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"Penanaman modal asing merupakan salah satu elemen pendukung pembangunan yang penting bagi negara berkembang. Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang harus melakukan upaya untuk menarik penanaman modal asing ke Indonesia. Salah satu upaya dalam menarik penanaman modal asing tersebut adalah dengan mentransplantasikan prinsip-prinsip hukum internasional yang bertujuan untuk melindungi penanam modal asing, seperti prinsip “National Treatment” yang memberikan perlindungan kepada penanam modal asing dengan memberikan perlakuan yang sama antara penanam modal asing dan penanam modal dalam negeri dalam peraturan perundang-undangannya, karenanya, memberikan kondisi persaingan usaha yang sama antara penanam modal asing dan penanam modal dalam negeri di Indonesia.

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Foreign investment is one of the important elements of development for developing countries. Indonesia as a developing country needs to make efforts to pull foreign investment into the country. One of the efforts is by transplanting international legal principles aimed at foreign investor protection, such as National Treatment Principle which gives protection to the foreign shareholder by providing the same treatment to the foreign investor and domestic investor, therefore, creating a level playing field for business in the country for foreign and domestic investors alike.This thesis discusses about legal transplantation, National Treatment principle in international law and National Treatment Principle in Indonesian Investment Law."

"Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang berupaya mengoptimalkan penerimaan PMA dalam rangka meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Peningkatan PMA Indonesia berkorelasi dengan penurunan tingkat pengangguran namun tidak disertai penurunan jumlah pekerja informal. Dilihat dari pola sebarannya, realisasi PMA tidak terjadi secara acak melainkan mengikuti karaktersitik daerah penerima dan terkait dengan jenis sektor yang diterima. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran PMA sektoral terhadap tenaga kerja yang mencakup pekerja formal, pekerja informal, dan pengangguran menggunakan data panel kabupaten kota tahun 2010-2019. Kami menggunakan Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) untuk merelaksasi asumsi spatial independent yang umumnya digunakan dalam penelitian terdahulu. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa PMA sektoral memiliki pengaruh spasial yang berbeda terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja. Pengaruh PMA lebih besar terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja daerah lain dibandingkan daerah penerima itu sendiri. PMA manufaktur mampu memberikan keuntungan spasial yang lebih baik dibandingkan PMA sektoral lainnya. PMA agrikultur, PMA pertambangan, dan PMA agregat menurunkan kualitas pekerjaan akibat tradeoff antara pekerja formal dan informal. PMA agrikultur merupakan kategori PMA yang memberikan manfaat terendah bagi tenaga kerja di Indonesia karena berperan meningkatkan pengangguran sekaligus menurunkan kualitas pekerjaan. Kualitas sumber daya manusia, spesialisasi sektor, dan infrastruktur berperan signifikan dalam menentukan pengaruh spasial PMA sektoral terhadap tenaga kerja. Hasil analisis menekankan pentingnya mempertimbangkan efek spasial PMA terhadap perubahan tenaga kerja.

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Indonesia as a developing country is trying to optimize FDI receipts in order to increase employment. The increase in Indonesian FDI correlated with a decrease in the unemployment rate but not with a in the number of informal workers. The distribution of FDI realization does not occur randomly but follows the characteristics of the recipient area and is related to the type of sector received. This study aims to examine the role of sectoral FDI on the workforce which includes formal workers, informal workers, and unemployed using panel data from city districts in 2010-2019. We use the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to relax the assumptions of spatial independence that are commonly used in previous studies. The estimation results show that sectoral FDI has a different spatial effect on changes in the workforce. The influence of FDI is greater on changes in the workforce of other regions than the receiving regions themselves. Manufacturing FDI is able to provide a better spatial advantage than other sectoral FDI. FDI in agriculture, mining, and aggregate reduce the quality of work due to the tradeoff between formal and informal workers. FDI in agriculture is a category of PMA that provides the lowest benefits for workers in Indonesia because it plays a role in increasing unemployment as well as reducing the quality of work. The quality of human resources, sector specialization, and infrastructure play a significant role in determining the spatial effect of sectoral FDI on the workforce. The results of the analysis emphasize the importance of considering the spatial effect of FDI on changes in the workforce."

"Sejak tahun 2015, tren peningkatan pencapaian realisasi penanaman modal asing langsung atau Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) di Indonesia tidak menunjukkan pergerakan yang signifikan apabila dibandingkan dengan realisasi investasi dalam negeri. Mengingat institusi Pemerintah merupakan pintu masuk utama ketika investor asing bertujuan untuk menanamkan modalnya di suatu negara, penelitian ini mencoba mengidentifikasi pengaruh kualitas institusi terhadap arus masuk FDI ke Indonesia. Para pembuat kebijakan memiliki pandangan bahwa iklim investasi merupakan faktor utama yang harus terus ditingkatkan oleh Pemerintah agar dapat meningkatkan arus masuk FDI ke dalam negeri. Sedangkan secara empiris, hasil estimasi menggunakan Fixed Effect Model (FEM) menemukan bahwa dua indikator pengukur kualitas institusi, yaitu kualitas penegakan hukum dan efektivitas Pemerintah, berpengaruh signifikan terhadap arus masuk FDI ke Indonesia. Sementara itu, indikator kualitas regulasi turut berpengaruh positif terhadap masuknya FDI ke Indonesia, meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik. Sejalan dengan hasil estimasi tersebut, para investor asing menilai bahwa perlindungan hukum, deregulasi, serta debirokratisasi merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan mereka dalam melakukan penanaman modal di Indonesia.

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Since 2015, the increase of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) realization in Indonesia has not shown a significant trend compared to the domestic investment realization. Given that government institutions are the main entry point when foreign investors aim to invest in a country, this study tries to identify the effect of institutional quality on FDI inflows to Indonesia. Policy makers believes that investment climate is the main factor that should be improved by the Government continuously in order to increase the FDI inflows into the country. While empirically, the estimation results using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) found that two indicators measuring the institutions quality, namely rule of law and Government effectiveness, had a significant effect on FDI inflows to Indonesia. Meanwhile, regulatory quality indicator also positively affects the FDI inflows to Indonesia, although it is not statistically significant. In line with the estimation results, foreign investors consider that legal protection, deregulation, and de-bureaucratization are factors that influence their decisions to invest in Indonesia."

"Pada era digitalisasi ini, masyarakat cenderung menggunakan internet sebagai konsumsi utamanya, termasuk dalam berkegiatan ekonomi sehingga financial technology muncul secara pesat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini, salah satunya pada sektor lending yaitu Peer-to-Peer Lending. Namun Peer-to-Peer Lending ini memiliki risiko yang akhirnya membangun persepsi dari investor, khususnya risiko keuangan (risiko investasi). Sehingga penelitian ini ingin meneliti bagaimana faktor-faktor dari persepsi risiko keuangan seperti persepsi asimetri informasi dan persepsi ketidakpastian regulasi dapat memengaruhi investordalam berinvestasi pada Peer-to-Peer LendingIndonesia secara kontinyu. Penelitian ini mengumpulkan sebanyak 107 responden yang merupakan investordari Peer-to-Peer Lending Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah PLS-SEM dimana menghasilkan Perceived Information Asymmetry dan Perceived Regulatory Uncertainty berpengaruh positif terhadap Perceived Financial Risk (Investment Risk) dan Perceived Financial Risk (Investment Risk) berpengaruh negatif terhadap Continuance Intention. Variabel Perceived Information Asymmetry dan Perceived Regulatory Uncertainty sebelumnya diuji oleh subjek lain, sehingga belum ada penelitian yang menguji pada subjek Peer-to-Peer Lending.

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In this digitalization era, people tended to use the internet as their main consumption, including in economic activities so that financial technology emerged rapidly in recent years, one of which was in the lending sector, Peer-to- Peer Lending. But this Peer-to-Peer Lending has risks that ultimately build perceptions of investors, especially financial risk (investment risk). So this study wants to examine how the factors of Perceived Financial Risk (Investment Risk) such as perceptions of information asymmetry and perceptions of regulatory uncertainty can affect investors in investing in Indonesian Lending Peer-to-Peers continuously. This study collected 107 respondents who were investors from Indonesian Peer-to-Peer Lending. The method used to test the hypothesis in this study is PLS-SEM which produces Perceived Information Asymmetry and Perceived Regulatory Uncertainty which have a positive effect on Perceived Financial Risk (Investment Risk) and Perceived Financial Risk (Investment Risk) negatively affecting Continuance Intention. The Perceived Information Asymmetry and Perceived Regulatory Uncertainty variables were previously tested by other subjects, so no research has been tested on the subject of Peer-to-Peer Lending."

"Nowadays diregulation of investment is esier than in the past. But the economy grows constanly. It indicated that the policy of government is not significant yet to invite investors in Indonesia. It is caused by the labour wage system is not properly. The labour wage system should be based on syari'ah. Thus, we can share between labour, investors, and state in building new mutualism relationship and actualizing the welfare state."

"ABSTRAKImplementasi transparansi beneficial owner yang diwajibkan oleh Peraturan Presiden No. 13 Tahun 2013 tentang Penerapan Prinsip Mengenali Pemilik Manfaat dari Korporasi Dalam Rangka Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang Dan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme tidak hanya bermanfaat untuk keperluan pencegahan tindak pidana pencucian uang, namun juga dapat diterapkan untuk menstabilkan kegiatan ekonomi, khususnya di sektor penanaman modal asing yang sampai saat ini masih melakukan praktik nominee. Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan penelitian normatif yang difokuskan untuk mengkaji penerapan kaidah-kaidah atau norma-norma dalam hukum positif. Penelitian ini bersifat deskiptif analisis yaitu menggambar, menelaah, menjelaskan secara tepat atau menganalisis suatu peraturan perundang-undangan.  Analisis implementasi proses transparansi beneficial owner dalam praktik penanaman modal asing perlu dilakukan agar dapat diterapkan dengan memperhatikan peraturan-peraturan terkait, seperti Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal, Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas, dan Peraturan Kepala Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal. Disisi lain, hal tersebut dapat membuat pelaku nominee tidak nyaman karena hubungan nominee yang dibuat secara privacy akan diminta untuk diungkapkan sehingga terdapat akibat hukum yang terjadi. Implementasi kewajiban pelaporan informasi beneficial owner pada badan usaha diperlukan adanya standar prosedur yang berlaku umum agar mempermudah setiap korporasi mengetahui pada tahap apa saja mereka perlu menyampaikan informasi beneficial owner.

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ABSTRACTImplementation of the transparency of beneficial owner required by Presidential Regulation No. 13 of 2013 concerning Application of Principle of Recognizing Corporations Beneficial Owner in the Context of Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering and Funding of Terrorism is not only useful for the purposes of preventing money laundering, but can also be applied to stabilize economic activities, particularly in the sector of foreign direct investment who are still practicing nominee. The research conducted is a normative study focused on studying the application of the rules or norms in positive law. This research is a descriptive analysis that is drawing, analyzing, explaining precisely or analyzing a statutory regulation. An analysis on implementation of the beneficial owner transparency process in foreign direct investment activities needs to be carried out so that it can be applied with due regard to relevant regulations, such as Investment Law, Company Law and Head of Investment Coordinating Board Regulation. On the other hand, it can make the nominee actors uncomfortable due to the nominee relationships made in privacy will be asked to be disclosed so that there are legal consequences occured. Implementation of the obligation for reporting a beneficial owner's information at a business entity requires a generally accepted standard procedure to make it easier for every corporation to know at what stage they need to submit a beneficial owner's information."