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"The Institute of Developing Economies-JapanExternal Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO)organized a symposium in December 2008 on the theme ,“Engaging East Asian Integration :States ,Markets and the Movement of People ”.It was held in the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse and in the midst of the deepening global financial crisis that originated in the United States .The crisis reminded us of other historic events that marked turning points in the history of East Asian region making .One was the Plaza Accord in 1985 which marked the beginning of the region ’s economic development and regionalization .The yen appreciated enormously in the wake of the Plaza Accord ,forcing Japanese firms —above all."

"Program pendidikan internasional adalah sebuah alat diplomasi publik yang sejatinya memiliki posisi penting bagi suatu negara (terlebih negara adidaya) dalam rangka memperluas kepentingan nasional mereka. Amerika Serikat (AS) menjadi salah satu negara adidaya yang mengendalikan dan mengoptimalkan program pendidikan internasional baik yang bersifat satu arah ataupun dua arah sebagai alat diplomasi dalam waktu yang cukup lama dimulai dari Fulbright (1946); KL-YES (2002); hingga YSEALI (2013). Terpilihnya Donald Trump sebagai Presiden Amerika Serikat tahun 2016 secara tidak langsung mengancam berbagai kebijakan luar negeri Pemerintah AS terdahulu yang dinilai tidak sejalan dengan prinsip kebijakan ‘Make America Great Again’ dan ‘America First’ seperti Program YSEALI yang mana hanya bersifat satu arah dan cenderung tidak mendahulukan kemajuan kualitas pemuda AS; tidak sesuai dengan pengajuan untuk mengurangi dana program pendidikan internasional dalam anggaran fiskal tahun 2018 yang disampaikan oleh Donald Trump; serta sifatnya yang serupa dengan Program Inisiatif Let Girls Learn milik Michelle Obama yang diberhentikan kemudian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berupaya untuk membahas mengenai peranan politik birokrasi yang melatarbelakangi keberlanjutan program diplomasi publik AS konteks pendidikan YSEALI dibawah Pemerintahan Trump. Adapun konsep dan teori yang memandu penelitian ini yakni konsep ‘diplomasi publik’ milik Joseph S. Nye, Jr. dan teori ‘model pengambilan keputusan politik birokrasi’ milik Graham T. Allison yang mana dikemas dalam metodologi penelitian bersifat kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian eksplanatif. Penelitian ini beranggapan bahwa faktor politik birokrasi disamping Donald Trump berperan penting dalam keberlanjutan YSEALI sebagaimana faktor tersebut tetap melihat YSEALI sebagai salah satu agenda kebijakan luar negeri AS dalam sektor diplomasi publik konteks pendidikan yang penting dalam mencapai kepentingan nasional AS.

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The international education program is a public diplomacy tool that actually has an important position for a country (especially superpower country) in order to expand their national interests. The United States (U.S.) has become one of the superpowers that controls and optimizes international education programs, both one-way and two-way as a tool of diplomacy for quite a long time, starting with Fulbright (1946); KL-YES (2002); to YSEALI (2013). The election of Donald Trump as President of the United States in 2016 indirectly threatened various foreign policies of the previous U.S. Government which were deemed not in line with the policy principles of 'Make America Great Again' and 'America First' such as the YSEALI program which was only one-way and tended not to prioritizing the quality advancement of U.S. youth; does not comply with the proposal to reduce international education program funding in the 2018 fiscal year budget submitted by Donald Trump; and similar in nature to Michelle Obama's Let Girls Learn initiative which was terminated later. Therefore, this study seeks to discuss the role of bureaucratic politics which is the background for the continuation of the U.S. public diplomacy program in the educational context of YSEALI under the Trump Administration. The concepts and theories that guide this research are the concept of 'public diplomacy' owned by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and the theory of 'bureaucratic political decision-making model' owned by Graham T. Allison which is packaged in a qualitative research methodology with an explanatory research type. This research assumes that bureaucratic political factors besides Donald Trump play an important role in the sustainability of YSEALI as these factors still see YSEALI as one of the U.S. foreign policy agendas in the public diplomacy sector in the context of education which is important in achieving U.S. national interests."

"The practices of good offices as a mean of peaceful settlement of dispute have been recognized by states and international organizations for ages. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an international regional organization in the Southeast Asia region, which has a dispute settlement mechanism for its member states through the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 1976, ASEAN Charter 2007, and Protocol to the ASEAN Charter on Dispute Settlement Mechanisms 2010. Indonesia?s implementations of good offices under the ASEAN mechanism as a member state of ASEAN were depicted in the Moro National Liberation Movement Case, Dispute of Spratly Islands, as well as in the Thailand and Cambodia Border Dispute. Despite the fact there have not been many good offices practices within the ASEAN, this method has given significant results due to its implementation upon the previous disputes.

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Praktek good offices sebagai bentuk penyelesaian sengketa internasional secara damai telah diakui oleh negara maupun organisasi internasional sejak lama. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) merupakan organisasi internasional regional di kawasan Asia Tenggara memiliki mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa bagi negara-negara anggotanya melalui good offices yang tertuang dalam Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 1976, Piagam ASEAN 2007, dan Protocol to the ASEAN Charter on Dispute Settlement Mechanisms 2010. Penerapan good offices Indonesia sebagai salah satu anggota ASEAN berdasarkan mekanisme ASEAN telah diterapkan dalam kasus pemberontakan Front Pembebasan Bangsamoro, sengketa atas Kepulauan Spratly, dan sengketa perbatasan antara Thailand dan Kamboja. Metode good offices belum banyak digunakan dalam lingkup ASEAN, akan tetapi metode ini telah membuahkan hasil yang signifikan pada sengketa-sengketa yang telah diselesaikan menggunakan metode good offices."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan hubungan saling ketergantungan pasar saham di Asia dan Amerika Serikat sebelum, selama, dan sesudah terjadinya krisis finansial di Amerika Serikat tahun 2008?2009. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk melihat adanya hubungan saling ketergantungan adalah lewat uji koefisien korelasi dan uji kausalitas Granger. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya hubungan saling ketergantungan pada sebelum, selama, dan sesudah terjadinya krisis. Sebelum terjadinya krisis, terdapat hubungan saling ketergantungan antara Singapura dan Jepang, Singapura dan Amerika Serikat, Hong Kong dan Amerika Serikat, India dan Amerika Serikat; selama terjadinya krisis, Singapura dan Hong Kong, Cina dan India saling memiliki ketergantungan; dan sesudah terjadinya krisis, terdapat hubungan saling ketergantungan antara Hong Kong dan India, Hong Kong dan Amerika Serikat.

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This research aims to identify and explain the interdependence of Asian stock markets and the United States stock market before, during, and after the United States financial crisis in 2008?2009. The research methodology that has been used to identify this interdependence is the correlation coefficient test and the Granger causality test. The results of these tests identified and confirmed proven interdependencies before, during, and after the crisis. Before the crisis, interdependencies existed between Singapore and Japan, Singapore and the United States, Hong Kong and the United States, India and the United States; during the crisis, Singapore and Hong Kong, China and India were all interdependent; and after the crisis, interdependencies existed between Hong Kong and India, Hong Kong and the United States."