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"Dalam rangka menanggulangi turunnya produksi minyak bumi, telah dikembangkan teknologi Enhanched Oil Recovery (EOR) yaitu pengurasan tahap lanjut pada sumur minyak tua. Salah satu teknologi EOR yaitu injeksi kimia yang dapat berupa surfaktan, alkali-surfaktan, alkali-surfaktan-polimer. Penggunaan surfaktan ini dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan tegangan antar-muka (interfacial tension=IFT) antara minyak dan air sehingga mampu membawa minyak keluar dari pori-pori batuan reservoir. Surfaktan untuk EOR harus memenuhi kriteria parameter screening test yaitu compatibility test dan pengukuran IFT.Pada penelitian ini reservoir yang dituju adalah lapangan Rantau. Surfaktan diperoleh dengan memformulasikan 25% w/w Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES), 25% w/w Surfaktan Tween dan 50% w/w berbagai pelarut (EGBE, Etanol dan EGBE-Etanol). Alkali (Na2CO3) yang ditambahkan dalam larutan surfaktan bertujuan untuk menurunkan nilai IFT. Proses formulasi dilakukan tanpa dan dengan pemanasan 40oC. Hasil formulasi surfaktan terbaik dalam penelitian ini adalah 25% MES, 25% Surfaktan Tween dan 50% EGBE yang memenuhi criteria compatibility meskipun nilai IFTnya belum tercapai. Formula surfaktan ini dilarutkan dalam brine water dengan konsentrasi 0,1%; 0,5%; 1% dan 2%. Hasil screening test terbaik adalah pada konsentrasi 0,1% yaitu nilai IFT mencapai 10-2 dyne/cm.

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In order to overcome the decline of crude oil production, it has been developed Enhanched Oil Recovery (EOR) technolog, that is an recovery of depletion of old oil wells. EOR technology is one of the chemical injection which may be a surfactant, an alkaline-surfactant, alkali-surfactant-polymer. The use of surfactant is intended to reduce the interface tension (interfacial tension = IFT) between oil and water so it makes the oil out from the pores of reservoir rock. Surfactants for EOR must fulfil the criteria for a screening test parameters, there are compatibility and IFT test.

In this study, the target reservoir is Rantau field. Surfactant obtained by formulating 25% w/w Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES), 25% w/w surfactant Tween 80 and 50% w/w various solvents (EGBE, EGBE-Ethanol and Ethanol). Alkaline (Na2CO3) was added to the surfactant solution aims to reduce the value of IFT. Formulation process carried out without and with heating 40oC. The best surfactant formulation results in this study is 25% MES, 25% Tween 80 and 50% EGBE that accomplish the criteria of compatibility, even though IFT value has not been reached. Formula surfactant is dissolved in the brine water with a concentration of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%. The best results screening test at a concentration of 0.1% when the value of IFT reached 10-2 dyne / cm."

"Teknologi Enhanced Oil Recovery, khususnya chemical flooding surfaktan metil ester sulfonat (MES), dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak. Pada penelitian ini, nonyl phenol ethoxylate (tergitol) digunakan sebagai surfaktan sekunder dan konsentrasinya divariasikan untuk formulasi surfaktan. Tujuannya adalah memperoleh formula surfaktan yang memenuhi syarat chemical flooding. Parameter keberhasilan dari formulasi adalah tingkat kelarutan dalam air dan nilai Interfacial Tension (IFT) 10-3 dyne/cm. Parameter atau variabel yang diuji adalah konsentrasi optimum setelah penambahan tergitol, pengaruh penambahan alkali, dan pengaruh waktu pemanasan terhadap nilai IFT dan kelarutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua formula yang dibuat memiliki kelarutan yang baik, sedangkan nilai IFT terbaik terdapat pada formula MES (40%), tergitol (20%), dan EGBE (40%) dengan konsentrasi 0,3% terhadap brine water. Penambahan alkali dan waktu pemanasan berpengaruh terhadap perubahan nilai IFT. Peningkatan nilai IFT terjadi setelah konsentrasi alkali ditambahkan sebesar 1% dan dipanaskan selama 1 dan 7 hari.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery technology, especially chemical flooding of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant is required to increase crude oil production. This research is conducted by selecting nonyl phenol ethoxylate (tergitol) as secondary surfactant and varying its concentration to surfactant formulation. The purpose is gaining formula of surfactant that fulfills the chemical flooding requirement. The success of this formulation is the solubility level in water and the interfacial tension (IFT) to 10-3 dyne/cm. The test procedure is searching the optimum concentration after tergitol addition, effect of alkali addition, and the influence of heating time duration to IFT value and solubility. All formulas have good solubility. The best IFT value is obtained from MES (40%), tergitol (20%), and EGBE (40%) with 0,3% concentration to brine water. The alkali addition and heating time affect IFT value changes. It is increasing after alkali concentration has been 1% and heating for 1 and 7 days."

"Pengaruh suhu terhadap distribusi produk hidrokarbon dari hasil reaksi aseton khususnya hidrokarbon aromatik perlu diteliti secara detail. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendeteksi keberlangsungan reaksi aseton menjadi hidrokarbon menggunakan katalis HZSM-5 terhadap distribusi produk serta mendeteksi terbentuknya kokas yang disebabkan oleh deaktivasi katalis pada rentang suhu 275°C-350°C. Produk yang terbentuk dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-mass spectroscophy). Terdapat keterkaitan antara pengaruh suhu terhadap distribusi produk dan kemampuan shape selective catalyst dan komponen pembentukan kokas yang menyebabkan katalis terdeaktivasi. Hasil uji reaksi aseton menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh suhu terhadap distribusi produk mekanisme reaksi dominan terbentuk isobutena, mesetil oksida dan diaseton alkohol. Sedangkan pembentukan kokas senyawa yang dominan yaitu jumlah rantai karbon C21-C30 sekitar 40-60% dan >C40 sekitar 27-59%. Hasil uji keasaman semakin tinggi suhu maka tingkat keasaman katalis semakin tinggi.

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Effect of temperature on the product distribution of hydrocarbon from the reaction of acetone especially aromatic hydrocarbons need to be studied in detail. This study was conducted to detect the continuity of the reaction of acetone into hydrocarbons using HZSM-5 catalyst on product distribution and detecting the formation of coke caused by the catalyst deactivation on the temperature range 275°C-350°C. The product was analyzed using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscophy). There is a link between the effect of temperature on product distribution and the ability to shape selective catalysts and components of coke formation which causes the catalyst deactivation.

Acetone reaction test results indicate that the effect of temperature on product distribution of the dominant reaction mechanism is formed isobutene, mesetil oxide and diacetone alcohol. While the formation of coke which is the dominant compound chain of carbon C21-C30 about 40-60% and> C40 approximately 27-59%. From the test result acidity the higher the temperature the higher the acidity of the catalyst."

"There has been increasing role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in developing countries since the 1980s. Interestingly, FDI is not only expected to bring direct effects, but also indirect effects or "spillovers" to a hosti economy. This paper aims to investigate FDI spillovers in the Indonesia's chemical industry, whether domestic firms benefit or not from foreign invesment. A stochastic production frontier approach is adopted to a firm level panel data for the periode of 1998-2000. There are three important findings. First, there is a clear hierarchy of technical efficiency of chemical firms based on their ownership status. Foreign owned firms have the highest level of technical efficiency, followed by joint ventures and domestic firms. Second, even though this paper confirms positive spillovers in the industry, the magnitude is relatively small. It shows that the Indonesian chemical industry has not yet been able to take full advantage of foreign presence. Third, a wider technology gap between domestic and foreign firms results in a higher spillovers. Findings of this paper imply that more FDI inflow into the Indonesia's chemical industry may benefit the industry. However, understanding the process of how the foreign presence affects domestic firms is important to take full advantage of the foreign presence."

"The core of this book is a survey of the world’s 29 largest chemical companies, how they put sustainability into action (six of the 29 do not), and the six ‘sustainability brands’ they have created. It begins with a history of stakeholders conflict, before looking at various definitions of sustainability by academics, by the public and by investors. After the survey and analysis, the book covers sustainability and ‘greenwash’ plus the ROI of sustainability, and it gives five recommendations."

"Industri kosmetik merupakan salah satu sektor penting yang dapat medukung perekonomian nasional. Untuk melakukan tindakan preventif dalam rangka menghadapi pasar bebas ASEAN di tahun 2015, personalisasi dapat dilakukan untuk dijadikan nilai tambah bagi produk dalam negeri. Dalam rangka mencari diferensiasi, maka dilakukan perancangan kemasan produk secara khusus. Metode Kansei Engineering tipe I merupakan metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Digunakan Principal Component Analysis dan Partial Least Square Regression dalam analisis statistik multivariat. Principal Component Analysis digunakan dalam mengelompokkan variabel-variabel kansei word yang memiliki korelasi tinggi ke dalam komponen-komponen. Partial Least Square Regression digunakan untuk mendapatkan category tiap item yang dapat merepresentasikan spesifikasi desain tiap komponen. Dalam penelitian ini, ekspektasi pelanggan terhadap kemasan produk kosmetik dapat digolongkan menjadi Cheerful, Fresh, Chic, Relaxing, dan Mild. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah desain 3D yang didasarkan pada spesifikasi desain yang dapat mewakili keinginan konsumen. Setelah dilakukan rekonfirmasi desain baru, dapat dilihat bahwa terdapat perubahan signifikan dari sampel produk yang beredar di Indonesia.

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The cosmetic industry is one of the important sectors that can support the national economy. In order to face the ASEAN free market on 2015, personalization can be utilized to become some added values of Indonesian?s local product. For finding the differentiation, the packaging design of the product needs to be done in specific ways. Kansei Engineering type 1 is the method applied in this research. Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Square Regression were used for multivariate statistical analysis. Principal Component Analysis was used to group kansei words with a high correlation into components. Partial Least Square Regression was used to get category for each item that can represent component?s design specification. Customer?s expectation to the cosmetic product is specified by five components, which are Cheerful, Fresh, Chic, Relaxing, and Mild. The result of this research is 3D design based on the design specification that represents the customer?s desire."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang Pengaruh Investasi Jepang dalam Perkembangan Industri Kimia Indonesia tahun 1967-1974. Kehadiran para investor Jepang pada masa awal Orde Baru tidak dapat dilepaskan dari keberadaan Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1967 mengenai Penanaman Modal Asing yang menjadi jalan utama para investor untuk menanamkan pengaruh dan modalnya di Indonesia. Dalam perjalanannya, beberapa perusahaan industri kimia Jepang di Indonesia bahkan menempati posisi penting dan masuk ke dalam daftar prioritas investasi kedua negara. Walaupun demikian, keberadaan investor Jepang yang mulai membanjiri sejak tahun 1967 ini tidak selalu mendapatkan respon baik dari masyarakat terutama kalangan menengah kebawah dan berakibat pada kemunculan aksi demonstrasi tanggal 15 Januari 1974. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi dengan sumber utama yang berasal dari Laporan Tahunan Bank Indonesia, Laporan Tahunan Proyek Investasi JETRO (Japan External Trade Organization) dan Daftar Investasi Negara IGGI BKPM yang diperoleh melalui Perpustakaan Nasional, Perpustakaan Pusat UI serta situs South East Asian Development in the Long Term. Hasil dari penelitian ini menggambarkan pengaruh investasi Jepang dalam perkembangan industri kimia Indonesia yang diperlihatkan dengan pesatnya pembangunan pabrik-pabrik industri kimia Jepang, peningkatan kapasitas dan output produksi, serta perbaikan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat Orde Baru.

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This study analyzes the influence of Japanese investment in the development of the Indonesian chemical industry from 1967 until 1974. The presence of Japanese investors in Indonesia cannot be separated from the existence of Foreign Investment Act No. 1 of 1967 which became the main way for investors to invest their influence and capital. Along the way, several Japanese chemical industry companies in Indonesia even occupy important positions and are included in the investment priority lists between the two countries. However, the presence of Japanese investors who began to flood in 1967 did not always receive a good response from the public, especially the lower middle class, and resulted in the emergence of demonstrations on January 15, 1974. This study uses historical methods consisting of heuristics, critics, interpretation, and historiography. The main sources of this research comes from the Bank Indonesia Annual Report, the JETRO Investment Project Annual Report (Japan External Trade Organization) and the IGGI BKPM State Investment List obtained through the National Library, UI Central Library, and the South East Asian Development in the Long Term. The results of this study illustrate the influence of Japanese investment in the development of the Indonesian chemical industry as shown by the rapid construction of Japanese chemical factories, increasing production capacity and output, as well as improving the welfare level of the New Order society."