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"Five Dayak ethnic groups : Iban, Tamambaloh, Kantu', Bukat and Punan are residing inside the Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity. Most Dayak members are earning their life as farmers, hunters, poachers and collective of forest products either for commercial or personal purposes. They live harmoniously with their surrounding. Research on "Biodiversity of plants and the utility of landscape by communities of Dayak ethnics at Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity", were carried out from November 1996 to May I997. The result had been presented in a thesis, which is composing of two subjects. First subject, concerning with "The indigenous knowledge and the landscape usage of the Dayak". This study is separated into two consecutive chapters. Data were collected by using exploration and square methods. Diversity index are obtained by using Shanon & Wiener formula 1949 (Kreb, 1989); Equation of plant community are calculated using Jaccard (Greig-Smith, 1983) and Cluster analysis is performanced by Ludwig & Reynolds formulation (1988). The result of the research shows that each ethnic group has particular characteristic as follows : a. Housing Sadap village (Dayak Iban), and Sungai Ulu' Palin ViIIage (Dayak Tamambaloh) have long and single house. The other villages such as Nanga Potan (Dayak Kantu'), Along Hovat (Dayak Bukat) and Nanga Bungan (Dayak Punan) do not have. Sadap village is the only village that has water pipe system, while other four villages do not. They get water from the river and from the rain water for drinking. At Along Hovat and Nanga Bungan village, the road has been made from concrete base, while the other three villages have not. Sungai Ulu' Palin village of the Dayak ethnic has the highest population, which. consisted of 92 families or 403 persons, while Nanga Potan village of the Dayak has the lowest, which consisted only 10 families or 45 persons. b. Home garden Based on the plant composition of the home garden at the five villages we visited that the Dayak practice different type of home garden . At Sadap village and Sungai Ulu' Palin village : the Iban and Tamambaloh prefer to grow industrial plants such as rubber Ffevea brasilliensis), while at Nanga Potan and along Hovat : Kantu' and Bukat prefer to grow fruits plants, such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and durian (Dario zibethinus). However, the Punan at Nanga Bungan does not practice home garden , therefore, there is no any special plants in their garden. c. Variaton of plants at the active field Generally, at the five villages there are about 27 varieties of glutinous rice and 77 varieties of rice. Beside the main plant, they also grew the supplementary plants such as cucumber (Cucumis melo), cassava (Manihot esculenta), egg plant (Soiwnan sp.), small chili (Capsicum frutescens), "katuk" (Sauropus albicans), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and "paria" (Momordica charantia). d. Vegetation of the abandoned field. The composition of the plants at the abandoned garden has variation. The abandoned garden for 1 - 5 years were dominated by wild plants such as Themeda gigantea and Melastoma malabathricum. The abandoned garden for 5 - 10 years, were dominated by secondary plants such as Macaranga gigantea, A. trilaba, M lapadanta, and Threma orientalis. The abandoned field of more than 20 years are primarily dominated by Dipterocarpaceae. e. Cluster analysis Based on what we observed , we categorize three stages of growth such as "belta" , "trees", and "seedling" stadium on the field. There is an indication that the factor of human activities influence the plant's growth. Second subject, "Me indigenous knowledge and the utility of plant diversity of Dayak ethnic at the Bentuang Km-isms National Park and its vicinity". The purpose of the research was to study how the communities around the National Park benefing the landscape of the park. The data obtained by interviewing members of the community. a. The using of plants Categorization of plant use in five villages communities : 1. Edible plants : consisted of 129 species, 94 genus, and 42 families. 2. Housing materials : consisted of 63 species. 21 genus_ and 14 families.. And tfor agricultural tool consisted of 23 species, 13 genus, and 9 families. 3. Medicinal purposes : consisted of 55 species. 51 genus. and 34 families, 4. Ceremonials and rituals : consisted of 21 species, 19 genus, and 17 families. 5. Clothing : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families. 6. Utensils,rope and braid consisted of 27 species. 14 genus, and 9 families. 7. Dyes : consisted of 7 species, 7 genus, and 6 families.8. Firewood consisted of 19 species, 11 genus and 9 families9. Ornamental or decoration : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families.10. Poison and toxic ingredient : consisted of 4 species, 3 genus, and 2 families.b. The indigenous knowledge The indigenous knowledge of plants of the communities among the ethnics shows varies from one to another. The differences in the knowledge between those of the male and those of the female were tested using the proportional test."

"Lore Lindu National Park covers 217,991 ha of Central Sulawesi. The elevation range from 200 m asl in Pakuli to 2,355 m asl at the top of Nokilalaki mountain on the north east of this national park. This wide range of the elevation has become the supporting factor of the high biodiversity in this national park. There were many Sulawesi endemic faunas which have been found in this national park. This national park have at least 5 species of squirrel, 31 of 38 of the rats species are endemic not to mention other big mammals and the species of shrews which are mostly endemic. Approximately there are 55 species of bats inhabit this national park. This group of animals plays important economic and ecological roles including producing fertilizer, pollinating fruit trees, and consuming vast numbers of insects. Bat’s morphology and anatomy are basically like that of any other mammal, the wings are the most obvious distinguishing characteristic. The fundamental similarity in structure of all bats has required the group to expand into new habitat or to partition their niche. Ecomorphology is a study that relates the morphological structures that construct an organism with ecological and evolutionary consequences of that designs. Some previous study indicate the relationship between morphological characters such as cranial or wing characters with diet and niche partition in bats. Ecomorphological study of bats is very lack in Sulawesi particularly which correlates with its ecological function such as niche partition. The study on ecomorphology has not been comprise the whole area of this national park. There were no reports on this study at the South West Part of Lore Lindu National Park, near Tomado village. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a pattern of variation in which asymmetry values are normally distributed around a mean of zero. FA has been considered as the product of random errors in development, and thus a measure of developmental stability. The level of FA in a trait may indicate genetic, developmental, or environmental stress. The study of FA can also predict the interspecies relationship between two or more species in one area. The study of FA in bats has never been conducted in Lore Lindu National Park. This study can explain the interspecies relationship among bats species and the level of environmental stress in the national park. This study focused on two topics: (1) ecomorphological relationship between wing characters and niche partition in bat community, and (2) fluctuating asymmetry pattern in bat community. The study area was located at Lore Lindu National Park, Salupada Mountain, Tomado village, Central Sulawesi. The study was conducted between July to August 2002. Bats were captured using mist nets and a harp trap. This study is testing the hypothesis that bat species are randomly dispersed in multivariate morphological space. In contrast, if they are organized (due to phylogeny, competitive interactions, etc), multivariate morphological space will be partitioned regularly. This study is also testing the significant difference of FA levels between species of bat in the community to see the interspecies relationship among them. A total of 128 bat specimens from 16 species were collected. The wing morphology of each specimens were measured using digital caliper. The wing characters measured were the Metacarpal of the first to the fifth digit of the bat, the first and the second Phalanges of the third to the fifth digit of the bat, Forearms, and Tibiae. A total of 13 characters were measured. These characters was analysed using multivariate statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Principal component analysis indicates that differences in size of the wing (PC-1) contribute 86% of niche partition, whereas wing width membrane differences (PC-2) contribute only about 8% of niche partition. The guild of bat community in Lore Lindu National Park was not distributed randomly in multivariate space. Instead we found that the morphological space is partitioned regularly, probably due to competitive interactions The pattern of fluctuating asymmetry between the two bat species showed no significant differences of FA level between the sexes within The study of ecomorphological attributes on bats in Lore Lindu National Park is still needed to be continued in order to find out the niche partition in the whole area of the park and also to see the level of disturbance in the area."

"Sedimen mangrove berperan dalam adaptasi dan mitigasi perubahan iklim melalui proses sedimentasinya dengan menangkap dan menyerap karbon (disebut karbon biru). Indonesia memiliki 2,9 juta hektar hutan mangrove dengan total penyimpanan 3,14 miliar ton karbon di hutan mangrove, menjadikan Indonesia salah satu penyumbang karbon biru yang potensial. Penelitian ini menentukan stok karbon (Corg) dan laju sedimentasi (SAR) untuk mengetahui laju akumulasi karbon (CAR) pada sedimen mangrove di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon. Teknik isotop 210Pb digunakan untuk mengukur CAR dan metode Walkey-Black digunakan untuk mentukan kandungan Corg. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di 3 lokasi yang tegak lurus dengan garis pantai : interior, fringe, dan mudflat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah interior memiliki CAR tertinggi (0,32 ± 0,34 Mg C ha-1 tahun-1) meskipun stok karbon paling rendah (90,19 Mg C ha-1) dibandingkan dua titik lainnya. Sebaliknya, mudflat yang memiliki stok karbon tertinggi (169,6 Mg C ha-1), menunjukkan CAR terendah (0,32 ± 0,34 Mg C ha-1 tahun-1). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan laju sedimentasi merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya variasi CAR

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Mangroves sediment play a role in adapting and mitigating climate change through their sedimentation process by capturing and sequestering carbon (termed blue carbon). Indonesia has 2.9 million hectares of mangroves with a total storage of 3.14 billion tonnes of carbon in mangrove forests, making Indonesia one of the potential contributors of blue carbon. This study determines carbon stock (Corg) and sediment accumulation rate (SAR) to find the carbon accumulation rate (CAR) in sediment mangroves at Ujung Kulon National Park. The 210Pb isotope technique was used to measure CAR, and the Walkey-Black method was used to determine the Corg content. Sampling was taken in 3 locations perpendicular to the shoreline : interior, fringe, and mudflat. The result shows that the interior area has the highest CAR (0.32 ± 0.34 Mg C ha-1 year-1) even though the carbon stock (90.19 Mg C ha-1) is the lowest from the other two. On the contrary, mudflat, which has the highest carbon stock (169.6 Mg C ha-1), shows the lowest CAR (0.32 ± 0.34 Mg C ha-1 year-1). This indicates that sedimentation rate differences are one of the causes of variations in CAR "

"Sumatra merupakan habitat bagi tujuh spesies Felidae. Ancaman utama terhadap Felidae di Sumatra adalah hilangnya habitat dan perburuan liar. Data ekologi dan dukungan masyarakat sekitar merupakan faktor penting yang menunjang keberhasilan konservasi Felidae di dalam kawasan konservasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengumpulkan data ekologi dan mengetahui bagaimana dukungan masyarakat lokal terhadap konservasi Felidae di Taman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK). Data ekologi meliputi keanekaragaman spesies, kelimpahan relatif, distribusi, pola aktivitas, dan interaksi dikumpulkan dengan memasang perangkap kamera pada area seluas 480 km2 yang dibagi dalam tiga blok sampling. Untuk mengetahui bagaimana dukungan masyarakat lokal terhadap konservasi Felidae, dilakukan wawancara terstruktur terhadap 395 responden yang tinggal di 19 desa sekitar taman nasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keanekaragaman spesies Felidae di TNWK lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan survei sebelumnya. Hanya empat spesies Felidae yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu harimau Sumatra (Panthera tigris sumatrae), macan dahan (Neofelis diardi), kucing batu (Pardofelis marmorota) dan kucing congkok (Prionailurus bengalensis). Dua spesies Felidae lainnya yaitu kucing emas (Pardofelis temincki) dan kucing dampak (Prionailurus planiceps) tidak ditemukan. Ekologi keempat spesies Felidae di taman nasional ini secara umum serupa dengan literatur dan beberapa hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya di Sumatra. Meskipun pengetahuan masyarakat tentang taman nasional dan Felidae tergolong rendah, namun mereka memiliki persepsi dan sikap yang positif terhadap konservasi Felidae. Data ekologi hasil penelitian ini merupakan masukan yang penting dalam pengelolaan Felidae di TNWK terutama dalam aspek perlindungan, monitoring, dan restorasi habitat. Agar dukungan masyarakat sekitar terhadap konservasi Felidae semakin baik, perlu upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang taman nasional dan Feliade melalui pendidikan konservasi, sosialisasi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik sosial, demografi, dan pengalaman interaksi mereka dengan taman nasional.

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Sumatra is home to at least six species of wild felids. Habitat loss and poaching are the main threat to the wild felids in Sumatra. Management strategy based on solid information and local community support are important factors for the success of wild felids conservation. The purposes of this study are to collect ecological data and to reveal local communities support for wild felids conservation in the Way Kambas National Park (WKNP). Ecological data were collected by placing camera traps in an area of 480 km square which is divided into three blocks of sampling. Data of local communities support to wild felids conservation were collected using structured interviews to 395 respondents living in 19 villages around the park. The results showed that wild felids species diversity in this stydy is lower compared to those of previous surveys. Only four wild felids were found in this study i.e., sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorota) and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). Two other species i.e., golden cat (Pardofelis temincki) and flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps) were not found. In general, ecology of the four species of wild felids in this park is in accordance with literature and several earlier studies in Sumatra. Despite the low level of local communitie’s knowledge both on the parks and wild felids, their perception and attitude towards wild felids conservation are positive. Ecological information resulted from this study serve as important input to develop the wild felids management plan especially in terms of species protection, monitoring and habitat restoration. To ehance the local community support toward wild felids conservation, it is essential to improve the level of local community knowledge towards national parks and wild felids conservation through conservation education, socialization, and community empowerment by considering social and demographic characteristics of the local people, including their experience in interacting with the park."

"Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) adalah primata endemik Pulau Jawa yang saat ini semakin terancam keberadaannya. Owa Jawa tercatat dalam status sangat genting (critically endagered) IUCN dan juga masuk dalam Appendix 1 Convention on International Trade in Endagered Spesies of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Kerusakan habitat, perburuan dan perdagangan illegal adalah ancaman utama kelestarian Owa Jawa. Saat ini diperkirakan Owa Jawa berjumlah sekitar 400-2000 individu yang terisolasi di beberapa kawasan konservasi. Salah satu habitat terbesar Owa Jawa berada di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keterkaitan antara degradasi habitat dengan populasi Owa Jawa dengan menggunakan system dynamics serta menyusun strategi pengelolaan Owa Jawa di Koridor TNGHS. Manfaat penelitian antara lain adalah memberikan saran dan masukan mengenai strategi dan aksi untuk pelestarian Owa Jawa di Koridor Halimun Salak kepada Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (PHKA) - Departemen Kehutanan melalui Balai Taman Nasional. Dari sisi ilmu lingkungan sumbangan yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai pentingnya upaya pelestarian satwa langka serta pencegahan kerusakan hutan di taman nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan kombinasi pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif dan metode System Dynamics. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 3 tahapan yaitu: (1) desk study untuk mengkaji berbagai hasil peneltian yang telah dilakukan, (2) analisa deskriptif melalui survei lapangan, dan (3) Pembuatan model dengan metode system dynamics. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi dengan menggunakan system dynamics diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa dengan laju deforestasi sebesar 1,5% per tahun, maka habitat Owa Jawa di koridor Halimun Saiak akan berkurang sebesar 575 ha selama kurun waktu 20 tahun (2006-2025). Hal ini akan menyebabkan penurunan populasi Owa Jawa sebanyak 30%. Namun, apabila TNGHS berhasil menekan laju deforestasi menjadi 0,5% per tahun, kerusakan hutan TNGHS hanya sebesar 10% (190 ha) dan penurunan Owa Jawa akan sekitar 15%. Kesimpulan lain yang diperoleh adalah bahwa penyebab utama kerusakan habitat di koridor Halimun Salak adalah tingginya laju deforestasi. Oleh karena itu, strategi konservasi Owa Jawa yang harus dilakukan oleh Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak adalah dengan mengendalikan laju deforestasi dan melakukan rehabilitasi koridor Halimun Salak. Berdasarkan hasil kesimpulan tersebut, maka beberapa saran yang disampaikan oleh peneliti adalah perlu dilakukan penggalakan Program Keluarga Berencana (KB) untuk menekan laju pertumbuhan penduduk di koridor yang saat ini cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 2,77%. Hal ini mengingat tekanan penduduk yang cukup besar terhadap taman nasional. Selain itu perlu juga dilakukan penggalakan dan peningkatan efektifitas Program Model Kampung Konservasi (MKK) yang meliputi peningkatan pengamanan kawasan, peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dan restorasi habitat. Peningkatan pengamanan kawasan dapat dilakukan dengan penambahan jumlah tenaga jagawana atau menggalakkan Pam Swakarsa oleh masyarakat. Peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dapat dilakukan dengan lebih banyak melibatkan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan kawasan taman nasional, misalnya melalui program Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM). Sedangkan restorasi habitat dilakukan terutama di kawasan yang terbuka untuk meningkatkan kontinuitas tajuk yang diperlukan sebagai saluran pergerakan satwa liar, terutama untuk jenis-jenis satwa liar arboreal yang membutuhkan tajuk untuk pergerakannya, misalnya Owa Jawa.

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The Javan Gibbon or Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) is found only on the island of Java, Indonesia and specifically only in West Java and the western parts of Central Java. The Javan gibbonis one of the rarest and most endangered of the hylobatids and now categorized on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Critically Endangered and Appendix I CITES. The Javan Gibbon has lost 98% of its natural habitat due to human encroachment and only small populations of gibbons exist in isolated forest remnants. Many of the scattered populations are considered non-viable. Some studied carried out estimated that population of Javan Gibbbon is around 400-2.000 wild gibbons. One of the biggest habitat remnants for Javan Gibbon is Gunung Halimun National Park.

The objective of this research is to built a dynamic model on impact of habitat degradation to Javan Gibbon population. This model could describe holistivally interiankage between population growth, habitat degradation and Java Gibbon population. The other objective is to develop some scenario in management of Javan Gibbon population in Coridor Halimun Salak National Park.

The research using the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches and System Dynamics method. The research is divided into 3 phases: (1) desk study to review and study the previous research (2) descriptive analyses, and (3) build a dynamics model.

Based on the simulation of the dynamics model on the impact of habitat degradation to population of Javan Gibbon, it is concluded that there is an impact to the habitat degradation to population of Javan Gibbon. It is predicted that with rate of habitat degradation around 1,5% per year, the habitat of Javan Gibbon in corridor Halimun Salak will degraded about 575 ha in the next 20 years (2006-2025). The habitat degradation is predicted will lead to decrease in Javan Gibbon population around 30% for the next 20 years. However, if National Park Management can control the rate of deforestation up to 0,5% per year, habitat degradation can be reduced to 10% (190 ha) and loss of Java Gibbon will be only 15%. Based on the result of this research that habitat degradation caused by encroachment by local people, it is suggested that national park should empowering of local people by generating alternative income. Other activities that should be done by national park is increase forest patrol as well as habitat rehabilitation."

"Indonesia merupakan negara mega biodiversity, namun Indonesia juga dikenal memiliki tingkat penurunan kuatitas dan kuantitas hutan alami dan habitat satwa liar tertinggi. Demikian juga terjadi pada Macan Tutul Jawa (Panthera pardus) yang merupakan satwa endemik dan spesies utama di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak hingga termasuk ke dalam kategori Endangered species menurut 1UCN Red List of Threatened Animals (Hilton, 2000), dan tergolong appendix I CITES. Terdapat ancaman-ancaman TNGHS sebagai habitat dari Panthera pardus diantaranya aktivitas penduduk, yang berupa penebangan hutan (baik untuk kayu bakar, pembukaan lahan untuk pertanian, maupun untuk dijual kayunya) dan penambangan emas liar. Aktivitas-aktivitas ini menyebabkan terjadinya penyempitan dan fragmentasi di kawasan TNGHS. Atas dasar tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun dan membangun model dinamika populasi Panthera pardus serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya sehingga diperoleh gambaran holistik tentang dinamika populasi Panthers pardus di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak. Hasil simulasi model subsistem habitat menunjukkan kondisi habitat terus terdegradasi dengan perilaku grafik yang dihasilkan oleh hasil simulasi menunjukkan perilaku pengurangan eksponensial (exponential collapse/diminishing). Berdasarkan hasil simulasi kondisi populasi babi hutan terus menurun sehingga perilaku grafik yang dihasilkan oleh hasil simulasi menunjukkan perilaku peluruhan (decaying). Degradasi habitat berhubungan positif dengan jumlah populasi babi hutan, dimana semakin berkurangnya luas habitat berkorelasi terhadap penurunan jumlah populasi babi. Pada subsistem Panthers pardus Berdasarkan hasil simulasi penurunan luas habitat alami memberikan efek negatif terhadap jumlah populasi Panthera pardus. Grafik hasil simulasi populasi Panthera pardus menunjukkan perilaku peluruhan (decaying), dengan jumlah populasi yang terus menurun. Faktor yang paling mempengaruhi dinamika populasi Panthera pardus adalah kondisi habitat, dimana semakin berkurangnya habitat berkorelasi terhadap penurunan populasi Panthera pardus dan hewan mangsanya. Sehingga untuk upaya pelestarian perlu dilakukan usaha-usaha: Rehabilitasi kawasan; Peningkatan pemberdayaan masyarakat; Pengembangan ekonomi masyarakat dalam kawasan melalui penciptaan lapangan kerja baik formal maupun non formal atau pembangunan industri ramah lingkungan yang mampu menyerap banyak tenaga kerja; Memasyarakatkan pengetahuan tentang peranan dan manfaat hutan serta isinya terhadap kehidupan, khususnya yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan ekologi tinggi; Pemberlakuan regulasi yang ketat dan sanksi yang tegas untuk setiap pelanggaran."

"Penelitian mengenai ekologi orang utan di hutan primer seluas 330 ha dan hutan bekas tebangan seluas 83 ha, Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, telah dilakukan sejak Juli 2009-Juli 2010, dengan data tambahan pada 1993-1995 (sebelum penebangan) dan 2003-2008 (pasca penebangan) khusus untuk daerah jelajah orang utan. Perbandingan kedua tipe habitat di hutan primer dan hutan bekas tebangan dilakukan melalui analisis vegetasi, fruit trail, nest count, pemanfaatan fruit patch per km dan penggunaan daerah jelajah. Pengambilan data vegetasi dilakukan dengan metode kuadrat sebanyak 20 plot. Sedangkan untuk fruit trail dan nest count menggunakan metode transek (4 jalur transek sepanjang 9,1 km), dan untuk pemanfaatan fruit patch per km serta penggunaan daerah jelajah orang utan menggunakan metode focal animal instantaneous dan GPS. Analisis statistik nonparametrik Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan penggunaan kedua tipe habitat. Analisis korelasi Spearman digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan kepadatan sarang (nest counts), kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan jelajah orang utan, serta hubungan antara sumber pakan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jelajah orang utan. Analisis GIS Arc View 3.2 dan Arc GIS 9.3 digunakan untuk melihat luas daerah jelajah orang utan. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan terdapat 275 pohon dari 99 jenis pohon di hutan primer dengan 67 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Sedangkan untuk hutan bekas tebangan terdapat 303 pohon dari 87 jenis pohon dengan 56 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Hutan primer tersusun atas vegetasi asli, sedangkan hutan bekas tebangan tersusun oleh vegetasi perintis. Indeks Keanekaragaman (H?) di hutan primer 3,074; di hutan bekas tebangan 2,961 dan Indeks Kesamaan (ISs) pohon 59,70%; liana 61%, sehingga menyimpulkan bahwa kedua habitat hampir sama dan proses pemulihan hutan dalam 8 tahun terlihat berjalan dengan baik walaupun belum mencapai suksesi akhir. Kelimpahan pohon berbuah tertinggi terjadi pada Juni ? Agustus pada setiap tahun. Kepadatan orang utan berkorelasi positif terhadap ketersediaan buah di hutan primer, tetapi pola yang sama tidak terlihat di hutan bekas tebangan. Jarak jelajah jantan (Asymp.Sig = 0,439) atau betina (Asymp.Sig = 0,121) sebelum penebangan (1993-1995) dan pascapenebangan I (2003-2008), ataupun pascapenebangan II (2009-2010) tidak ada perbedaan. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan (0,307 di hutan primer dan 0,119 di hutan bekas tebangan) antara kelimpahan pohon (semua jenis) berbuah di trails dengan jarak jelajah orang utan. Namun demikian, terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sumber pakan orang utan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jarak jelajah orang utan (0,022 di hutan primer dan 0,015 di hutan bekas tebangan). Tujuan orang utan menjelajah untuk mencari sumber pakan khususnya pakan berbuah (Asymp.Sig = 0,005). Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui pula, 79% orang utan menggunakan hutan primer dan 21% hutan bekas tebangan sebagai daerah jelajahnya.

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Research on ecology of orangutans in 330 ha area of which is pristine forest and 83 ha of which has been logged, Ketambe Research Station. The study was conducted in July 2009-July 2010, with additional ranging data from 1993 to 1995 and data from 2003 to 2008. Comparison of these two habitat types was done through analysis of vegetation, fruit trail, nest counts, use of food patches per km and use of ranging. Vegetation data collected from squares method (20 sampling plots), fruit trail and nest count 9.1 km transect lines. Ranging data were collected by focal animal instantaneous sampling and GPS. Arc GIS 3.2 and Arc View GIS 9.3 were used for the analysis of ranging area and tested with Mann-Whitney. The results of vegetation analysis revealed that in unlogged forest there were 275 trees comprising 99 species with 67 species being orangutan food trees, whereas in logged forest there were 303 trees with 87 species of which 56 species were orangutan food trees. Unlogged forests are typically composed of native vegetation whereas logged forests comprise pioneer species. Diversity Index (H?) in unlogged forest 3,074; in logged 2,961 and Similarity index (ISs) to trees 59,70%; liana 61%, revealed that both habitats are similar and natural succession during the past eight years has been progressing well although pioneer trees such as Elateriospermum tapos and Macaranga sp. were still present in the logged forest. Fruit trails studies revealed that levels of productivity of trees fruiting were highest between June-August in each year. Nest counts showed that the productivity of fruit trees was positively correlated to the density of orangutans. Orangutan density was positively correlated to fruit availability in unlogged forest, but the same pattern is seen in logged forest. A range pattern of male and female on before and after logging were not difference. They used primary forest wider than in logged area. There was no significant relationship (0.307 and 0.119 in the unlogged forest in logged forest) between the abundance of fruit trees (all) in trails with a orangutans range. However, there is a significant relationship between orangutan fruit patches with an orangutan?s range (0.022 in the unlogged forest and 0.015 in logged forest). Orangutans prefer to range use the primary forest (79%) as compared to logged forest (21%)."