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"Five Dayak ethnic groups : Iban, Tamambaloh, Kantu', Bukat and Punan are residing inside the Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity. Most Dayak members are earning their life as farmers, hunters, poachers and collective of forest products either for commercial or personal purposes. They live harmoniously with their surrounding. Research on "Biodiversity of plants and the utility of landscape by communities of Dayak ethnics at Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity", were carried out from November 1996 to May I997. The result had been presented in a thesis, which is composing of two subjects. First subject, concerning with "The indigenous knowledge and the landscape usage of the Dayak". This study is separated into two consecutive chapters. Data were collected by using exploration and square methods. Diversity index are obtained by using Shanon & Wiener formula 1949 (Kreb, 1989); Equation of plant community are calculated using Jaccard (Greig-Smith, 1983) and Cluster analysis is performanced by Ludwig & Reynolds formulation (1988). The result of the research shows that each ethnic group has particular characteristic as follows : a. Housing Sadap village (Dayak Iban), and Sungai Ulu' Palin ViIIage (Dayak Tamambaloh) have long and single house. The other villages such as Nanga Potan (Dayak Kantu'), Along Hovat (Dayak Bukat) and Nanga Bungan (Dayak Punan) do not have. Sadap village is the only village that has water pipe system, while other four villages do not. They get water from the river and from the rain water for drinking. At Along Hovat and Nanga Bungan village, the road has been made from concrete base, while the other three villages have not. Sungai Ulu' Palin village of the Dayak ethnic has the highest population, which. consisted of 92 families or 403 persons, while Nanga Potan village of the Dayak has the lowest, which consisted only 10 families or 45 persons. b. Home garden Based on the plant composition of the home garden at the five villages we visited that the Dayak practice different type of home garden . At Sadap village and Sungai Ulu' Palin village : the Iban and Tamambaloh prefer to grow industrial plants such as rubber Ffevea brasilliensis), while at Nanga Potan and along Hovat : Kantu' and Bukat prefer to grow fruits plants, such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and durian (Dario zibethinus). However, the Punan at Nanga Bungan does not practice home garden , therefore, there is no any special plants in their garden. c. Variaton of plants at the active field Generally, at the five villages there are about 27 varieties of glutinous rice and 77 varieties of rice. Beside the main plant, they also grew the supplementary plants such as cucumber (Cucumis melo), cassava (Manihot esculenta), egg plant (Soiwnan sp.), small chili (Capsicum frutescens), "katuk" (Sauropus albicans), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and "paria" (Momordica charantia). d. Vegetation of the abandoned field. The composition of the plants at the abandoned garden has variation. The abandoned garden for 1 - 5 years were dominated by wild plants such as Themeda gigantea and Melastoma malabathricum. The abandoned garden for 5 - 10 years, were dominated by secondary plants such as Macaranga gigantea, A. trilaba, M lapadanta, and Threma orientalis. The abandoned field of more than 20 years are primarily dominated by Dipterocarpaceae. e. Cluster analysis Based on what we observed , we categorize three stages of growth such as "belta" , "trees", and "seedling" stadium on the field. There is an indication that the factor of human activities influence the plant's growth. Second subject, "Me indigenous knowledge and the utility of plant diversity of Dayak ethnic at the Bentuang Km-isms National Park and its vicinity". The purpose of the research was to study how the communities around the National Park benefing the landscape of the park. The data obtained by interviewing members of the community. a. The using of plants Categorization of plant use in five villages communities : 1. Edible plants : consisted of 129 species, 94 genus, and 42 families. 2. Housing materials : consisted of 63 species. 21 genus_ and 14 families.. And tfor agricultural tool consisted of 23 species, 13 genus, and 9 families. 3. Medicinal purposes : consisted of 55 species. 51 genus. and 34 families, 4. Ceremonials and rituals : consisted of 21 species, 19 genus, and 17 families. 5. Clothing : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families. 6. Utensils,rope and braid consisted of 27 species. 14 genus, and 9 families. 7. Dyes : consisted of 7 species, 7 genus, and 6 families.8. Firewood consisted of 19 species, 11 genus and 9 families9. Ornamental or decoration : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families.10. Poison and toxic ingredient : consisted of 4 species, 3 genus, and 2 families.b. The indigenous knowledge The indigenous knowledge of plants of the communities among the ethnics shows varies from one to another. The differences in the knowledge between those of the male and those of the female were tested using the proportional test."

"The Gunung Gede - Pangrango National Park is known as a reserve for protecting plant and animal diversity, and has been listed as a biosphere reserve by The United Nation for Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Floristic composition in this park is very diverse ranging from lowland and mountain forests to sub-alpine vegetation. The forest in the national park does not always have a closed canopy as gaps have been created by both natural forces such as death of trees or windblows and by human activities. This study was designed to examine: 1) species richness and forest structure at the sapling level; 2) forest regeneration; and 3) potential uses of saplings and seedlings. The study area was located at the forest at Bodogol at the altitude of 800 m above sea level (asl). Saplings were recorded in 25 plots of 10 m x 10 m of each. The study site was located along the hill path. A sapling species inventory was conducted in one-hectare plot, which was divided into 25 subplots of 10 m x 10 m each, where enumeration, measurement of diameter and identification of each sapling were undertaken. Enumeration and identification of shrubs, tree seedlings, herbs and ferns were made in 25 subsubplots of 1 m x 1 m each. The results indicated that the sapling species richness is remarkably high. The numbers of sapling (< 10 cm diameter at breast height) recorded in 25 plots with total area of 2500 m was 1516, which belong to 83 species and 34 families with total basal area of 0.124 m2. The highest density of 356 saplings per hectare were recorded in Rubiaceae, with two leading spesies Urophyllum arboreum and Paederia foetida. Uropyllum arboreum was recorded as the most frequent sapling across 18 subplots of the total 25 subplots. Lithocarpus elegans, Acer niveum, Villebrunea rubescens, Sterculia oblongata, and Cryptocarya tomentosa were recorded as having the highest basal areas. Five species were recorded with biggest Importance Value Indexes (INP); Urophyllum arboreum (INP=23.75%), Paederia foetida (INP=13.10%), Villebrunea rubescens (INP=8.94%), Antidesma sp (INP=8.51%), and Persea excelsa (INP=7.88%). Above ground vegetation showed remarkable high species richness with total count 68 species, belonging to 44 families representing 224 individuals recorded in 25 subsubplots with total area of 25 m2. The highest frequency was recorded in Diospyros frutescens, which recorded in 7 subsubplots. Schismatoglottis calyptrata from Araceae family was recorded as the most prominent species. Twenty five subplots with a total area of 2500 m2 at Bedogol in the national park, 126 species have been identified of having potential uses for traditional medicines, building material, food sources, fire wood, handy craft, and ornamental plants."

"Penelitian yang diadakan untuk penulisan tesis ini bertujuan mengungkapkan : mengapa pranata tradisional bisa berlaku atau tidak berlaku dalam praktik pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan sumber daya hutan tertentu, baik pada tingkat individu maupun pada tingkat komunitas, sebagaimana terlihat di daerah Sungai Bahau, pada komunitas di Long Tebulo dan Long Uli.Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan kontekstual. Data diperoleh dengan teknik : dokumentasi, wawancara (perorangan maupun kelompok), dan observasi (tanpa partisipasi dan dengan partisipasi). Untuk analisis digunakan struktur penjelasan kausal (structure of causal explanation) dari Sayer {1984).Hasi1 penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fenomena kesesuaian antara praktik dan pranata lebih banyak terjadi dalam kegiatan pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan sumber daya hutan untuk keperluan subsistensi. Sedangkan fenomena ketidaksesuaian lebih banyak terlihat dalam kegiatan pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan sumber daya hutan komersial. Kedua fenomena tersebut ternyata berkaitan erat dengan kondisi kesalingtergantungan antar warga, pengaruh kelompok terhadap individu, transparansi kegiatan serta sifat kontrol dalam masing-masing kegiatan.Kondisi kesalingtergantungan antar warga, pengaruh kelompok terhadap individu, transparansi kegiatan serta sifat kontrol dalam masing-masing kegiatan dipengaruhi oleh mekanisme kerja sama dan pengaturan bersama dalam konteks sosial produksi, serta saling bantu dan saling bagi hasil dalam konteks sosial konsumsi hasil hutan. Adanya mekanisme tersebut dipengaruhi oleh salah satu atau kombinasi dari beberapa faktor situasional : keadaan lingkungan, karakteristik sumber daya hutan, keadaan penduduk, keadaan ekonomi, organisasi social dan kepemimpinan lokal, sistem produksi (pemanfaatan sumber daya hutan yang bersangkutan), keadaan teknologi dan hubungan dengan aktor lain di luar warga komunitas, dengan porsi dan intensitas yang berbeda dalam masing-masing kegiatan."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang pemanfaatan sumber daya laut oleh nelayan tradisional di tengah lokasi pelabuhan Surabaya yang dipedomani, oleh pengetahuan lokal dan faktor ekonomi, faktor kekerabatan dan faktor religi. Pengetahuan lokal nelayan Kenjeran, membekali mereka untuk mampu mengenal dan memahami tentang kondisi perairan laut. Kondisi tersebut, digunakan oleh para nelayan Kenjeran untuk menentukan waktu penangkapan dan jenis tangkapan. Selain itu, faktor-faktor tersebut melatar belakangi pembentukan pola wilayah kerja, jalur distribusi pemasaran dan kesepakatan pemanfaatan kawasan penangkapan ikan di sekitar Selat Madura.Pemilihan kawasan perkampungan nelayan tradisional di Kecamatan Kenjeran khususnya di Kelurahan Kedung Cowek Kota Madia Surabaya, oleh karena pemukiman mereka, sebagai pemukiman pertama nelayan tradisional yang masih aktif dan memiliki keaneka ragaman dalam kegiatan melaut mereka. Untuk dapat belajar memahami aktivitas sehari-hari para nelayan tersebut, peneliti membina hubungan yang akrab, melakukan serangkaian wawancara langsung yang terfokus tentang aktivitas mereka, bahkan ikut serta terlibat dalam kegiatan sehari-harinya.Maka, penelitian ini menghasilkan suatu pengetahuan bahwa kegiatan melaut para nelayan Kenjeran berpedomankan pada faktor religi, faktor ekonomi, faktor kekerabatan dan dibatasi pula oleh kebijakan dari pihak pelabuhan. Terutama yang berkaitan dengan penentuan batas kawasan penangkapan dan jalur lalu lintas kapal yang keluar dari pelabuhan. Kondisi_ tersebut terbentuk, oleh karena ada perbedaan kepentingan dalam memanfaatkan kawasan laut di sekitar Selat Madura, yaitu kepentingan bertahan hidup dengan bekerja sebagai nelayan tradisional dan kepentingan yang berorientasi pada keuntungan pemasukan pendapatan bagi pemerintah daerah."

"Wawonii is one of the small islands located at S.E. Celebes.Plant diversity and its utilization by the local people have not been recorded yet...."