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"To obtain a final occlusion, torque is needed to place the teeth in a precise labiolingual or buccolingual position. Biomechanically principles and arch manipulation is compulsory to produce torque movement. This paper discusses the technique to produce torque and its biomechanical principles. There are two kinds of torque, root torque and crown torque which can be done on anterior as well as posterior teeth by holding the crown in its position while applying a moment of a force on the rest, root torque can be obtained. In root torque, the center of rotation is at the incisal edge or at the bracket with a 12:1 moment to force ratio. Torque can be produced by using retrangular wire or using torquing auxiliaries. Torque movement is frequently needed in orthodontic treatment which needs a through understanding a biomechanical principles."

"This article discusses hoe the qualitative approach in the social sciences is applied to the study of education and educational systems. A discussion is given on how the qualitative approach differs from the quantitative approach, with an emphasis on how an understanding of the culture of the people under study becomes of a central importance in the former. Educational institutions must be studied within a wider context, allowing the researcher to identify relevant problem areas that are often deemed irrelevant by quantitative studies using deductive models. It is also noted that research conducted with the qualitative approach requires that the researcher must have sufficient theoretical and conceptual knowledge, as well as knowledge of the methods needed to collect data."

"Penggunaan tajuk subjek merupakan keharusan di samping bagan klasifikasi. Perkembangan teknologi informasi tidak mengubah prinsip kosakata terkendali yang diperlukan untuk mencegah jatuhan semu. Menyangkut keperluan perpustakaan umum dan sekolah sudah waktunya bagi pustakawan untuk menyusun daftar tajuk subjek untuk kedua jenis perpustakaan tersebut. Sementara untuk perpustakaan nasional adapat menggunakan daftar tajuk subjek yang disusunnya sendiri."