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"Masalah lingkungan hidup senantiasa menjadi fokus pembicaraan hangat di berbagai negara di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Lebih-lebih dalam dasawarsa terakhir ini, di mana lingkungan hidup telah menghadapi permasalahan besar akibat ulah manusia dan sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan manusia sendiri.Bangsa Indonesia sebagai bangsa yang religius menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa lingkungan hidup sebagai ruang tempat hidup bangsa dalam segala aspek dan matranya sesuai dengan Wawasan Nusantara adalah merupakan karunia Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Hal ini dinyatakan dengan tegas dalam bagian menimbang butir a Undang-Undang No. 4 Tahun 1982 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, selanjutnya disingkat UULH.Menurut UULH, Lingkungan hidup adalah kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda, daya, keadaan dan mahkluk hidup, termasuk di dalamnya manusia dan perilakunya, yang mempengaruhi kelangsungan perikehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia serta mahkluk hidup lainnya (Pasal 1 butir 1 UULH). Pengelolaan lingkungan mempunyai ruang lingkup yang luas dengan cara yang beraneka pula. Pertama, ialah pengelolaan lingkungan secara rutin."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai pertanggungjawaban negara terhadap hak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat dalam perspektif harmonisasi landasan Konstitusionalitas UUD NRI 1945 dengan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan sektoral. Disamping itu juga membahas mengenai sejauh mana komitmen negara dalam mewujudkan pertanggungjawaban negara berdasarkan peraturanperundang-undangan. Dalam penulisan tesis ini, penulis menggunakan metodologi yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual, perundang-undangan dan sejarah. Dan sebagai kesimpulan bahwa pertanggungjawaban negara terhadap hak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat secara normatif dalam Undang-Undang Mineral dan Batubara, Kehutanan dan Sumber Daya Air saling bertentangan dengan semangat Pasal 28 H ayat (1), Pasal 33 ayat (3) dan (4) UUD NRI 1945. Dan pada aspek yang lain ternyata dari segi tugas, fungsi dan tujuan negara, komitmen pertanggungjawaban negara dalam bentuk perundang-undanggan lingkungan jauh dari harapan yang diinginkan serta berimplikasi pada kegagalan negara dalam mewujudkan hak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat.

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Focus of this research is state responsibility of the right to a good and healthy environment in the perspective of harmonization basis between UUD NRI 1945 and sectoral legislation. Besides it, this thesis also discusses the state's commitment in realizing it’s responsibility under the rules. By using conceptual, legislation, and history approach, this thesis is a normative research. The author found that the state responsibility of the right to a good and healthy environment in The Coal and Minerals Act, The Forestry Act and The Water Resources Act does not appropriate with the spirit of Article 28 H par. (1), Article 33 par. (3) and (4) UUD NRI 1945. In the other aspects, based on its function and purpose, commitments of the state responsibility in the form of environmental legislation is far from the desired expectations and implications for the failed state to realize the right to a good and healthy environment."

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Latar Belakang: Menurut penelitian pada tahun 2001, intervensi antenatal berperan efektif dalam menangani komplikasi yang mungkin terjadi pada saat masa kehamilan dan pada saat melahirkan. Di negara dengan penghasilan rendah pelaksanaan ANC sudah meningkat sejak model ANC WHO tahun 2002 dibuat. Namun, dalam rentan waktu 2007-2014, hanya ada 64% ibu yang mengikuti rekomendasi minimal WHO tentang ANC. Di negara Indonesia, angka kematian ibu sudah berkurang secara berkala dari tahun 1990-2015. Namun, negara Indonesia gagal mencapai salah satu target MDGs mengenai kesehatan ibu tentang mengurangi angka kematian ibu. Salah satu penyebab kematian ibu adalah komplikasi yang menyebabkan kematian pada masa kehamilan atau pada saat melahirkan. Oleh karena itu penting untuk mengetahui tingkat kesadaran ibu akan pentingnya program ANC. Pemerintah Indonesia juga telah membuat program Keluarga Sehat untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup rakyat Indonesia. Salah satu fokus dari program pemerintah ini juga untuk menurunkan tingkat kematian ibu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis beberapa faktor terhadap tingkat kesadaran ibu dan efektifitas program keluarga sehat.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda penelitian cross-sectional untuk menganalisa data yang didapat dari para Ibu yang tinggal di Cikini Ampiun. Data kemudian akan digunakan untuk menilai tingkat kesadaran ibu tentang pentingnya Ante Natal Care (ANC) pada masa kehamilan, sebagai indicator “keluarga sehat”.

Hasil: Lebih banyak Ibu yang memiliki tingkat kesadaran tinggi (52.3%) dibandingkan rendah (47.7%) tentang Ante Natal Care (ANC) dari 44 responden. Jumlah Ibu yang memiliki tingkat kesadaran rendah akan program keluarga sehat adalah 44 responden.

Konklusi: Faktor yang memiliki asosiasi dengan tingkat kesadaran Ibu tentang pentingnya Ante Natal Care (ANC) pada masa kehamilan adalah factor edukasi ibu. Semua Ibu di Cikini Ampiun memiliki tingkat kesadaran rendah terhadap program keluarga sehat dan lebih banyak ibu yang memiliki tingkat kesadaran tinggi tentang ANC.

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Background: According to a study in 2001, Antenatal Intervention was shown to be effective in managing complication of pregnancy. In both low- and middle- income countries, the utilization of ANC has increased since the WHO ANC model is introduced in 2002. However, during the period of 2007-2014, there was only 64% of mothers who are pregnant attended the WHO-minimum visits. In Indonesia, the maternal mortality rate has been gradually decreasing, from 1990 to 2015. However, Indonesia failed to reach the target of MDGs which was to reduce maternal mortality rate. One of the main reason for maternal mortality was the failure in preventing or managing complication during pregnancy. Thus, it is important to assess the level of awareness of mothers regarding the importance Ante Natal Care (ANC) during pregnancy. The government of Indonesia had launched a program called “Keluarga Sehat” to improve the quality of health of the people in Indonesia. One of the aim of this program is to decrease maternal mortality rate. This research is done in order to analyze some factors that might affect mother’s level of awareness and the effectiveness of the program.

Method: This research is done using a cross-sectional method. This is used to assess the data from mothers in Cikini Ampiun regarding their awareness to the importance of Ante Natal Care (ANC) during pregnancy as an indicator of “Keluarga Sehat”

Results: It was found that there were more mother with high level of awareness (52.3%) than mother with low awareness (47.7%) from all 44 subjects in Cikini Ampiun. All 44 Subjects had a low level of awareness regarding “Keluarga Sehat” program.

Conclusion: In Cikini Ampiun education is found to be the only factor that is associated to the level of awareness of mothers regarding the importance of Ante Natal Care (ANC) during pregnancy. In addition, all the subjects had low level of awareness regarding “Keluarga Sehat” and there were more mothers who had high level of awareness regarding ANC.

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"ABSTRAKAdagium Pesantren sebagai lembaga yang tidak menjaga kesehatan lingkungan perlu dibuktikan secara ilmiah. Tentunya citra buruk ini menjadi beban dalam upaya mendudukan pesantren sebagai lembaga yang peduli terhadap kesehatan lingkungan. Pesantren, diakui atau tidak, telah memberikan alternatif pendidikan bagi umat Islam Indonesia terutama yang menginginkan pendalaman materi keagamaan. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, lembaga pesantren tidak terbatas memberikan pelayanan pendidikan kepada anak-anak sekitar lembaga tersebut berada, bahkan lebih luas. Pesantren Nurul Hidayah yang berlokasi di Leuwiliang Kabupaten Bogor memiliki keunikan tersendiri. Hiruk pikuk modernitas yang terus menyebar ke pelosok desa tidak menyurutkan pesantren tersebut mempertahankan tradisionalisme ( assalafiyah) sebagai cara pandang dalam mengamalkan dan mengajarkan ajaran-ajaran agama. Fenomena ini membuat Nurul Hidayah memiliki en lain. Pesantren umumnya selalu dijadikan teladan (rujukan) bagi masyarakat yang lain, termasuk dalam hal kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian terhadap pesantren ini adalah berupaya menganalisis kesadaran santri terhadap kesehatan lingkungan sesuai dengan pengetahuan nilai-nilai keagamaan yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan hidup dan kesehatan; menganalisis upaya yang dilakukan para santri dalam memanfaatkan infrastruktur atau sarana dan prasarana yang menjadi indikator kesehatan lingkungan hidup di pesantren; menganalisis upaya manajemen pendidikan keagamaan yang diterapkan pesantren dalam mendukung para santri untuk sadar lingkungan terutama upaya menjaga kesehatan lingkungan hidup. Pesantren Nurul Hidayah, yang memiliki santri 420 orang memberikan suatu gambaran lain mengenai sebuah pesantren pada umumnya. Lokasi pesantren ini sangat terbuka dengan masyarakat, sehingga arus komunikasi dan informasi terus menerus terjadi setiap saat. Keadaan ini membuat pesantren semakin dekat dengan masyarakat. Kedekatan inilah yang secara tidak sadar menjadi kontrol yang kuat kepada para santri untuk selalu menjaga citra yang baik. Salah satu citra yang ditimbulkan adalah objek yang kasat mata, yang dilihat langsung, yaitu kebersihan dan kesehatan lingkungan. Tentunya, keadaan ini membuat para Ustaz dan Kyai berupaya menyadarkan para santri untuk menjaga kebersihan dan kesehatan lingkungan. Upaya-upaya yang telah dilakukan, selain mengisi anjuran setiap mengaji, Kyai dan ustaz serta para pengurus santri membuat sebuah program dan aturan yang dikelola secara rutin dan berkelanjutan. Program ini cukup, efektif, karena selain impelementasi, para santri juga menyadari secara umum mengenai pentingnya kebersihan dan kesehatan lingkungan. Kesadaran inilah yang kali pertama dimunculkan dengan sebuah pengetahuan atau pengajaran tentang kebersihan seperti yang diajarkan para Kyai dan ustaz dalam Al Qur?an dan Al Hadits. Pengetahuan ini yang menimbulkan sebuah pemahaman ( verstehen) yang mendalam akan pentingnya kebersihan lingkungan seperti yang dianjurkan oleh Al- Qur?an dan Al Hadits.

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ABSTRACT

The Pesantren institution is not limited only for giving education service of people live around, but also for people outside the area who come to study the religious knowledge at there. Santri study at Pesantren, live and remain at boarding houses built by Kyai (Muslim scholar). The higher amounts of santri live and remain at boarding houses during they are studying Islamic knowledge, the higher problems emerge. The problem encountered by the institution is preparing and supplying needs of santri during they are studying there; such as building boarding houses, supplying the clean water for daily needs (drinking, having meal, bathing, and washing), loosing the bowels, and other solid and liquid disposals. Man always lives interacting with his environment in persistence. The interaction gives experiences. The observation and experience will cause ?image of environment? which describes about life experience. If a man whose image of environment is negative that means he does not understand how importance of preserving environmental functions for viability and life, the man tends to be apathetic about his environment. That negative image of environment drives various environmental problems. Consequently, it will affect for all structures of life including man himself. Man holds the essential role of managing ecosystem, yet man also carries destruction of the system. Therefore, it needs man?s awareness about functions of ecosystem. This awareness deeply related with man position which is central among other creature. The awareness toward environment turns up from man ability to understand about ecosystem functions for his life. That understanding is based on knowledge belongs to an individual or community derived through experience as well as information of ecosystem. The research is a case study, which means the approach orients to maintain the wholeness of the researched object. Moreover, as the case study, this research is able to study, explore, or interpret particular case naturally in its context without any interference. Whereas viewed from aspect of selecting case, the research is categorized as instrumental case study, which prefers to elaborate and prove the theory made before. Data is collected and studied as the massive wholeness (integrated) which head for bolster deeper knowledge about the researched object. This case study asserts to develop hypothesis designed as work hypothesis. The developing of the hypothesis is through collecting data/information by observation and indepth interview technique. Viewed from the nature of study, the research uses qualitative approach grounded in facts. It orients to give detail description of background of natures, exclusive character of the case, and the general status of the related case. Pesantren Nurul Hidayah has 420 santri, giving another picture about a pesantren in general. The location of the pesantren is open-air for society, so those communication and information streams occur persistently in any time. This xvi closeness unconsciously becomes a strong control for santri to keep their good image. One of images controlled by is visible object and directed sight that is cleanliness and environmental health. This condition insists ustadz (teachers) and kyai bring santri round to keep cleanliness and environmental health. The efforts conducted are besides they give advices during they are studying, kyai, ustdaz and santri board create programs and rules which are managed continually and routinely. The program is quite effective because it is not only implementation, but also santri realize generally about cleanliness as thought by ustadz and kyai derived from al- Qur?an and Hadith massages. The knowledge causes deep understanding ( versetehen) of importance of clean environment as withdrawn by those two Islamic sources. This phenomenon will raise the image gives argumentation about santri?s behaviour and implementation toward the environmental health of pesantren. The image can not be valued by their selves, because it comes from other?s interpretation about the pesantren condition. From environmental awareness aspect, several primary aspects of the image can be viewed from the advancement of amount of santri come to study in every year. Furthermore, Pesantren Nurul Hidayah is more openly for society; interaction with surrounding is tight, attitude of helping each other, mutual assistance, voluntary work, and night watch etc. become evidences of that image of pesantren leads to the better level. In this field, researcher gives conclusions: 1) knowledge, attitude and behaviour of pesantren community, especially santri, indicate good response and high care on any efforts and attempts of environmental management which support the healthy life condition. 2) Efforts of pasantren in supplying infrastructure of health which is related with ecosystem by creating rules and regulations state all pesantren inhabitants are necessary to keep and create cleanliness and beauty of environment and also to give punishment for regulation violators. They should conduct program of cleaning environment in daily and weekly as well as supply cleaning equipments/devices, and the disposal spot and obliteration. Besides that, the santri board or santri organization is established as the programs implementer as well as implementing function of control. 3) Process of managing environment is norm and value of santri life which bears the life philosophy of self-help and considered as the worship (ibadah). Togetherness becomes a basis and responsibility of santri community who live together. The program of clean environment and healthy as well as implementing punishment for the violators, are in the form of such the program of clean Friday (jumat) and contest of cleanliness of religious institutions. The realization of those programs needs further support from competent institution in delivering health counseling. Some of the handicaps are process of ecosystem supports health is fund and hygienist and none of a subject that is dealt generally with environment. 4) The image made in very long time is not true which states santri and pesantren are slovenly, exclusive, anti-social, and irresponsible. Some evidences in semiotic study point out alteration or transition of image into better toward the santri life. The suggestions will be offered by the researcher are: 1) to increase more cooperation among related and competent institutions through designing integrated programs of advancing society especially pesantren community in order to increase ecosystem quality support the health. 2) to develop efforts of socializing ecosystem functions to society and pesantren community trough both counseling and program of simulation of ecosystem functions persistently by related institutions. 3) to xvii allocate government aids in both hardware and software which are dealt directly with efforts of enhancing ecosystem quality, such supplying books, magazines, brochures, and cleaning devices and hygienists for pesantren. 4) to attempt to design particular curriculum of ecosystem-based religious education. The curriculum is very essential; furthermore santri in the future will become leader assigned as model for other communities."