violations of work norms so that the work relationship process can run harmoniously."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang perlindungan konsumen terhadap pemakaian klausula baku yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha yang ada dalam putusan No. 15/Pdt.G/2015/PN.SBY antara PT. Exertainment Indonesia sebagai pelaku usaha melawan Rachmat Suharto alias Steven Roy sebagai konsumen. Dalam penelitian ini akan difokuskan pada pasal 18 ayat (1) huruf f dan g Undang-Undang No. 8 tahun 1999. Penulis memfokuskan pada masalah tentang pengaturan perjanjian keanggotaan klub kebugaran ditinjau dari pasal 18 ayat (1) huruf f dan g berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, penegakan hukumnya dari pelanggaran pasal di atas, dan penerapan hukumnya dalam putusan diatas. Penulisan skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan bahan pustaka atau data sekunder, yang mungkin mencakup bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Menggunakan analisis data secara kualitatif. Dalam skripsi disimpulan bahwa terdapat pelanggaran prinsip kebebasan berkontrak dalam perjanjian anggota PT. Exertainment Indonesia Trade Name ? Celebrity Fitness, penegakan hukum dari pasal 18 ayat (1) huruf f dan g Undang-Undang No. 8 tahun 1999 sudah tepat, dan penerapan hukum pada putusan tersebut sudah tepat dan sesuai dengan Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Penulis memberikan saran, yaitu pelaku usaha seharusnya lebih cermat dalam membuat klausula dalam perjanjian baku agar tidak merugikan dirinya dan membuat adanya potensi gugatan konsumen dan konsumen seharusnya dapat lebih teliti dalam menyetujui perjanjian yang ditandangani sehingga mengetahui hak dan kewajibanya secara lengkap.

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Thesis discussed on consumer protection against discharging standard clauses done for business operators that is in a verdict no. 15 / pdt.g / 2015 /PN.SBY between PT. Exertainment Indonesia as business players against Rachmat Suharto alias Steven Roy as consumer. In this research will be focused on article 18 paragraph (1) letter f and g the act of no. 8 1999. Writer wil be focused on the issue of the club arrangement membership fitness in terms of article 18 paragraph 1 of letters f and gthe law number 8 years 1999 about consumer protection, maintain the law from a violation of article above , and application of its laws in a verdict above . This thesis was used in the research methodology normative law with a material literature or secondary data , that might include material primary law , secondary , and tertiary. Using data analysis qualitatively. In a thesis can be taken in the conclusion that of a breach the principle of freedom of contract in the agreement on a member of PT. Exertainment indonesia trade name - Celebrity Fitness, law enforcement of article 18 paragraph 1 of the act of letters f and g no. 8 1999 was accurate, and application of the law on the ruling was correct and in according to the act no. 8 years 1999 on consumer protection. The author also provided advice , namely business doers should be more careful in making standard clauses so as not harming himself and make the potential for a lawsuit of consumers and consumers should be more meticulous in approving the treaty so that by knowing the rights and duties in a complete manner."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pembatalan perjanjian yang dilakukan secara sepihak dengan studi kasus putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 2583/K/PDT/2013, mengenai pembatalan perjanjian sewa menyewa secara sepihak atas tanah milik negara yang terletak di Kompleks Kali Besar Timur No. 31, Jakata barat. Penelitian ini membahas dua permasalahan utama. Pertama, apakah pembatalan perjanjian dapat digugat sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum meskipun terdapat hubungan kontraktual diantara kedua belah pihak. Kedua, pelaksaanan putusan hakim terkait dengan kasus pembatalan perjanjian yang dilakukan secara sepihak tersebut. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, yaitu penelitian yang mengacu kepada hukum positif atau norma hukum tertulis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembatalan perjanjian harus memperhatikan ketentuan dalam Pasal 1338 KUHPerdata dan Pasal 1266 KUHPerdata, yaitu harus dengan itikad baik dan dimintakan kepada hakim pengadilan negeri. Sehingga tindakan pembatalan perjanjian yang dilakukan secara sepihak dapat digugat atas dasar perbuatan melawan hukum meskipun terdapat hubungan kontraktual diantara kedua belah pihak. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa putusan hakim terkait dengan pembatalan perjanjian secara sepihak telah tepat tetapi dasar pertimbangan dan amar putusannya kurang sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

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The researched focused on the termination of an agreement made by unilaterally with the case study of the supreme court's decision No. 2583/K/PDT/2013 regarding the termination of a lease agreement made by one party involved for a state owned land which located in Kompleks Kali Besar Timur No. 31, West Java. This research would focus on two main issues. First, whether a lawsuit could be made regarding the termination of the said agreement as an act of tort despite the contractual terms between both parties. Second, the implementation of the supreme court's decision regarding that said termination. This research used judicial-normative method that refers to positive law or written norms law.

The research showed that, termination of an agreement has to be made in accordance to Article 1338 KUHPerdata and Article 1266 KUHPerdata, which is made with the best interest of parties involved and appealed to the district court's judge. So that a lawsuit can be made for that kind of termination. This research also showed that the supreme court's judge decision regarding said termination has been right, although there's some fallacy in the injuction and consideration made by the judges."