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"Jatuh miskin karena sakit adalah situasi yang lazim terjadi. Biaya perawatan kesehatan menjadi beban keuangan yang tidak dapat diprediksi dan bersifat katastropik. Asuransi kesehatan umum digunakan sebagai bagian dari perencanaan keuangan guna memberikan proteksi keuangan dan pengelolaan risiko. Asuransi kesehatan sosial merupakan jenis asuransi kesehatan yang dapat dijangkau oleh seluruh kelompok masyarakat, termasuk kelompok miskin yang sulit menjangkau asuransi kesehatan swasta. Akan tetapi, peran dan fungsi asuransi kesehatan sosial belum dapat terjelaskan dengan baik, terutama di Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) yang memiliki skema asuransi kesehatan sosial yang masih prematur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran asuransi kesehatan sosial dalam memberikan proteksi keuangan di tiga LMICs yang berada di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yakni Indonesia, Filipina, dan Kamboja. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melakukan analisis lanjutan terkait variasi cakupan asuransi kesehatan sosial guna memetakan ketimpangan antarkelompok. Penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data dari IFLS dan DHS yang diolah menggunakan metode IV-2SLS, Quantile Regression, dan Logistic. Hasil penelitian menemukan hanya program asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia dan Kamboja yang berhasil memberikan proteksi keuangan bagi rumah tangga, sedangkan asuransi kesehatan sosial di Filipina hanya memberikan proteksi keuangan bagi pengobatan rawat inap. Walau demikian, cakupan asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia dan Filipina masih terkonsentrasi pada kuintil kekayaan yang makin tinggi. Adapun, asuransi kesehatan sosial di Kamboja masih terlimitasi dengan tingkat cakupan yang masih sangat rendah.

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Impoverishment due to illness is a common case. Health care costs are often unpredictable and become catastrophic financial burden for households. Health insurance is generally used in financial planning to provide financial protection and risk management. As part of health insurance, social health insurance has the ability to reach all levels of society, including the poor who are unable to use private health insurance. However, the role and function of social health insurance cannot be well explained, especially in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) which have premature social health insurance schemes. This study aims to explore the role of social health insurance in providing financial protection in three LMICs in Southeast Asia, namely Indonesia, the Philippines, and Cambodia. In addition, this study also conducted further analysis related to variations in social health insurance coverage in order to map inequality between groups. This study uses data from IFLS and DHS which are processed using IV-2SLS, Quantile Regression, and Logistic methods. The results found that only social health insurance programs in Indonesia and Cambodia have succeeded in providing financial protection for households, whereas social health insurance in the Philippines provide financial protection only for the inpatient groups. However, social health insurance coverage in Indonesia and the Philippines is still concentrated in higher wealth quintiles. Meanwhile, social health insurance in Cambodia is still limited with a very low level of coverage."

"This book aims to present the first comprehensive synthesis of the context and impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to offer insights on successful and sustainable interventions and policies that work for at-risk populations. It includes 12 chapters divided into 3 parts. Part I focuses on the state of the problem and state of knowledge on the epidemiology and burden of the major NCDs. Three chapters review the epidemiology and burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Chapter 1), cancers (Chapter 2) and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease (Chapter 4). Two chapters focus on the co-morbid and multi-morbid interactions between the major NCDs and infectious diseases like HIV, tuberculosis and malaria (Chapter 3) and mental health disorders (Chapter 5). Part II focuses on best practices and innovation in research and intervention. Four chapters discuss key issues on this theme including health systems strengthening (Chapter 6), population surveillance (Chapter 7), community-based interventions (Chapter 8) and self-help approaches to NCD care (Chapter 9). Part III focuses on policy development and implementation. Three chapters offer a comprehensive analysis of existing policies relevant to NCD prevention and control. They focus on policies that work, as well as discussing the lessons that can be learned from infectious disease control (Chapter 10), NCD control in high-income countries (Chapter 11) and the current policy issues and activities arising from the 2011 UN High Level Meeting on NCDs and leading to a post-2015 global health agenda (Chapter 12)."

"Both developing countries and those in transition struggle to meet the health needs of their populations with minimal resources available. Planning by the public sector should enable decisions to be made, but is often poorly practised. This book provides accessible techniques to improve planning processes and puts this in the wider global context."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional dengan menganalisis pendapatan iuran dan beban Dana Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan tahun 2014-2018 untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya defisit. Data kualitatif penelitian ini adalah hasil wawancara dengan pihak internal BPJS Kesehatan sedangkan data kuantitatif adalah laporan keuangan DJS Kesehatan dan BPJS Kesehatan dari tahun 2014-2018. Berdasarkan analisis pendapatan iuran dan pendapatan yang dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa pendapatan iuran dalam lima tahun terakhir lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan beban biaya manfaat yang dibayarkan. Biaya manfaat yang paling menyerap beban manfaat BPJS Kesehatan adalah pelayanan pada rawat inap tingkat lanjutan. Rawat inap tingkat lanjutan ini merujuk pada Rumah Sakit yang bekerja sama dengan BPJS Kesehatan.

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This study aimed to evaluate the National Health Insurance program by analyzing the health income and expenses of DJS Kesehatan to determine the cause of the deficit. The qualitative data of this study are the results of interviews with internal of BPJS Kesehatan, while quantitative data are the financial reports of the DJS Health and BPJS Kesehatan year 2014-2018. The analysis showed that health income in the last five years was lower than the cost of benefits paid by BPJS Kesehatan. The cost of benefits that most absorbs the burden of benefits of BPJS Health is service at advanced hospitalization which refers to the hospital in collaboration with BPJS Kesehatan."

"Defisit Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) terus meningkat. Hal ini dikarenakan pendapatan dari iuran peserta lebih rendah daripada pengeluarannya. Untuk itu, Pemerintah Indonesia menetapkan Peraturan Presiden No. 75 Tahun 2019 dan kemudian diganti dengan Peraturan Peraturan Presiden No. 64 Tahun 2020 tentang kenaikan besaran iuran BPJS Kesehatan. Namun, beberapa kelompok masyarakat mengajukan gugatan terhadap Peraturan Presiden yang mengatur kenaikan iuran tersebut dengan berbagai alasan. Beberapa literatur mengkonfirmasi bahwa willingness to pay (WTP) pekerja informal di Indonesia rendah terhadap iuran BPJS Kesehatan. SDG 3 Good Health and Being Well ditargetkan untuk tercapai pada tahun 2030, namun hingga kini, Indonesia masih berkutat dengan polemik kenaikan iuran BPJS. Studi ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan determinan WTP terhadap iuran asuransi kesehatan nasional dan memperoleh pelajaran pelaksanaan asuransi kesehatan nasional di beberapa negara dalam meningkatkan keinginan mebayar peserta informal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review. Pencarian studi dilakukan melalui online database PubMed, ScienceDirect dan Remote LibUI dengan kata kunci “willingness to pay” AND “national health insurance” OR “social health insurance”. Ditemukan 10 total studi yang terinklusi. Kriteria inklusi dalam studi ini antara lain seluruh penelitian yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia atau Bahasa Inggris, dan merupakan literatur dari 10 tahun terakhir. Namun, studi ini belum bisa memenuhi tujuan penelitian karena asuransi kesehatan nasional yang diimplementasikan di setiap negara memiliki model yang berbeda dan tidak dapat dibandingkan. Kesepuluh literatur tersebut hanya dapat diinterpretasi secara site specific. Di sisi lain, ditemukan beberapa critical research fallacies yang menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa WTP tidak bisa dijadikan sebagai data dasar dalam penetapan kebijakan penerapan asuransi kesehatan nasional. Ability to pay (ATP) dinilai lebih tepat untuk dihitung terhadap iuran asuransi kesehatan nasional

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The deficit of National Health Insurance (JKN) was increasing. This is caused by the income from participant contributions is lower than the expenses. The Government of Indonesia had issued Presidential Decree No. 75 of 2019 and later replaced by Presidential Decree No. 64 of 2020 concerning the increase in the amount of BPJS Health contributions. However, several community groups have filed suit against the Presidential Regulation which regulates these fees for various reasons. Some literature confirms that the willingness to pay (WTP) of informal workers in Indonesia was low against BPJS Health contributions. SDG 3 Good Health and Being Well is planned to be achieved by 2030, however, until now, Indonesia is still struggling with the polemic of increasing BPJS contributions. This study aims to compare the determinants of WTP to national health insurance contributions and to gain lessons learned about the implementation of national health insurance in several countries in increasing the willingness to pay informal participants. This study uses a literature review method. Study searches were conducted through online database, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect and Remote Lib UI, with the keywords "willingness to pay" AND "national health insurance" OR "social health insurance". There were 10 studies that were included in total. The inclusion criteria in this study are among all research that can answer research questions, is written in Indonesian or English, and was published in the last 10 years. However, this study has not fulfilled the research objectives because the national health insurance that is implemented in each country has a different model and cannot be compared. The ten literature can only be interpreted as site-specific. On the other hand, several critical research errors were found which resulted that WTP could not be used as a basis for determining policies direction in the implementation of national health insurance. Ability to pay (ATP) is considered to be more appropriate to calculate the national health insurance contributions"