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"Kajian literatur ini menjelaskan bahwa kepentingan aktor Non-Governmental Organization dan negara turut berperan dalam pemilihan tema fair trade yang diadopsi oleh berbagai aktor dalam hubungan internasional. Masuknya fair trade ke dalam proteksionisme tidak lepas dari adanya publisitas negatif terhadap salah satu tema fair trade. Kajian ini memetakan tiga tema utama dari fair trade, yakni: Fair Trade Movement, Fair Trade Laws, dan Fair Trade menurut Stiglitz. Kajian literatur ini juga menemukan bahwa dari tiga istilah tersebut terindikasi bahwa Fair Trade Movement mungkin proteksionisme, Fair Trade Laws adalah proteksionisme, dan Fair Trade menurut Stiglitz bukanlah proteksionisme.

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This literature review explains that the interests of Non-Governmental Organizations and state played a role in the selection of fair trade theme adopted by various actors in international relations. The inclusion of fair trade into protectionism is caused by negative publicity against one of the themes of fair trade. This literature review identifies three major themes of Fair Trade. They are Fair Trade Movement, Fair Trade Laws, and Fair Trade according to Stiglitz. This literature review found that the Fair Trade Movement could be protectionism, Fair Trade Laws is protectionism, and Fair Trade in general is not protectionism."

"Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, teknologi memiliki peranan penting dalam memajukan perekonomian, utamanya bagi negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang yang belum menguasai teknologi tepat guna bagi perindustrian. Untuk mengadakan akses terhadap teknologi bagi negara-negara berkembang dan negara-negara terbelakang, dilakukanlah transfer of technologi dari negara maju agar negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang dapat menguasai teknologi-teknologi yang meningkatkan daya saing mereka dalam perdagangan internasional. Namun, kerjasama transfer of technology seringkali menimbulkan sengketa, khususnya terkait hak dan kewajiban para pihak (termasuk hak kekayaan intelektual pengalih teknologi dan perbedaan kepentingan antara negara berkembang dan negara maju). Untuk itu, dalam skripsi ini penulis meninjau sengketa-sengketa terkait transfer of technology dari perspektif hukum perdagangan internasional. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, dimana penulis menganalisis sengketa transfer of technology dari berbagai perjanjian antarnegara, peraturan perundang-undangan dan kasus-kasus. Dari penelitian tersebut, penulis menemukan bahwa sengketa transfer of technology pada umumnya mencakup pelanggaran hak kekayaan intelektual pengalih teknologi dan aspek-aspek lain dalam perdagangan internasional. Kemudian, penulis menemukan bahwa sejatinya instrumen-instrumen hukum perdagangan internasional telah mengakomodasi kepentingan negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang untuk menguasai teknologi yang dapat memajukan perekonomian serta kepentingan negara maju terkait pelindungan hak kekayaan intelektual.

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As the world advances to a new era, technology remains at the corner stone of economic development, especially for developing and the least-developed nations, which have yet to possess viable technological base for their industries. To provide access for such technology, transfer of technology from the developed to the developing and least-developed countries is necessary, as it would lead the recipients to a more competitive position in the international trade. This, however, is not without its issues. Transfer of technology often sparks dispute between the parties involved, mainly with respect to their rights and obligations (including, but not limited to, the intellectual property rights of the transferor and competing interests of developing and developed nation). For that reason, the author will thoroughly observe the legal aspects of such disputes from international trade law standpoint. In doing so, the author implements the normative-juridical method, of which the author will analyze those disputes based on treaties, laws and regulations, and case laws. From this observation, the author found that transfer of technology disputes strongly connects with intellectual property issues and other aspects of international trade. Furthermore, the author found that international trade law instruments have sufficiently accommodate the interests of developing and the least-developed nations with respect to technology dissemination, as well as developed countries interest on intellectual property rights protection."

"Skripsi ini membahas bentuk mekanisme pertahanan perdagangan (trade defence) menurut perjanjian WTO dan membandingkan bentuk mekanisme pertahanan perdagangan pada sektor baja di Amerika Serikat (AS) dan Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa (MEE) dengan Indonesia. Hal ini karena baja merupakan sektor yang paling terpengaruh oleh tindakan pertahanan perdagangan (khususnya anti- dumping dan safeguard). Hasil penelitian yang menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan komparatif, menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat setidaknya tiga bentuk mekanisme pertahanan perdagangan menurut perjanjian WTO yaitu, anti-dumping, countervailing, dan safeguard. Adapun berdasarkan hasil perbandingan, pengaturan trade defence pada sektor baja di AS dan MEE memiliki ketentuan tentang anti-circumvention, sedangkan di Indonesia tidak. Adanya pengaturan anti-circumvention ini menguatkan tindakan anti-dumping AS dan MEE, sehingga negara-negara tersebut mampu melindungi industri baja dalam negerinya dari kerugian akibat perdagangan yang tidak seimbang. Indonesia belum memiliki pengaturan anti-circumvention, sehingga Bea Masuk Anti-Dumping yang diterapkan menjadi tidak efektif. Oleh karena itu, untuk melindungi industri baja domestik, perlu pengaturan anti- circumvention dalam tata hukum Indonesia yang setidaknya mencakup bentuk- bentuk circumvention dan prosedur tindakan, sebagaimana yang telah dilakukan Amerika Serikat dan Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa.

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This thesis discusses the forms of trade defence mechanisms regulated by WTO agreement and compares the form of trade defence mechanisms in steel sector that applied by the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) with Indonesia. This is because steel is the most affected sector by trade defence, especially anti- dumping and safeguard measures. Result of this normative legal research through a statutory and comparative approach conclude that there are at least three forms of trade defence mechanisms according to WTO agreement, i.e. anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard. As based on the result of comparison, the trade defence regulation in the steel sector at US and EU has provision regarding anti- circumvention, whereas in Indonesia does not. With the existence of anti- circumvention provisions, it reinforces US and EU anti-dumping actions, so that these countries are able to protect the domestic steel industry from injury due to unfair trade. Indonesia does not have anti-circumvention provision yet, so that the anti-dumping duty applied becomes ineffective. Therefore, in order to protect the domestic steel industry, anti-circumvention provision is needed in the Indonesia legal system to regulate forms of circumvention and procedures of imposing anti- circumvention duty, as has been done by the United States and the European Union."

"The book focuses on two major topics of current academic and political interest. Firstly, it adresses the 10th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO and its implications and secondly, it deals with different legal aspects of global energy markets."