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"Tulisan ini berusaha menggambarkan kondisi kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat yang dilakukan oleh Presidennya yaitu George W. Bush. Kebijakan yang dilakukannya melahirkan kontroversi baik di dalam negeri maupun di lingkungan ekstenalnya. Meskipun demikian Presiden Amerika Serikat melakukan kebijakan luar negerinya dengan faktor-faktor yang dianggapnya sangat determinan. faktor-faktor yang mempengarubjn kebijakan tersebut di antaranya adalah keamanan nasionai, ekonomi dan politik. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa sebelumnya kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat pada waktu perang teluk pertama di masa pemerintahan George Bush Senior selalu mengedepankan multilateralisme. Namun sebelum peristiwa 11 September 2001 unilateralisme Amerika Serikat lebih berorientasi ke dalam, yaitu untuk melindungi kepentingan Amerika Serikat secara langsung, tanpa mengubah tatanan internasional yang berlaku. Situasi berubah setelah serangan teroris yang menghancurkan WTC mempermalukan negara adidaya tersebut, dan membuatnya untuk pertama kali merasa sangat terancam dan tidak berdaya. Dengan menggunakan kekuatan militernya yang tak tertandingi kebijakan unilateralisme Amerika Serikat akhimya diarahkan ke luar, tidak saja untuk menghancurkan ancaman atau potensi ancaman, tetapi juga untuk mengubah lingkungan strategis sesuai perspektif dan kepentingan Washington. Di antara perubahan kebijakan tersebut adalah dengan melakukan invasi ke Irak yang menggunakan dalih dan dalil yang harus dipertanyakan ulang (unilateralisme) dan ini dilakukan karena Amerika Serikat mernpunyai kekuatan hegemoni dalam bidang militer dan ekonomi.Pokok permasalahan penelitian ini adalah mengapa terjadi perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat terhadap Irak Pasca Tragedi WTC tahun 2001-2003. Adapun teori yang digunakan adalah tentunya erat kaitannya dengan kepentingan nasional Amerika Serikat itu sendiri. Hipotesa penelitian ini adalah setelah terjadinya Tragedi WTC 11 September 2001 Amerika Serikat memandang penting untuk menciptakan stabilitas keamanan, ekonomi dan politik, maka negara ini melakukan perubahan kebijakan luar negerinya dari multilateral ke unilateral.Paparan tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian eksplanatif yang berusaha menerangkan kausalitas yang terjadi di dalamnya, dalam hal ini penyebab terjadinya perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat pada masa pemerintahan George W. Bush Pasca Pemboman WTC Terhadap Irak 2001-2003."

"Local government autonomy in Indonesia"

"Perang Irak telah membatasi baik kemauan politik, kredibilitas, serta kapabilitas militer AS dalam melancarkan perang baru. Apalagi dengan naiknya Barack Obama sebagai orang nomor satu negara adidaya tersebut, artikulasi kebijakan luar negeri dan keamanan nasional AS menjadi sangat "anything but Bush." Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini ingin melihat bagaimana cara Obama menggunakan military power Amerika pasca efek traumatis Perang Irak.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan suatu paradoks yang sangat menarik. Dalam kasus di mana kepentingan AS dipertaruhkan, tujuan dan cara Obama sebenarnya tidak terlalu beda dengan pendahulunya, George W. Bush. Dalam hal ini, Obama akan sangat bersedia untuk menggunakan tindakan unilateral. Sebaliknya, dalam kasus di mana kepentingan AS tidak begitu signifikan, Obama akan cenderung menggunakan cara-cara multilateral. Akan tetapi, terlepas dari pendekatan berbeda yang digunakan Obama dalam kedua kasus yang diangkat, Obama memang telah membentuk strategi baru yang "lighter, cheaper but harder" dalam kebijakan keamanan nasional AS.

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The Iraq war has limited the U.S. political will, credibility, as well as military capabilities in waging a new war. Particularly with Barack Obama winning election and reelction, the articulation of U.S. foreign policy and national security is very much 'anything but Bush.' Therefore, this study is aimed to see and analyze how Obama used American military power after the traumatic effects of the Iraq War.The results of this study show a very interesting paradox. In cases where U.S. interests were at stake, Obama's approach was not too different from his predecessor, George W. Bush. In this case, Obama would be very willing to use unilateral action. Conversely, in cases where U.S. interests were not too significant, Obama has tended to use multilateral means. However, regardless of the different approaches used in both cases, this study finds that Obama does manage to formulate a new strategy in the American way of war which is characterized by a "lighter, cheaper but harder" strategy."

"For the Indonesian people who are socio-historically well known as the religious society-, religion usually plays an important and central part of social life. In fact, even for decades, Islam as one of the living religions and the largest one in Indonesia was culturally perceived as the belief and normative system giving certain divine regulations for regulating various daily life activities of the followers. Consequently, the existence and function had structurally been placed on the pivotal and determinative position. Religion (in the case, Islam), then, was seen systemically not only as any certain social institution that functions to manage or organize the ritual activities concerning with reverence and devotion to the God in the narrow sense, but it also gave life-orientation, "frame of reference?, motivation and life-ethos, "mode of conduct?, etc. in the broad dimension of daily life activities of the followers. The presence and dynamic growth of modern humanistic thoughts and also the rapid development of science & technology as well as the waves of modernization and the globalization process that have powerfully been taking place in our country, in fact they bring about some through-going changes of the role of Islam as a revealed religion. Islam seems to be declined in its fundamental roles and social significance. Islam, then, is only to be operated as any system which is functionally not so determinative and decisive one in the social life process. With respect to those phenomena, this thesis investigates how far the middle-class Moslem community of Bekasi Selatan plays the role of Islam as their religion in their real life. It strictly focuses on some basic issues or variables relating to the roles of (Islamic) religious institutions, implementation of religious norms, and the quality of religious experience or cognitive system amongst the middle class of the Moslems in the research-location. Using the qualitative methodological approach or paradigm, it is founded out some important and basic findings. First, there is a discernable change of the role or function of the (Islamic) religious institution in the society. This process of changes is typically indicated by some soda-religious phenomena occurred in the sphere of every day?s activities of those middle-class Moslems, viz, decline of the power, authorities, credibility?s, and social significance of the religious leaders, decline of religious organizational authority, popularity, and influences, and also any phenomena relating to the decrease of social participation of the followers in religious activities. Second, the religious (Islamic) norms and values which are substantively rooted in the AL-Qur'an, As-Sunnah and the ljtihad--have not already been implemented proportionally in every aspect of life whether in the aspect of politic, economic, educational, social-relation, and the life style. Third, there is process of trivialization (pendangkaIan) of the religious values and knowledge. Those values and knowledge as basic elements are not coherently internalized with their real life performances. Based on the above findings, some inductive conclusions--by using the theoretical paradigm of secularization explicated previously -can be drawn as follow:First, the process of secularization has been taking place in the midst of life of middle-class Moslem in Bekasi Selatan until now. In the institutional dimension, processes of secularization are manifested in the form of decline of religion, routinization process, differentiation, and disengagement of religion. In the normative dimension, such process of secularization appears in the form of process of religious transformation and desacralization of religious norms and values. While, in the cognitive or experiential level, secularization is concretized in the shape of process of segmentation and trivialization of religious values or religious system in such community.Second, the trend of the secularization process happened in the community tended to the process of rationalization toward Islam as a religion.Third, some dominant factors causing secularization in the middle class of Moslem in Bekasi Selatan are the lack of knowledge and understanding towards Islam as their religion besides factors of modern culture resulted in the process of modernization and development of modern philosophical thoughts."

"Kaum wanita Amerika sudah mengalami ketidaksetaraan ratusan tahun yang lalu. Mereka merasa bahwa sebagai warga Amerika mereka tidak diberi kesempatan yang sama dengan pria yaitu mendapat pendidikan yang sama dengan pria serta mendapat kesempatan bekerja di luar rumah. Dengan adanya ketidaksetaraan ini, kaum wanita kelas menengah yang tergabung dalam kelompok feminisme menentangnya. Kaum wanita ini berkumpul di Seneca Falls pada tahun 1848 dan mencetuskan suatu deklarasi yang disebut Declaration of Sentiment and Resolutions yang isinya adalah pria dan wanita diciptakan sama. Atas dasar inilah kaum wanita menuntut persamaan hak dan kesempatan dengan pria.Perjuangan feminisme mulai berhasil ketika pada tahun 1920 kaum wanita mendapatkan hak pilih mereka setelah menunggu selama 72 tahun. Selain itu, mereka juga sudah mendapat kesempatan bekerja di luar rumah ketika Perang Dania II pecah sekitar tahun 1945. Mereka menggantikan tenaga kerja pria yang harus pergi berperang. Sejak itu, tenaga kerja wanita terus bertambah bahkan melampaui angka tenaga kerja pria. Meskipun secara kuantitas jumlah tenaga kerja wanita lebih besar dari pria tetapi kualitas pekerjaan mereka lebih rendah dari pekerjaan pria. Karena banyaknya tenaga kerja wanita serta rendahnya kualitas pekerjaan mereka, muncullah tindakan yang tidak menyenangkan dari pria terhadap wanita yang dikenal dengan tindakan pelecehan seksual.Pelecehan seksual terhadap wanita di lingkungan kerja adalah bentuk diskriminasi terhadap wanita serta bentuk pelanggaran terhadap Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Salah satu kasus pelecehan yang sangat terkenal di Amerika adalah kasus pelecehan seksual oleh Thomas terhadap Hill. Kasus ini terjadi pada tahun 1981 tetapi oleh Hill baru diungkapkan pada tahun 1991 ketika Thomas dicalonkan oleh Presiden Bush sebagai hakim di Supreme Court.Umumnya kasus pelecehan terjadi karena adanya unsur ras, jender dan power (kekuatan). Dalam kasus Hill, Thomas adalah atasannya dan Hill adalah sekretarisnya. Kedudukan mereka tidak sejajar sehingga tindakan pelecehan dapat terjadi.Tuduhan Hill terhadap Thomas mengundang kontrovesi baik di kalangan masyarakat maupun di kalangan senator. Bagi kaum wanita yang tidak bekerja di luar rumah, mereka lebih percaya kepada Thomas karena ia pria kulit hitam yang berhasil di pekerjaan yang biasanya dilakukan pria kulit putih. Sementara itu, kaum wanita yang bekerja di luar rumah lebih mempercayai Hill karena menurut mereka pelecehan seksual memang terjadi di lingkungan kerja mereka. Senator Partai Republik yang sangat mendukung Thomas menginginkan agar pengukuhan Thomas segera dilaksanakan. Sedangkan Partai Demokrat menginginkan agar tuduhan terhadap Thomas dibuktikan dahulu kebenarannya. Hill akhirnya dikalahkan dan Thomas dimenangkan.Masalah yang dibahas di sini adalah bahwa kekalahan Hill lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh unsur ras daripada jender ataupun politik kepentingan. Sekalipun Hill sebagai korban pelecehan mengatakan yang sesungguhnya tetap saja ia tidak dipercayai karena ia tidak dapat membuktikan kebenarannya. Tujuan penulisan ini ialah untuk menunjukkan bahwa kasus pelecehan seksual Hill gagal diselesaikan karena faktor ras lebih berpengaruh daripada faktor jender atau faktor politik kepentingan. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya kolaborasi kepentingan antara presiden yang berkuasa saat ini dengan para senator dari Partai Demokrat dan Republik, dengan Clarence Thomas, dan juga dengan kelompok minoritas kulit hitam. Metode penulisan yang dipakai adalah studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan deskriptif interpretatif sebagai sumber informasi utama ditunjang oleh informasi dari internet dan CD-ROM.

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Sexual Harassment towards Women at Working Environment: Anita Hill vs. Clearance Thomas's Case American women had experienced inequality since hundred years ago. They felt that as American citizen they were not given equal opportunity in getting the same education as well as getting the rights to work out side the home. The feminist group whose members were middle class women opposed this inequality. These women gathered in Seneca Falls in 1848 and declared what was called as Declaration of Sentiments. This declaration stated that all men and women were created equal. Based on this statement, women demanded equality of rights as well as opportunity with men.

In 1920, the struggle of feminism equality was successful because they got their right to vote after waiting for 72 years. Beside that, they had also got a chance to enter the work force especially when World War II broke in 1945. Since then, the women labor force even outnumbered their constituent that was men's labor. Even though the number of women who entered the labor force was greater but their occupation was considered lower than men's job. Due to this condition, unwelcome advances or acts from men to women happened which was known as sexual harassment.

Sexual harassment towards women at working environment is a form of discrimination and the violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act off 964. One of the sexual harassment cases which were famous in America was Anita Hill's case. This case happened in 1981 and was emerged by Hill in 1991 when Thomas was nominated as a judge at the Supreme Court by President Bush.

Generally, sexual harassment happens because of race, gender and power factors. In Hill's case, Thomas was her supervisor while Hill was his secretary. Their position was unequal so the unwelcome advances might happen.

Hill's allegation towards Thomas arouses controversy both in the society and among senators. American women who didn't enter the workforce, they believed Thomas more than Hill because he was a Blackman who was successful in white men's world. On the other hand, women who worked outside believed Anita Hill because sexual harassment did happen in their working environment. Republican senators who strongly supported Thomas wanted no delay for his confirmation, while Democratic senators suggested investigating Thomas due to Hill's allegations. However, Hill at last was defeated and Thomas was supported.

The problem discussed in this thesis is that Hill's sexual harassment case is mainly influenced by race factor than gender or politics factor. The purpose of this writing is to show that Hill's sexual harassment case is unresolved. It is due to the race factor which is more decisive than the other two factors, namely gender and politics factors. This is caused by the collaboration between the president at that time with the Republican and Democratic senator as well as Clarence Thomas and the minority group that is African Americans.

Method of writing in this thesis is purely library research with descriptive interpretative approach as the main source supported by the information from internet and CD-ROM."