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"Hakekat bahasa yang mantap adalah perubahan (Bloomfield 1933: 281, Bolinger 1968:4, Rough 1957: 17, Hockett 1958:365, Lehmann 1972:1, Moeliono 1980:15, Sapir 1971: 160). Perubahan dalam bahasa bersifat adaptif yang berarti apabila mengekspresikan ide yang baru atau ide yang sesuai dengan selera masyarakat banyak, perubahan tadi diterima menjadi bagian dari bahasa yang bersangkutan (Bolinger 1968:4). Perubahan dalam bahasa mencakup bidang fonetik, fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, semantik dan kosa kata (Lehmann 1972: 2-3). Bidang fonetik dan fonologi menyangkut masalah ucapan dan ejaan; bidang morfologi dan sintaksis menyangkut masalah tata bahasa; bidang semantik menyangkut masalah makna; dan bidang kosa kata menyangkut masalah perkembangan jumlah kata dalam suatu bahasa..."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini berfokus pada dampak perubahan makna ?bekerja? di masyarakat Jepang, yaitu fenomena penyebutan black company. Makna bekerja di masyarakat Jepang telah berubah dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Pekerja yang semula akan bekerja keras demi perusahaannya, kini pekerja generasi muda lebih memilih untuk memiliki pekerjaan dengan banyak waktu luang. Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana penyebutan black company yang diberikan oleh masyarakat Jepang dan bagaimana perubahan makna bekerja di Jepang. Data yang diperoleh merupakan data sekunder dari penelitian kepustakaan serta pengumpulan data dari sumber-sumber publikasi lainnya. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode penyajian analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan penelitian dan analisis yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa makna bekerja bagi pemuda telah berubah. Pemuda Jepang tidak dapat membawa keseluruhan dirinya untuk pekerjaan dan tempat kerja. Pekerja paruh waktu tidak dapat mencocokkan pekerjaan dengan tujuan hidupnya. Kekhawatiran yang dirasakan, menyebabkan para pekerja paruh waktu mudah putus asa dalam mendapatkan pekerjaan. Salah satu dampak perubahan makna bekerja, yaitu munculnya penyebutan black company. Black company itu sendiri merupakan asumsi yang diciptakan oleh kelompok masyarakat dan media massa. Pemerintah berupaya untuk memberikan sanksi kepada perusahaan yang melakukan tindakan ?pelanggaran,? seperti black company.

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ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.;This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company., This study focuses on the impact of changes in the meaning of "work" in Japanese society, namely the phenomenon of the black company mention. Meaning of work in Japanese society has changed in recent decades. Workers were previously would worked hard for his company, now the younger generation of workers prefer to have a job with a lot of free time. The problem studied in this research is how the mention of the black company given by the Japanese society and how it changes the meaning of work in Japan. The data obtained is a secondary data from the research literature as well as collecting data from sources other publications. The analytical method used is the method of presentation of descriptive analysis. Based on the research and analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the meaning of work for youth has changed. Japanese youth can not bring overall himself to work and the workplace. Part-time workers are not able to match jobs with the goal of his life. Concerns were perceived, causing part-time workers easy to desperate in getting a job. One of the effects of changes in the meaning of work, namely the emergence of the mention of the black company. Black company is assuming that was created by community groups and the media. Government seeks to impose sanctions on companies that take action "offense," as black company.]"

"Masalah kemiskinan merupakan masalah sosial yang juga dapat terjadi di negara maju, seperti Jepang. Penelitian ini berfokus pada salah satu bentuk kemiskinan di Jepang pada masa kontemporer, yaitu homeless. Sebelum tahun 1990¬an, fenomena homeless tidak tampak ke permukaan karena jumlahnya terhitung sangat sedikit. Akan tetapi, sejak pecahnya gelembung ekonomi pada awal tahun 1990¬an, jumlah homeless semakin bertambah dan telah tampak ke permukaan seiring dengan masa resesi ekonomi yang berkepanjangan. Homeless ini berasal dari tiga komunitas besar, yaitu homeless yang berasal dari kaum buruh harian di yoseba, pekerja reguler, dan non reguler. Melalui studi literatur, skripsi ini menganalisa bagaimana struktur ekonomi dan non ekonomi mempengaruhi munculnya homeless dari ketiga komunitas tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa munculnya homeless dari ketiga komunitas tersebut dipengaruhi oleh struktur industri, struktur kesempatan kerja dalam industri sekunder, dan perubahan sistem tenaga kerja dalam perusahaan Jepang. Skripsi ini menyimpulkan bahwa munculnya homeless di Jepang merupakan salah satu bentuk kemiskinan struktural.

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One of the social problems which also occurred in developed country such as Japan was poverty. This research is focused on ?homeless?, one of the poverty forms. Before 1990s, the phenomenon of homelessness did not emerge because of its small number. However, since the bubble economy and prolonged recession in the beginning of 1990s, the homelessness had appeared on the surface because of the increasing number of homeless people. Currently, homeless people come from three communities, such as daily labors at yoseba, regular and irregular workers. Through literature study, this thesis analyzed how economic structure and non economic structure influenced the occurrence of homelessness from those three communities. This research showed that homelessness of such communities was influenced by industry structure, work opportunities in secondary industry, and transformation of manpower system in Japanese company. This thesis concluded that homelessness in Japan is one of the structural poverty."

"Global financial crisis and climate changes have affected food security in a move vulnerable situation. Food security pillars, in this respect should be strengthened. The food security pillar should not rely only on quantitative approaches, but also on other pillars in a wider food spectrum. One of the feasible ways to enhance food security is to develop food diversification based on local food commodities. This paper is aimed to assess some vulnerable points of national food security, the significant of the diversification to enhance food availability and its prospect as one of the pillars to develop steady food security in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini berfokus kepada perubahan peran ayah dalam masyarakat Jepang modern dikarenakan adanya perubahan sosial yang terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Perubahan sosial juga terjadi pada peran dan identitas ayah di Jepang dimana saat ini muncul ayah yang menikmati merawat anak sambil bekerja yang disebut dengan ikumen. penyebutan ikumen sendiri dibuat oleh media dan kemudian didukung oleh pemerintah. Tetapi dalam pelaksanaannya ikumen mendapatkan hambatan dari perusahaan dan orang-orang sekitar yang masih menganut sistem patriarki di Jepang dimana mereka masih memiliki pandangan bahwa laki-laki bertugas mencari nafkah dan tidak memiliki hubungan dengan mengurus anak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis bagaimana perubahan peran dan identitas ayah di Jepang dengan menggunakan teori perubahan sosial yang digagas oleh Anthony Giddens. Tesis ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan wawancara langsung dengan ikumen yang tergabung dalam NPO Fathering Japan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa saat ini sudah banyak ayah yang memiliki keinginan untuk merawat anak atau paternal leave di Jepang meningkat.

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This research focuses on the changes of father?s role within Japanese modern society due to social changes that happen in the life of people. Social changes also happen in the role and identity of father in Japan where it has now appear the type of father who enjoys caring for children while working which is called ikumen. The term of ikumen itself was made by media, and then in was supported by government. However, within is implementation, ikumen gets hindrance from companies and people who still embrance the patriarch system in Japan where they still hold the view that men are tasked to be breadwinners and have nothing to do with bringing up children.

The purpose of this research is to analyse to changes of father?s role and identity in Japan using social change theory by Anthony Giddens. This research used qualitative method and directly interviewed ikumen who are members of NPO Fathering Japan. It finds that right now there have been many fathers who have the desire to put family first. It is proven by amount of fathers who have taken paternity leave in Japan."

"Merger pada umumnya, termasuk merger vertikal pada khususnya, merupakan salah satu langkah strategis bagi setiap pelaku usaha dalam mengembangkan usahanya. Melalui merger diharapkan pelaku usaha dapat meningkatkan efisiensinya, meningkatkan daya saingnya, memperluas pangsa pasarnya, memperkuat modal, serta mampu menciptakan sinergi perusahaan menjadi lebih baik guna untuk membangun kinerja perusahaan menjadi lebih baik. Pelaksanaan merger ini tentunya harus dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku, yaitu ketentuan hukum merger sebagaimana dimaksud dalam UU No.1/1995 tentang PT (UUPT) jo PP 27/1998 tentang Penggabungan, Peleburan, Dan Pengambilalihan Perseroan dan aturan, aturan khusus lainnya, sesuai dengan status dari perusahaan yang akan melakukan merger. Merger juga bisa menimbulkan adanya sisi negatif, termasuk juga merger vertikal, dalam persaingan antar pelaku usaha lainnya, yang tentunya juga dapat membawa kerugian, baik bagi masyarakat konsumen maupun bagi persaingan sehat dalam berusaha. Untuk itu perlu adanya ketentuan hukum, yang dapat membatasi agar pelaksanaan merger tersebut tidak mengakibatkan terjadinya monopoli atau persaingan usaha tidak sehat, yaitu UU No.5/1999 Pasa12S dan Pasal 29, UU No.1/1995 Pasal 104 ayat (1) jo PP 27/1998 Pasal 4. Ketentuan hukum ini merupakan dasar hukum bagi larangan monopoli atas merger. Pelaksanaan merger juga harus memperhatikan akan kepentingan pihak-pihak tertentu, seperti pemegang saham minoritas, karyawan perasahaan, kreditur, prirnsipal, masyarakat dan persaingan sehat dalam berusaha (Pasal 104 jo Pasal 55 UUPT dan Pasal 4 jo Pasal 5 PP 27/ 1998). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis norma-norma hukum tentang merger yang tertuang dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, guna untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan yang utuh mengenai permasalahan yang akan diteliti, sehingga dapat mengungkapkan kebenaran. Alat pengumpulan data berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, bahan kepustakaan, dan informasi dari para informan yang terkait."

"ABSTRAKDalam era deregu5j ini, pelayanan bank terhadapnasabah semakin ditingkatkan.Banking Terminal System (BTS,merupakan salah satu Cara untuk dapat meningkatkanpelayanan kepada nasabah. Selain BTS mempercepat pelayanankepada nasabah, BTS dapat pula memberikan informasi yanglebih cepat dan tepat kepada manajer, sehingga memudahkanmanajer untuk mengambil keputusan yang lebih tepat danmenguntungkan Tujuan penulis adalah mengevaluasi BTS yangsedang dijalankan oleh BDN, untuk mengetahuf apakah BTSdapat dipakai untuk aplikasi sistem informasi manajemen,mengingat bahwa dalam deregulasi ini kebutuhan informasiterus berkembang. Sedangkan bila BTS kurang dapat mengikutituntutan dan perubahan lingkungan, khususnya deregulasi,maka dapat mengakibatkan organisasi tidak dapatmeningkatkan persaingannya. Kegunaan dan penelitian inidiharapkan dapat memberikan umpan balik kepada organisasiBDN mengenai efektivitas dan BTS dalam membantu pencapaiantujuan organisasi. Dalam rnengevaluasi BTS yang sudah berjalan ini,metode anailsa yang dilakukan oleh penulis pertama kaliadalah melakukan identifikasi sistem yang akan diteliti,kedua adalah memahami sistem, bagaimana pengoperasiannya,Prosedur sistem, teknik pengendaliannya. Input?output nya.Dari kedua langkah tersebut penuIis, memperoleh permasalahanyang ada. Langkah ketiga adalah menganalisa sistem yang adasekarang dan menelusuri sumber Penyimpangan ataupermasalahan yang ada. Kemudian melakukan langkah keempatyaitu merekomendasi kan alternatif pemecahan masalahnya. Dari hasil penelitian penulis memperoleh - permasalahan bahwa, dengan adanya dereguIasi menyebabkankebutuhan Informasi yang diinginkankan oleh manajemen dikantor pusat berubah. Perubahan informasi ini mempengaruhi5 komponen Sistem informasi manajemen dan menimbulkanmasalah sebagai berikut. ? perangka keras: CPU nya tidak selalu mampu untuk membukadan menjalankan program yang mengakses file?file tambahanatau file yang lebih besar yang dibutuhkan setelahderegulasi. - perangkat lunak: untuk mengakomodasi perubahanpersyaratan diperlukan restrukturisasi beberapa filesedangkan pekerjaan restrukturisasi mengandung resikoyang tinggi karena menyangkut perubahan sumber program.BON mengatasinya dengan mengembangkan sistem yangterpisah dan menggunakan perangkat keras yang berlajnandata : dengan terdapatnya beberapa sistem yang mendukunginformasi manajemen, maka data yang sama perlu dijnputbeberapa kali, sehingga tidak semua data yang dlbutuhkanoleh SIM disediakan oleh BTS. Hal ini rnengakibatkanadanaya duplikasi pekerjaan. manusia: masalahnyaa lebih kepada kurangnya konsentrasupejabat untuk mengjkuti dan melaksanakan prosedur. - prosedur: dengan terdapatnya beberapa sistem saat inimenyebabkan ada beberapa prosedur yang harusdiperhatikan, yaitu prosedur untuk BTS dan PC. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi, untuk menghadapi setiapperubahan kebutuhan/requirement yang mempengaruhi sistempengolahan transaksi dan pembentukan sistem informasimanajemen yang terpadu, maka ada beberapa alternatifperbaikan yang dapat dikemukakan, yaitu : 1. BTS dan beberapa program aplikasi tambahan seperti saatini. Sistem pengolahan transaksi ini kurang mendukungpembentukan SIM yang terpadu karena timbulnya beberapasistem, data yang tidak konsisten satu dengan lainnya(inconsistency data) dan data yang berlebihan(redundancy data), sebagai akibat data yang samadisimpan pada file dengan sistem yang berbeda. 2. Merombak keseluruhan BTS untuk mengadaptasi danmengakomodasikan semua perubahan requirement baru.Perombakan menyeluruh ini membutuhkan waktu, tenaga,dan biaya yang tidak seditkit, serta resiko kegagalanyang tlnggi. Permasalahan akan timbul kemball apabilaterjadi perubahan requirement yang tidak dapatdiantisipasi kembali seperti saat ini, dimana BTS yangada tidak dapat memberikan keleluasaan untuk penambahanfield. 3. Penyempurnaan Sistem Menajemen Database.- Dengan sebuah Sistem manajemen database kita dapatmenisain Struktur file secara leblh mudah dan dapatmenyediakan atau mempersiapkan suatu data base yangdapat. dìgunakan oleh sejumlah program aplikasi yangberlainan ? Sistem dapat memberikan kemudahan pemrogram untukmeningkatkan produktivitasnya. ? SIstem ini juga menghindarkan kelebihan data, dimanadata yang sama tidak disimpan oleh beberapa sistemyang berlainan, karena masing-masing memiliki fileyang berbeda. Untuk rnengatasi permasalahan yang timbul pata BTSakibat perubahan requirement di masa mendatang dalam upayamembentuk suatu sistem informasi manajemen yang terpadu danefektif, penulis menyarankan untuk mengadakan suatupenyempurnaan sistem manajernen database dengan strukturfile yang berhubungan (relational file), karena dengansistem ini semua file dapat diintegrasikan dan mampumemberikan kemudahan kepada pemrogram untuk meningkatkanproduktivitasnya guna mengadapatasi dan mengakomodasikansetiap perubahan lingkungan."

"Persaingan global pada saat ini sudah merupakan fenomena yang tak terhindarkan dalam dunia industri, yang ditandai dengan perubahan-perubahan yang serba cepat di bidang komunikasi, informasi, dan teknologi. Dalam era komunikasi, informasi, dan teknologi ini, baik kegiatan manufaktur maupun jasa sangat membutuhkan kemampuan baru agar perusahaan dapat berhasil secara kompetitif (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). Respons terhadap perubahan akan menentukan kemampuan perusahaan memenangkan persaingan global.Perusahaan ditantang untuk meningkatkan kualitas, memperbaiki desain produk, dan mempersingkat waktu daur pengembangan produk mereka. Kemajuan-kemajuan penting telah dicapai di berbagai bidang tapi salah satu sasaran yang paling penting dalam pasar sekarang ini adalah memberikan kepuasan kepada pelanggan secara total. Saat ini kegiatan pemasaran merupakan proses yang terintegrasi, yaitu berfokus pada pelanggan. Jadi kegiatan pemasaran yang dilakukan selalu berdasarkan kebutuhan pelanggan. Dasar pemikiran pemasaran telah bergeser dari mencoba untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan perusahaan dari setiap transaksinya ke arah maksimalisasi keuntungan dari setiap hubungan dengan pelanggan.Dalam beberapa puluh tahun terakhir, konsep pemasaran sudah berkembang sangat cepat. Sejak mass marketing (pemasaran massal) muncul pada tahun 1950an dengan strategi produksi massal untuk menekan biaya produksi seminimal mungkin, kemudian target market (pasar sasaran) pada tahun I 980an, dan customize marketing (pemasaran yang dapat diubah-ubah/dipersonalisasi) pada tahun 1990an sampai era globalisasi tahun 2000an ini, konsep pemasaran telah berkembang menjadi one to one marketing (1:1 marketing yaitu strategi pemasaran yang berlandaskan hubungan dengan pelanggan dengan menekankan interaksi personalisasi dengan pelanggan) dengan salah satu strategi yang paling populer: customer relationship marketing (pemasaran berlandaskan hubungan dengan pelanggan).Sebagian orang mengidentifikasikan pemasaran secara keliru dengan penjualan dan promosi. Bagian yang paling penting dalam pemasaran bukanlah penjualan. Penjualan hanyalah salah satu bagian penting dari berbagai fungsi pemasaran."