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"Penelitian tentang ?Peranan Partai Politik Terhadap Integrasi Nasional yang mengambil studi kasus Partai Amanat Nasional? ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peranan parpol dalam mengintegrasikan aspirasi masyarakat didalam menjaga kohesifitas bangsa Indonesia; Mengkaji peranan PAN dalam meningkatkan aspek integrasi nasional.Penelitian memakai metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan permasalahan secara asosiatif kepada Partai Amanat Nasional dimana sumber data berasal dari sumber primer yang berjumlah 15 orang yakni Para pendiri PAN dan tokohtokoh senior PAN,Pengurus DPP PAN, dan sumber sekunder. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan indikator ideologi, pola rekrutmen, pola pengorganisasian, sebaran dukungan, kebijakan dari partai - terutama yang terkait dengan integrasi nasional.Adapun teori atau pendapat para ahli yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian berkisar seputar teori peranan, partai politik, integrasi nasional, dan ketahanan nasional, sehingga diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Pertama, Partai Amanat Nasional melaksanakan peran integrasi nasional melalui fungsinya sebagai sarana komunikasi, sosialisasi, rekrutmen politik, dan pengatur konflik serta tetap menjadi sarana artikulasi dan mengaggregasi kepentingan. Namun peranan parpol terhadap integrasi nasional mengalami penurunan kualitas karena perluasan partisipasi masyarakat tidak berbanding lurus dengan kemampuan sumberdaya parpol, termasuk lembaga-lembaga negara lainnya; Kedua, PAN memiliki peran penting bagi terwujudnya integrasi nasional. Partai Amanat Nasional sebagai partai terbuka dapat menunjang penguatan aspek integrasi nasional Indonesia sebagai bangsa majemuk. Ketiga, Euforia politik selama reformasi menjadikan negara pada posisi tidak stabil akibat ledakan partisipasi rakyat yang tidak mampu dikelola oleh institusi politik yang ada. Hal demikian disadari oleh partai - partai politik , karena itu ia melalui kadernya di badan legislatif mulai membuat regulasi jumlah partai melalui pemilu agar bisa menciptakan iklim yang lebih kondusif bagi ketahanan nasional bersendikan demokrasi. Artinya, parpol sadar akan pentingnya sistem multi partai terbatas (proporsional) dalam rangka konsolidasi demokrasi sehingga tercipta kohesi sosial dengan melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat.Terkait dengan temuan penelitian ini, peneliti merekomendasikan agar peranan partai politik terhadap integrasi nasional bisa lebih maksimal, maka setiap parpol perlu segera berbenah diri dengan meningkatkan sumber daya yang dimiliki sehingga dapat mengelola partisipasi masyarakat dan mampu melembagakan konflik atau kepentingan yang saling bersaing. Oleh sebab itu, partai politik juga perlu mengetahui lingkup serta intensitas perbedaan agama dan etnis, kesenjangan antara kelompok tradisional dan kelompok modern, kesenjangan antara perkotaan dan pedesaan, termasuk ideologi - ideologi yang saling bersaing. Karena semua itu harus diagregasi dan diartikulasikan oleh partai politik yang eksis dalam pentas politik nasional. Apalagi jumlah partai politik selama transisi demokrasi sangat tergantung pada fragmentasi yang terjadi ditengahtengah masyarakat. Dengan begitu, partai politik melalui lembaga legislatif dan eksekutif harus memastikan bahwa ia melaksanakan perannya dalam memperkuat integrasi nasional dimana secara gradual mengurangi etnosentrisme yang mengancam integrasi nasional melalui Undang-undang tentang partai politik dan pemilihan umum.

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The research about " The Role Of Political Party To National Integration taking case study of PAN a conducted with the objective as a mean to describe the role of political party in integrating society aspiration in taking care of Indonesian nation cohesively; Studying the role of PAN in improving the national integration aspects.

The research used a qualitative method using an associative approach to the problem in the National Mandate Party where the source data comes from primary sources amounted to 15 people the PAN 's founders and senior figures PAN , PAN DPP Board , and secondary sources . The study was conducted using the indicator ideology , recruitment patterns , patterns of organization , distribution support, the policy of the party - especially those related to national integration The theory or opinion of experts who used to do the research revolves around the theory of the role of political parties , national integration , and national defense , thus obtained the following conclusions : First , the National Mandate Party in the role of national integration through its function as a means of communication , socialization , recruitment political and regulatory conflict and remains a means of articulation and aggregate interests . However, the role of political parties towards national integration deteriorated due to the expansion of public participation is not directly proportional to the ability of the resources of political parties , including the institutions of other countries; Secondly , PAN has an important role for the realization of national integration . PAN as the party is open to support the strengthening of national integration aspect of Indonesia as a pluralistic nation. Third , the political euphoria over reforms to make the country unstable position due to the explosion of popular participation is not capable of being managed by the existing political institutions . It thus realized by the party - political parties , because it was he by its cadres in the legislature began to regulate the number of the party through the election in order to create a climate more conducive to national security bersendikan democracy . That is, the parties are aware of the importance of multi-party system is limited ( proportional ) in order to consolidate democracy in order to create social cohesion with community participation .

Related to these findings , the researchers recommended that the role of political parties towards national integration could be maximal , then any political party should immediately improve itself by increasing its resources so that it can manage public participation and able to institutionalize conflict or competing interests. Therefore , political parties also need to know the scope and intensity of religious and ethnic differences , the gap between the traditional and the modern groups , the gap between urban and rural , including ideologies - ideologies competing . Because it must be aggregated and articulated by the political parties that exist in the national political stage Moreover, the number of political parties during a democratic transition depends on the fragmentation occurring in the midst of society . By doing so , the political parties through the legislature and the executive should ensure that it carry out its role in strengthening national integration which gradually reduces ethnocentrism threatening national integration through legislation on political parties and elections."

"Penelitian tentang "Peranan Partai Politik Era Reformasi Terhadap Integrasi Nasional yang metigambil studi kasus PDT Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera" ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peranan parpol dalam mengintegrasikan aspirasi masyarakat didalam menjaga kohesifitas bangsa Indonesia; Mengkaji peranan PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera dalam meningkatkan aspek integrasi nasional; Serta mengkaji implikasi reformasi bagi ketahanan nasional dimana PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera menjadi aktor demokrasi yang diakui secara konstitusional.Penelitian memakai metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan permasalahan secara asosiatif kepada PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera dimana sumber data berasal dart sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan indikator ideologi, pola rekrutmen, pola pengorganisasian, sebaran dukungan, kebijakan dari kedua partai terutama yang terkait dengan integrasi nasional.Adapun teori atau pendapat para ahli yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian berkisar seputar teori peranan, partai politik, integrasi nasional, dan ketahanan nasional, sehingga diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Fertama, Parpol era reformasi melaksanakan peran integrasi nasional melalui fungsinya sebagai sarana komunikasi, sosialisasi, rekrutmen politik, dan pengatur konflik serta tetap menjadi sarana artikulasi dan mengaggregasi kepentingan. Namun peranan parpol era reformasi terhadap integrasi nasional mengalami pent roan kualiths karena perluasan partisipasi masyarakat tidak berbanding lures dengan kemampuan sumberdaya parpol, termasuk lembaga-lembaga negara lainnya; Kedua, PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera memiliki peran panting bagi terwujudnya integrasi nasional. PDI Perjuangan sebagai partai terbuka dapat menunjang penguatan aspek integrasi nasional Indonesia sebagai bangsa majemuk. Begitu pula dengan PK Sejahtera, karena ia mengikuti kaidah - kaidah demokrasi didalam memperjuangkan tujuan idiilnya; Ketiga, Euforia politik selama reformasi menjadikan negara pada posisi tidak stabil akibat ledakan partisipasi rakyat yang tidak mampu dikelola oleh institusi politik yang ada. Hal demikian disadari oleh partai - partai politik era reformasi, karma itu ia melalui kadernya di badan legislatif mulai membuat regulasi jurnlah partai melalui pemilu agar bisa menciptakan iklim yang lebih kondusif bagi ketahanan nasional bersendikan demokrasi. Artinya, parpol era reformasi insyaf akan pentingnya sistem multi partai terbatas (proporsional) dalam rangka konsolidasi demokrasi sehingga tercipta kohesi sosial dengan melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat.Terkait dengan temuan penelitian ini, peneliti merekomendasikan agar peranan parpol era reformasi terhadap integrasi nasional bisa lebih optimal, maka setiap parpol perlu segera berbenah did dengan meningkatkan sumber days yang dimiliki sehingga dapat mengelola partisipasi masyarakat dan mampu melembagakan konflik atau kepentingan yang sating bersaing. Oleh sebab itu, parpol juga perlu mengetahui lingkup serta intensitas perbedaan agama dan etnis, kesenjangan antara kelompok tradisional dan kelompok modem, kesenjangan antara perkotaan dan pedesaan, termasuk ideologi - ideologi yang saling bersaing. Karena semua itu hams diagregasi dan diartikulasikan oleh parpol yang eksis dalam pentas politik nasional. Apalagi jumlah parpol selama transisi demokrasi sangat tergantung pada fragmentasi yang terjadi ditengah-tengah masyarakat. Dengan begitu, parpol era reformasi melalui lembaga legislatif dan eksekutif hazes memastikan bahwa ia melaksanakan perannya dalam memperkuat integrasi nasional dimana secara gradual mengurangi emosentrisme yang mengancam integrasi nasional melalui Undang-undang tentang partai politik dan pemilihan umum.

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The research about " The Role Of Political Party Era Reform To National Integration taking case study of PDI Perjuangan and PK Sejahtera conducted with the objective as a mean to describe the role of political party in integrating society aspiration in taking care of Indonesian nation cohesively; Studying the role of PDI Perjuangan and of PK Sejahtera in improving the national integration aspects; And also to study the reform implication to national resilience whereas PDI Perjuangan and of PK Sejahtera become democracy actors confessed constitutionally.

The research uses qualitative method by using approach of analysis description where the source of data came from the primary and the secondary sources. The research conducted by using ideology indicator, pattern of recruitment, organizational pattern, dispersion support, policy of both party - especially which related to national integration.

As for opinion or theory of experts used to conduct research gyrate in around role theory, political party, national integration, and national resilience. So that it obtained the following conclusion: First, political parties in reform era has been doing the role of national integration through communication medium function, socialization, political recruitment, conflict management, and remain consistent in being articulation medium and interest of aggregation. But the quality of the role of political parties in reform era to national integration is declining because the expansion of people participation is not directly proportional with capability and capacity of parties resources, including other state institutions; Second; that both parties have their important roles to form the National integration. PDI Perjuangan as an open party can support reinforcement of national integrity aspects to Indonesia as a plural nation. So does with the PK Sejahtera, because it follows democracy methods in achieving its ideal target; Thirr Political Euphoria during reform will make unstable state on course effect of people participation explosion which unable to be managed by existing political institution. This condition is realized by political parties in reform era; therefore, through their cadre in legislative institution, they begin to make regulation of parties number through the election in order to create more conducive climate of national resilience based on democracy. It means that political parties have realized the importance of definite multi parties (proportional) in order to make democracy consolidation so it can be created social cohesion that involve people participation.

Related to the invention of this research, the researcher recommends that in order to make the role of political parties in reform era to national integration more optimum, each party needs to improve themselves by increasing their resources so they are capable to manage people participation and also able to institute the conflicts or compete interests. Therefore, political parties need also to know the scope and the intensity of ethnic and religion diversity, the gap between traditional and modem group, the gap between city and rusticity, including the compete ideologies, because those all factors must be aggregated and articulated by political parties that exist in national political stage. Moreover, number of political parties within democracy transition is much depend on the fragmentation happened between society. Therefore, political parties in reform era through Legislative and executive institution must ensure that they can implement their role in strengthening national integration and gradually decreasing that menace national integration through political party regulations and general election."

"This paper reviews at how democracy in Indonesia is evolving, both as institution and as an idea in the minds of its citizen. The relationship between the central government and the regions in Indonesia are undergoing change, with a serous challenge to central authority along with related moves to decentralized political authority and economic responsibility."

"Sebagai partai politik baru yang lahir dalam arus gelombang demokratisasi di awal reformasi 1998, Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) berhasil meraih kemenangan pada pemilu 1999 dengan menempati urutan ketiga. Namun, fenomena konflik internal PKB yang silih berganti kurun waktu antara tahun 2001 hingga 2011 berdampak pada penurunan suara PKB di pemilu 2004 dan 2009. Terakhir, konflik internal PKB terjadi tahun 2008-2011 yang menjadi fokus studi dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian adalah menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya fenomena konflik internal PKB serta mekanisme penyelesaian konfliknya. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan tipe eksploratif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam sebagai data primer dan studi literatur sebagai data sekunder. Kerangka teori yang digunakan adalah konsep partai politik, konflik politik, dan resolusi konflik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konflik internal PKB tahun 2008-2011 adalah konflik yang berawal dari keluarnya surat keputusan yang memberhentikan Muhaimin Iskandar sebagai Ketua Umum Dewan Tanfidz DPP PKB melalui Rapat Pleno yang dikendalikan Gus Dur sebagai Ketua Umum Dewan Syuro DPP PKB. Pembagian kekuasaan yang tidak seimbang, kuatnya pragmatisme kekuasaan, tidak berjalannya fungsi manajemen konflik serta lemahnya penegakkan konstitusi partai menjadi akar penyebab terjadinya konflik internal PKB. Mekanisme penyelesaian konflik internal PKB ditempuh melalui cara organisasi, kultural, politik, dan hukum.

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As a new political party was born in the current wave of democratization in the beginning of the 1998 reform, the National Awakening Party (PKB) managed to win the 1999 elections with a third place. However, the phenomenon of internal conflict PKB successive period between 2001 and 2011 contributed to the decline in voice PKB 2004 and 2009 elections. Finally, internal conflicts PKB occurs in 2008-2011 which is the focus of this research study.

The purpose of research is to explain the causes of the phenomenon of internal conflict PKB and conflict resolution mechanisms. Methods of research used a qualitative approach with exploratory type. Data was collected through in-depth interviews as the primary data and literature as secondary data. Theoretical framework used is the concept of political parties, political conflict, and conflict resolution.

Results of the study showed that PKB internal conflict in 2008-2011 was a conflict that began in the issuance of a decree to dismiss Muhaimin Iskandar as Chairman of the Tanfidz Council DPP PKB through controlled Plenary Meeting of Gus Dur as Chairman of the Syuro Council DPP PKB. Unequal distribution of power, strength pragmatism of power, not the functioning of conflict management and weak enforcement of the party constitution at the root causes of internal conflict PKB. Internal conflict resolution mechanisms PKB reached by way of organizational, cultural, political, and legal."

"Artikel ini mengenai transmigrasi dan integrasi bangsa dengan studi kasus masyarakat Bali di Buton 1978-2000an. Pembahasan difokuskan pada program transmigrasi yang berdampak pada masyarakat Buton melalui aspek ekonomi dan sosial budaya. Transmigrasi di Buton dilaksanakan karena adanya rencana Pemerintah Daerah untuk menghasilkan lahan persawahan. Upaya yang dilakukan yakni dengan mendatangkan masyarakat Bali ke Buton. Tujuan penelitian ini mengenai interaksi yang berdampak pada proses integrasi kedua masyarakat. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber tertulis dan sumber lisan. Proses integrasi tampak pada aspek ekonomidan sosial budaya yang terwujud dalam temuan yang ada di penelitian ini. Hasil temuan yang ada menunjukan bahwa masyarakat Bali telah menghasilkan lahan persawahan di Kota Baubau. Hasil dari lahan persawahan tersebut juga telah digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan beras di Kota Baubau, sehingga dengan didatangkannya masyarakat Bali di Buton telah memenuhi rencana Pemerintah Daerah Buton dalam menghasilkan lahan persawahan. Meski berada di Buton, masyarakat Bali tetap menjalankan kepercayaan dan adat istiadat yang berbeda dengan masyarakat setempat. Namun, Adanya perbedaan agama dan adat istiadat tersebut tidak menghalangi kedua masyarakat untuk berbaur di dalam kehidupan masyarakat.

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This article is about transmigration and national integration with a case study of Balinese people in Buton from 1978 to 2000. The discussion focused on the transmigration program which had an impact on the Buton community through economic and socio-cultural aspects. Transmigration in Buton was carried out because of the Regional Governments plan to produce rice fields. Efforts are made namely by bringing Balinese people to Buton. Thepurpose of this study is about interactions that have an impact on the integration process of the two communities. This research method is a historical method using written sources and oral sources. The integration process appears in the economic and socio-cultural aspects that are manifested in the findings in this study. The findings show that the Balinese have produced rice fields in the City of Baubau. The results of the rice fields have also been used to meet rice needs in Baubau City. So that by bringing in Balinese people in Buton, they have fulfilled the plan of the Buton Regional Government to produce rice fields. Even though they are in Buton, Balinese people continue to carry out beliefs and customs that are different from the local community. However, the existence of differences in religion and customs does not prevent the two communities from mingling in peoples lives. This article is about transmigration and national integration with a case study of Balinese people in Buton from 1978 to 2000. The discussion focused on the transmigration program which had an impact on the Buton community through economic and socio-cultural aspects. Transmigration in Buton was carried out because of the Regional Governments plan to produce rice fields. Efforts are made namely by bringing Balinese people to Buton. The purpose of this study is about interactions that have an impact on the integration process of the two communities. This research method is a historical method using written sources and oral sources. The integration process appears in the economic and socio-cultural aspects that are manifested in the findings in this study. The findings show that the Balinese have produced rice fields in the City of Baubau. The results of the rice fields have also been used to meet rice needs in Baubau City. So that by bringing in Balinese people in Buton, they have fulfilled the plan of the Buton Regional Government to produce rice fields. Even though they are in Buton, Balinese people continue to carry out beliefs and customs that are different from the local community. However, the existence of differences in religion and customs does not prevent the two communities from mingling in peoples lives."

"Tulisan ini mengkaji dan menjawab tentang peran etnik Tionghoa Indonesia dalam kegiatan politik nasional. Dari sejarah yang ada terlihat peran etnis Tionghoa cukup menonjol pada masa kolonialisme, pra kemerdekaan, pada masa orde lama dan reformasi. Peran politik etnis Tionghoa melemah pada masa Orde Baru, dan mulai meningkat lagi pada masa Reformasi. Salah satu aktor yang menonjol adalah Basuki Tjahaja Purnama atau Ahok. Permasalahan yang ada apakah etnik Tionghoa dalam pemilihan langsung dapatkah menjadi pemimpin nasional seperti misalnya Gubernur atau Presiden? Ahok menjadi Gubernur DKI Jakarta hanyalah karena mengganti Joko Widodo karena dia terpilih menjadi Presiden. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif Deskriptif dengan pendekatan Studi Kasus. Salah satu metode yang digunakan adalah Wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang sesuai konteks. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa etnis Tionghoa telah berperan dalam perpolitikan nasional Indonesia dan setelah mengalami kemunduran pada era Orde Baru, kini berkembang lagi pada era Reformasi. Namun studi ini memperlihatkan bahwa Politik Identitas pada 2016 mengancam stabilitas keamanan dan ketahanan nasional serta berdampak pada kepemimpinan Ahok. Terbukti pada Pilgub DKI Jakarta tahun 2017 Ahok tidak terpilih lagi. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan strategi Ahok dalam meredam konflik agar tidak meluasnya politik identitas yaitu strategi coping adaptif dengan memenuhi tuntutan pendemo untuk mengadili Ahok tujuannya tentu Ahok ingin menjaga stabilitas keamanan serta ketahanan nasional dan terciptanya ketahanan sosial budaya.

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This paper examines and answers the role of Indonesian Chinese ethnicity in national political activities. From the existing history, it can be seen that the role of ethnic Chinese was quite prominent during colonialism, pre-independence, during the old order and reformation. The political role of ethnic Chinese weakened during the New Order era, and began to increase again during the Reformation period. One of the prominent actors is Basuki Tjahaja Purnama or Ahok. The problem that exists is whether ethnic Chinese in direct elections can become national leaders such as governors or presidents? Ahok became Governor of DKI Jakarta only because he replaced Joko Widodo when he was elected President. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a case study approach. One of the methods used is in-depth interviews with context-appropriate informants. The results of the study explain that ethnic Chinese have played a role in Indonesian national politics and after experiencing setbacks in the New Order era, are now developing again in the Reformation era. However, this study shows that Identity Politics in 2016 threatened national security and security stability and had an impact on Ahok's leadership. It was proven that in the 2017 DKI Jakarta gubernatorial election, Ahok was not re-elected. This study also explains Ahok's strategy in reducing conflict so that identity politics does not spread, namely an adaptive coping strategy by meeting the demands of the demonstrators to try Ahok. Of course, Ahok wants to maintain security stability and national resilience and create socio-cultural resilience."