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"Using information on household expenditure from the l994Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (l 994 lDl?lS). it is found that thereis substantial variation in the level and distribution of household expenditurein indonesia. Most households in Indonesia spend more money each month forfood than non-food items. In addition. poorer provinces (as measured by totalmonthly household expenditure levels) tend to have greater inequality in thedistribution of wealth. However, in general Indonesia's is not typified by majorregional variations in the equality of household expenditure. Households withhigh expenditure levels are more likely to use contraception than householdswith low expenditure levels. In terms of individual methods, women residingin wealthier households are more likely to be using injectables and femalesterilization, which suggest that poor accessibility and the cost of thesemethods may be discouraging use among poorer women. However, implantprevalence is greater in households with lower spending levels: while pills.lUDs, condoms, and male sterilization do not have clear patterns ofassociation with household expenditure levels. As has been noted in previousstudies, poorer households rely more on public sector reproductive healthservices (family planning, prenatal and delivery services). Households withhigh expenditure levels rely more upon private hospitals. pharmacy/drugstores, private doctors and private family planning' clinics for their familyplanning care. Households with the lowest expenditure levels rely primarilyupon fieldworkers/PKLB, mobile units, traditional healers/dukuns,government health centers (puskesmas), and government health posts(posyandu). It is important to note that private sector social marketingprograms designed to offer methods through commercial outlets have beenless readilv utilized by Indonesia 's poorer households. Continuing efforts areneeded to ensure that poorer households are able to gain access to familyplanning services. primarily through lower cost public sector providers andsegmented commercial distribution systems."

"Gender based family planning (FP) services implies the improvement of the equity and the role of men/husbands in FP and reproductive health. However, after 30 years of government-supported FP program in Indonesia, the participation of men is tow. Few studies have been conducted in effort to understand the causes of low male participation in FP in wide-diverse regions of Indonesia. To understand these causes in its intervention districts (OKI in South Sumatera, Tasikmalaya in West Java, Singkawang in West Kalimantan and Kupang in East Nusa Tenggara) . The United Nations Population Fund Country Office Indonesia Guided a study of the causes of low male participation in FP. Field data coiiection was conducted during December 2004 through January 2005. The number of reproductive age couples in the study is 639. The results of the study show that the percentage of husbands who were practicing a male FP method was higher among couples whose wives were older, who had no children, whose wives or husbands had senior high school education or higher, who came from higher income families, whose wives were currently working or ever worked and husbands were currently working, who believed that socio-cultural norms or religions values were against FP practice, who had easy access to male sterilization services and to male condom, who lived in urban areas and whose wives approved of male FP practice. After controlling the other factors, the background characteristics that statistically and significantly affect the probability ever or currently practicing a male FP method in the study location are wife's age, husband's education, household income district of residence, access to male condom and wife's attitude toward male FP practice."

"Perencanaan strategis SI/TI di organisasi nirlaba berbeda dengan yang dilakukan di organisasi-organisasi yang berorientasi profit mengingat karakteristik dan tujuan utama dari organisasi nirlaba yang lebih berfokus pada penyampaian misi dan nilai-nilai organisasi. Yayasan Gerakan Indonesia Mengajar merupakan sebuah organisasi nirlaba yang bergerak di bidang pendidikan. Sejak didirikan di tahun 2010, Indonesia Mengajar telah banyak melakukan program, kegiatan, hingga inisiasi gerakan yang bertujuan untuk mendorong pendidikan di Indonesia ke arah yang lebih baik. Dalam pelaksanaannya, SI/TI telah dilibatkan namun ditemui sejumlah isu strategis di antaranya SI yang belum terintegrasi, sering terjadinya kesalahpahaman antara officer TI dengan user, dan penetapan prioritas serta investasi terhadap proyek SI/TI yang belum dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyusun rencana strategis SI/TI di Indonesia Mengajar. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merujuk pada model strategis Peppard & Ward dan didukung oleh alat-alat analisis di antaranya mission model canvas (MMC), value chain, strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT), political economical social technological (PEST), McFarlan strategic grid dan model terintegrasi terkait proses perencanaan SI di organisasi nirlaba. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa rekomendasi rencana strategis SI/TI yang terdiri dari strategi SI, strategi TI, dan strategi manajemen SI/TI yang tervalidasi dan dapat memberikan solusi dari isu-isu yang dihadapi oleh organisasi dalam upaya merealisasikan visi, misi, dan tujuannya. Selain itu, roadmap implementasi strategi juga dirumuskan sebagai pegangan dan referensi dalam meninjau arah berjalannya organisasi berkaitan dengan rencana strategis yang diberikan.

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Developing strategic IS/IT planning in nonprofit organizations differs from the approaches done in profit-oriented organizations knowing that the nonprofit organizations mainly focus on realizing its missions and values. Indonesian Teaching Movement is a nonprofit organization which focuses on education. Since its establishment in 2010, the organization has developed programs, activities, and movement initiatives in hopes that it can drive educations in Indonesia to a better direction. Practically, Indonesian Teaching Movement has involved IS/IT to help them with their programs. However, strategic issues have been faced which makes the involvement of IS/IT is not optimized. These issues include silo applications, frequent misunderstandings between IT officer and users, and IS/IT project priority and investment that has not been set. This research is conducted to develop a strategic IS/IT planning in Indonesian Teaching Movement by referring to Peppard & Ward Strategic Model along with other analysis tools such as mission model canvas (MMC), value chain, strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT), political economical social technological (PEST), McFarlan strategic grid and integrated model of problems faced by nonprofit organizations when it comes to IS planning. The result of this research is a recommendation of strategic IS/IT planning which includes IS strategies, IT strategies, and IS/IT management strategies along with its implementation roadmap as a reference to overview where the organization is going with the recommended strategies."