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"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan pengembangan bahan acuan pestisida golongan organoklorin (α-endosulfan) dan piretroid (bifentrin) pada matriks teh hitam. Kemampuan analisis secara akurat, tertelusur, serta tersedianya nilai estimasi ketidakpastian hasil analisisnya menjadi mutlak dibutuhkan untuk melindungi konsumen dari bahaya residu pestisida yang melebihi ambang batas aman pada teh yang dikonsumsi dan mencegah adanya Trade Barrier (pencekalan/pelarangan) atas produk ekspor teh Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan atas dasar belum tersedianya bahan acuan residu pestisida di Indonesia. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari teknik spiking dan proses homogenisasi pada matriks padatan dalam rangka pengembangan bahan acuan pestisida golongan organoklorin dan piretroid dalam matriks teh serta proses validasi metoda analisisnya. Dari pengembangan metoda analisa yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa metoda yang digunakan memiliki nilai perolehan kembali dan presisi yang cukup baik untuk kedua analit target, yaitu -endosulfan dan bifentrin, masing-masing adalah sebesar 77,34% dan 96,18 %, sedangkan presisi metoda yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai %RSD untuk -endosulfan dan bifentrin masing-masing adalah sebesar 17,61 % dan 16,09 % dimana nilai keduanya lebih kecil dari nilai CV Horwitz. Sedangkan kandidat bahan acuan disiapkan menggunakan bahan teh dengan ukuran partikel 150 ? 106 μm dan kadar air 5,99%. Larutan analit (α-Endosulfan dan bifentrin) dalam heksana ditambahkan kedalam rendaman matriks teh dalam heksana, lalu dikeringkan sesuai kaidah sehingga diperoleh bubuk induk kandidat bahan acuan. Bubuk induk ini kemudian dicampurkan, sesuai kaidah, dengan material teh untuk mendapatkan kandidat bahan acuan akhir. Terhadap kandidat bahan acuan akhir diuji homogenitas kandungan analitnya. Hasil uji menujukkan bahwa kandidat bahan acuan akhir yang dibuat tergolong homogen (uji ANOVA satu arah dengan n = 8, tingkat kepercayaan 95%) , memiliki nilai kadar -endosulfan dan bifentrin masing-masing sebesar 380,32 (+97,43) ng/g dan 522,74 (+129,26) ng/g per berat kering dan nilai kadar air kandidat bahan acuan sebesar 5,99 %. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu meningkatkan mutu hasil pengujian pestisida dalam teh, di Indonesia.

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AbstractDevelopment of reference material for organochlorine pesticides (α-endosulfan) and pyrethroids (bifenthrin) in black tea as a matrix has been conducted. An accurate, traceable and well estimated uncertainty of analytical method is necessary to protect properly consumers from the possibly harmfull effect of pesticide residues. The proper reference material and its analytical method may also prevents unnecessary Trade Barrier (bans/restrictions) on Indonesian tea product by foreign authority during export activity . This research was conducted on the basis that such reference materials were not available at present in Indonesia. The purpose of this research was to study spiking technique and homogenization process in order to develop a good and proper reference material of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in tea matrix. In paralel the analytical method and validation process were also developed. In respect to -endosulfan and bifentrin, the result indicated tha the analytical method being used has a good recovery values, these are 77,34 % and 96,18 %, respectiveley. While the precision of the developing method was also quite good, having % RSD values of 17,61 % and 16,09 %, for the -endosulfan and bifentrin respectively, which is smaller than the CV Horwitz value. The reference material candidat was prepared by grinding tea leaf to have particle size of 150-106 μm and water content of 5.99%. Hexane solution of the analytes (α-Endosulfan and bifentrin), were spiked in to hexane macerated the grinded tea leaf, then was dried properly to have initial candidate reference material (iCRM) powder. The iCRM then was mixed properly with the grinded tea material to get final candidate standard reference material (fCRM) powder. Employing developed analytical method, the fCRM was subjected to homogenity test. The result indicated that the fCRM was consiedered to be homogeneous (one way ANOVA test, n = 8, at confidence level of 95%), having -endosulfan and bifentrin concentration of 380,32 (+97,43) ng/g and 522,74 (+129,26) ng/g dry weight basis (5,99 % water content), respectively. The present research results may contribute to level up the national quality of pesticide analysis in tea products"

"ABSTRAKDesa Girimukti di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat merupakan salah satu desa penghasil teh yang diproduksi oleh petani kecil. Sebagian besar wilayahnya merupakan perkebunan teh yang dimiliki penduduk, dan hampir 90% penduduknya menggantungkan diri terhadap produksi kebun tehnya, baik sebagai petani maupun peran-peran lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola mata rantai nilai hulu industri teh pada skala desa, yang terjadi di Desa Girimukti. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam, dianalisis dengan membandingkan proses dan pertambahan nilai pada setiap simpul rantai. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan sejarah kepemilikan tanah, luas kebun teh, sumber penghasilan lain, dan peran dalam rantai pertambahan nilai. Pembanding tersebut menunjukan bahwa terdapat variasi peran yang berbeda dari setiap pelaku industri teh di wilayah hulu. Mata rantai produksi tehdi Desa Girimukti menunjukan bahwa sejarah kepemilikan tanah kebun menentukan peran pelaku. Para pionir memiliki tanah yang lebih luas daripada pelaku baru. Semakin luas kebun teh maka semakin banyak peran yang dijalani pelaku.

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ABSTRAKGirimukti Village in Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java is one of the tea-producing village which tea produced by local farmers or yeoman. Most of the area consist of tea plantation owned by local residents, and almost 90% of the entire population depend their life on the tea production, either as a farmer or another roles. This study aims to determine the pattern of the upstream value chain of the tea industry on a village scale, that happens in Girimukti Village. Methods of data collection done by in-depth interview, analyzed by comparing the process and adding values on each chain node. Analysis done by comparing the history of land ownership, total area of the tea plantation, other income sources, and role on value addition in the chain. The comparison shows that there's variation of roles that differ between the workers in the upstream area of tea industry. Tea production chain in Girimukti Village shows that the land ownership history determine the roles of the workers or the owner. The pioneers have a broader land than the new people. The wider and broader the tea plantation, the more roles undertaken by the owner."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan konfigurasi perangkat optik untuk mengukur kandungan kadar air pada serbuk teh hijau. Konfigurasi perangkat tersebut bekerja dengan memanfaatkan fenomena reflektansi dan absorbansi, yang terdiri dari LED ( λ = 970 nm), wadah kaca, LED driver, pemisah berkas, dan fotodioda. Dari pengujian terhadap serbuk teh hijau diperoleh hubungan yang konsisten linier antara intensitas reflektansi pada rentang variasi kadar air 6% - 57 %, yaitu menurun seiring dengan peningkatan kadar air dengan gradien -18 x 10-3.

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This preliminary research describe reflectance optical characterization results of four varieties of tea leaf, as a basis of optical device configuration designing to measure watercontent in green tea leaf. The device configuration works by utilizing reflectance andabsorbance phenomena, consisting of LED (λ = 970 nm), cuvette, LED driver, beam splitter and photodiode. From that results could be concluded that the range variances of water content 6% - 57%, of teas has consistent relationship with the output device. This relationship is showing trend of negative slope with gradien -18 x 10-3."

"Skripsi ini membahas memahami kebudayaan Jepang dengan melalui sebuah ritual chado atau upacara minum teh. Upacara minum teh yang merupakan salah satu kebudayaan Jepang yang ternyata dapat mewakili nilai kebudayaan Jepang yang begitu kompleks. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa orang Indonesia perlu memahami kebudayaan Jepang sebelum berinteraksi dengan orang Jepang; frame sangatlah penting bagi orang Jepang dalam memposisikan dirinya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari; selain itu juga adanya hubungan vertikal dan hubungan horizontal yang mempengaruhi bagaimana pola interaksi orang Jepang.

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This thesis discusses the understanding of Japanese culture through a Chado or tea ceremony. Tea ceremony, which is one of Japanese culture represents the values of Japanese culture; which is so complex. Qualitatively researched through descriptive design, the results suggest that Indonesian people need to understand Japanese culture before interacting with the Japanese; frame is very important to the Japanese people in positioning themselves in every size of daily life. Also it is found that there is a vertical and horizontal relation that affect how the interaction patterns of the Japanese."

"Perdagangan adalah kegiatan penting yang stabilitasnya dipengaruhi oleh komoditas yang diperjual-belikan. Sejak masuknya teh Cina ke Inggris，dibawa oleh pedagang Belanda ke Eropa, teh Cina perlahan menjadi komoditas yang sangat penting di Inggris. Karena kondisi sosial dan ekonomi di Inggris serta kebijakan perdagangan Tiongkok, teh Cina menjadi komoditas yang sangat diminati Inggris yang juga menghadapi berbagai kesulitan untuk memenuhi permintaan teh masyarakatnya. Kerajaan Inggris pun mulai mencari cara untuk mempertahankan perdagangan teh dengan menanam opium di India dalam jumlah besar dan menjual opium tersebut ke Tiongkok. Penggunaan opium di Tiongkok kemudian perlahan memengaruhi masyarakat dan juga pemerintah kedinastian secara negatif. Dampak negatif ini memaksa Tiongkok, yang saat itu dikuasai oleh Dinasti Qing, untuk mencoba berbagai cara untuk menghentikan perdagangan opium yang pada akhirnya memicu peperangan antara Tiongkok dan Inggris. Penelitian ini menganalisis sejauh mana teh Cina memengaruhi terjadinya Perang Opium I di Tiongkok (1839-1842). Maka tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui apa yang disebut dengan teh Cina, bagaimana proses masuk dan berkembangnya teh di Inggris, serta sampai sejauh mana pengaruh teh Cina terhadap pecahnya Perang Opium I di Tiongkok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teh Cina memang memengaruhi terjadinya Perang Opium I. Penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dan mengolah data dengan teknik deskriptif analisis serta pendekatan historis.

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Trade is an important activity whose stability is affected by the traded goods. Since Chinese tea was introduced to the English market, brought by the Dutch to Europe, it has slowly established itself as an important commodity in England. Due to social and economic condition in England and the Chinese governments` trading policy, tea became a highly sought after commodity for England which was facing some difficulties to fulfil its` people demand for tea. The English government then began to look for ways to maintain tea trade with the Chinese by planting opium in India in massive quantity and selling it to them. The use of opium then slowly affects parts of the Chinese society and imperial government in a negative sense. This negative impact forced China, which was then ruled by the Qing Dynasty, tried various ways to stop the opium trades which at the end ignited a war between China and England. This study tries to analyze how deeply Chinese tea affects the Opium War I in China (1839-1842). The purpose of this study is to understand what is classified as Chinese tea, how it entered and developed in England, and analyze to what extent it affects the Opium War I in China. This study shows that Chinese tea did help incite the Opium War I. Methods used in this study includes qualitative methods, descriptive analysis techniques in data processing, and analysis through a historical approach."

"Tea is a drink that is liked for many reasons by almost every people in the earth. Conscious or not, it fills most of the people's daily live. Some of them even make tea drinking as their habit, which certainly shows their good sense and madness of processed plantation called tea. It is indeed someone's choice of drinking pattern. But among various drinks offered in this world, tea is a famous alternative to make. Human fondness of tea drinking tends also to be found in almost every nation. In Indonesia, tea has also known for centuries. However, the fondness of tea accelerates extraordinarily in the latest century. Various sociological patterns about tea especially in Indonesia will be this research entity. Tea is assumed carrying certain understanding, certain symbol, and certain function for certain group of society, if not all, in certain time. This becomes more interesting while the variation of meaning, symbol and function differs more and more. It certainly cannot be hindered because it relates strictly with individuals and societies. This research's prime vision is to emphasize more portions in the global culture's spectacle. It is so done, because the assumption of a single nations' tradition, which is the English style afternoon tea breaks the limit and penetrates in almost all over the world. It then associates with local tea tradition and assumed as the global culture. Nevertheless, culture cannot work and process all alone. It must relate and link with other sides or spectacles of globalization too. These will also be a little bit discussed in connection with the culture. The penetration process of the tea is not taken for granted. It costs high enough that the tea ritual is not pure anymore. This caused by the society, which is named as market in economical science. Like basic economical law has taught before, the market plays an important role where supply will be adjusted with their demand. This phenomenon can and will be benefited by thorough ?money managers? through business area. Good networking between them and the system strengthen the collaboration and association of the development of the global economy. Globalization in the area of culture and economy is lead and supported by political life. It needs power to make things possible. Power, which is dominated by the state, gives and makes deep and huge impacts on state's life. The state's role is needed instead of positive or negative power. This power shall associate and collaborate to make a fruitful condition. A little bit portion on global politic will be a part of this paper's angle of vision.

Thus, it can be concluded that tea does not discern borders, nations, races, classes or everything concerning with segregation. Human is generally acquainted it. The only matter is the `option'. How people processes, packs, presents, or even actualizes it, are all people's choice according to their preference to the outcome. Some people value it nothing, but some others do appreciate the tradition. In connection with globalization, these reasons base the selection of the title too. So, please have a great pleasure in reading this paper under the title of ?Global Tea in Local Context?."