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"This important book brings together valuable resources and insights in a key area of practice which has often been overlooked, and where disadvantage and discrimination are rife, but which also deserves and demands serious attention of the kind offered here."Roger Smith, Professor of Social Work Research, De Montfort University, UKThis comprehensive book uniquely acknowledges the overlap between different states of adult vulnerability within a range of health, social care and community contexts. The book looks beyond social work practice and legislative focus to examine the categories of at risk and vulnerable adults. These include often forgotten groups such as homeless people, prisoners and migrant workers.Through a range of practical examples, the book illustrates how professionals can usefully and effectively intervene to lessen the chance of a member of an excluded community becoming at greater risk of further vulnerability. The book includes:Explanations of core themes and implications for a range of professionals and service providers with a practical and accessible focusCase studies and practice examples from work with vulnerable groupsIllustrative examples of how different states of vulnerability are frequently contingent upon one anotherWorking with Adults at Risk from Harmis ideal for third-year undergraduate students and Master's students in the fields of social work, social care, community health and education, as well as staff working in public sector who will have contact with vulnerable individuals in their professional life.Contributors: Jill Aitken, David Bailey, Jennifer Burton, Caroline Cole, Jo Edwards, Michael Farquharson, Lalage Harries, Tennyson Mgutshini, Melanie Parris and Kate Potte"

"Urban Criminology offers an accessible analysis of our urban condition, viewed through the prism of crime, disorder and social harm. This book gathers cutting-edge treatments, research field reports and critical examinations of crime and harm in cities, from the disciplines of urban studies and criminology. The social, economic and political composition of cities and the various inequalities that mark out and drive the problem of crime in many cities today are foregrounded. Readers follow a series of thematic engagements, generating a deeper understanding of a range of key areas that include problems of violence, social and spatial divisions, housing, policing and the role of the urban economy in issues of financial crime. This book comes at a time of rising crime in many cities and complex responses by city administrations and communities. It presents a critical, political thesis - that crime in cities must be understood with reference to the varying social structures, political forces and economic opportunities of cities. These influences intersect to produce dramatic variations in victimisation and attempts at social control, often felt most strongly around class and gender divisions. To understand crime, we must better understand the life of the city. Urban Criminology seeks to present an integrated framework that brings to life these key issues and seeks to enthuse students of our urban condition - to locate the harms within it and to identify ways of reducing the risk of crime. This book is ideal reading for all students with an interest in cities, crime, community life, urban sociology and urban cultures."

"Salah satu cara untuk mengendalikan risiko adalah dengan memindahkan risiko melalui asuransi, dimana pihak tertanggung berkewajiban untuk membayar premi dan pada saat terjadi sesuatu yang merugikan tertanggung, tertanggung berhak untuk mengajukan klaim. Klaim yang diajukan akan melalui proses pengecekan oleh perusahaan asuransi dan jika klaim tersebut diterima, perusahaan asuransi kemudian melakukan pembayaran pertama, serta menghitung prediksi cadangan klaim untuk kemungkinan pembayaran klaim potensial lain di masa depan. Hingga saat ini, kebanyakan aktuaris asuransi umum menggunakan metode Chain Ladder dan Bornhuetter-Ferguson dalam melakukan prediksi cadangan klaim. Metode Chain Ladder mengggunakan data di masa lalu, yang bisa jadi kurang sesuai dengan data terbaru, sehingga diskontinuitas fundamental dari urutan estimasi rentan terjadi, yakni ketidakstabilan hasil prediksi ketika terdapat perubahan data, sedangkan metode Bornhuetter-Ferguson bisa jadi tidak berfungsi ketika terjadi downward development. Oleh karena itu, diperkenalkan metode Benktander, yang dapat menghasilkan galat lebih kecil dengan pemberian bobot yang tepat melalui penggabungan metode Chain Ladder dan Bornhuetter-Ferguson. Metode Benktander tersebut dapat dimodifikasi dengan penggunaan parameter banyak klaim, yang disebut metode Benktander-Kredibel. Di sisi lain, algoritma machine learning juga dapat digunakan untuk prediksi cadangan klaim. Salah satunya adalah decision tree yang dihasilkan oleh algoritma Classification and Regression Tree (CART), yang sebenarnya tidak terlalu baik karena tidak robust. Oleh karena itu, penulis memperkenalkan metode Random Forest yang merupakan hasil penggabungan beberapa decision tree, sehingga hasil yang diperoleh bersifat robust. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dengan melihat parameter penganalisis keakuratan, yakni Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa metode Random Forest mengungguli metode Benktander-Kredibel dalam prediksi cadangan klaim asuransi bodily injury yang melibatkan penggunaan incurred claim dengan downward development disertai dengan data pendukung berupa banyak klaim.

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One way to control risk is to transfer risk through insurance, where the insured is obliged to pay the premium and when something happens that harms the insured, the insured has the right to submit a claim. The claim submitted will go through a checking process by the insurance company and if the claim is accepted, the insurance company then makes the first payment, as well as calculating the predicted claims reserve for the possibility of paying other potential claims in the future. Until now, most general insurance actuaries use the Chain Ladder and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods in predicting claims reserves. The Chain Ladder method uses data from the past, which may not be in accordance with the latest data, so that fundamental discontinuities in the estimation sequence are prone to occur, namely instability of prediction results when there are data changes, whereas the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method can so it doesn't work when downward development occurs. Therefore, the Benktander method is introduced, which can produce smaller errors by assigning appropriate weights through combining the Chain Ladder and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. The Benktander method can be modified by the use of a frequency of claims parameter, called Credible Benktander method. On the other hand, the machine learning algorithm can also be used for claims reserve prediction. One of them is the decision tree produced by the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm, which is actually not very good because it is not robust. Therefore, the author introduces the Random Forest method which is the result of combining several decision trees, so that the results obtained are robust. From the results of this research, by looking at the accuracy analyzer parameters, namely Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), it was concluded that the Random Forest method outperforms the Credible Benktander method in predicting reserves for bodily injury insurance claims involving the use of incurred claim with downward development accompanied by supporting data in the form of many claims."

"Tulisan ini membahas tentang environmental harm pada pencemaran Sungai Ciujung yang dilakukan oleh PT. Indah Kiat Pulp and Paper PT. IKPP . Konsep environmental harm digunakan karena istilah "crime" sering didefinisikan sebagai pelanggaran atas aturan-aturan. Sedangkan pencemaran Sungai Ciujung diakibatkan karena pembuangan limbah cair dari aktivitas industri yang legal dan sah karena memiliki izin dari pemerintah. Limbah cair yang dibuang ke sungai memiliki zat-zat kimia yang apabila melebihi baku mutu air akan merusak fungsi dari Sungai Ciujung. Dampak yang muncul dari pencemaran Sungai Ciujung berupa kerugian lingkungan dan masyarakat yang tinggal dan memanfaatkan keberadaan sungai.

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This paper discuss about environmental harm to pollution of Ciujung River conducted by PT. Indah Kiat Pulp and Paper PT IKPP . The concept of environmental harm is used because 39 crime 39 is often defined as a violation of the rules. While the pollution of the Ciujung River is caused by the disposal of liquid waste from legal and legitimate industrial activity because it has permission from the government. Liquid waste discharged into the river has chemicals that, if exceeding the water quality standard, will impair the function of the Ciujung River. The impact that arises from pollution of the Ciujung River is the loss of the environment and the people who live and utilize the existence of the river."