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"How do we come to be who we are? Why do we differ in our personalities? How do these differences matter in life? Individual Differences and Personality aims to describe how and why personality varies among people. Unlike books that focus on individual theorists, this book focuses on current research and theory on the nature of personality and related individual differences. The book begins by discussing how personality is measured, the concept of a personality trait, and the basic dimensions of personality. This leads to a discussion of the origins of personality, with descriptions of its developmental course, its biological causes, its genetic and environmental influences, and its evolutionary function. The concept of a personality disorder is then described, followed by a discussion of the influence of personality on life outcomes in relationships, work, and health. Finally, the book examines the important differences between individuals in the realms of mental abilities, of beliefs and attitudes, and of behavior."

"Measures of personality and social psychological constructs assists researchers and practitioners by identifying and reviewing the best scales/measures for a variety of constructs. Each chapter discusses test validity, reliability, and utility. Authors have focused on the most often used and cited scales/measures, with a particular emphasis on those published in recent years. Each scale is identified and described, the sample on which it was developed is summarized, and reliability and validity data are presented, followed by presentation of the scale, in full or in part, where such permission has been obtained.Measures fall into five broad groups. The emotional disposition section reviews measures of general affective tendencies, and/or cognitive dispositions closely linked to emotion. These measures include hope and optimism, anger and hostility, life satisfaction, self-esteem, confidence, and affect dimensions. Emotion regulation scales go beyond general dispositions to measure factors that may contribute to understanding and managing emotions. These measures include alexithymia, empathy, resiliency, coping, sensation seeking, and ability and trait emotional intelligence. The interpersonal styles section introduces some traditional social?psychological themes in the context of personality assessment. These measures include adult attachment, concerns with public image and social evaluation, and forgiveness. The vices and virtues section reflects adherence to moral standards as an individual characteristic shaped by sociocultural influences and personality. These measures include values and moral personality, religiosity, dark personalities (Machiavellianism,narcissism, and subclinical psychopathy), and perfectionism. The sociocultural interaction and conflict section addresses relationships between different groups and associated attitudes. These measures include cross-cultural values, personality and beliefs, intergroup contact, stereotyping and prejudice, attitudes towards sexual orientation, and personality across cultures."

"Pada masa pandemi, mahasiswa tidak hanya dihadapkan dengan berbagai tugas perkembangan yang harus dilalui oleh semua individu pada seusianya. Namun juga mengalami berbagai situasi yang termasuk baru dan tidak dapat diprediksi sebelumnya. Apabila mahasiswa tidak dapat menoleransi ataupun menerima berbagai situasi tersebut akan menyebabkan mahasiswa mengalami distres psikologis. Nilai skor distres psikologis pada setiap mahasiswa dapat berbeda antara satu dengan lainnya, hal ini tergantung bagaimana individu melakukan penilaian terhadap peristiwa maupun stresor yang dihadapinya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah personality traits dan hope dapat menjadi prediktor dari kondisi distres psikologis pada mahasiswa di masa COVID-19. Partisipan pada penelitian berjumlah 330 mahasiswa yang sedang aktif kuliah strata-1 (S1) berusia 18-20 tahun (51.22%) berjenis kelamin perempuan (68.8%) dan tidak menikah (95.5%). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik convenience sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan yaitu Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), IPIP-BFM-25 Indonesia, dan The Trait Hope Scale. Berdasarkan hasil analisis maka diketahui bahwa personality trait dan hope dapat memprediksi terjadinya distres psikologis pada mahasiswa—faktor openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, dan agreeableness memiliki arah negatif, sedangkan faktor neuroticism memiliki arah positif.

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During the pandemic, students are not only faced with various developmental tasks that must be passed by all individuals at their age. But also experiencing various situations that include new and unpredictable in advance. If students cannot tolerate or accept these various situations, they will experience psychological distress. The psychological distress score for each student can be different from one another, this depends on how the individual evaluates the events and stressors he faces. This study aims to determine whether personality traits and hope can be predictors of psychological distress conditions in college students during the COVID-19 period. Participants in the study were 330 students who were actively studying for undergraduate (S1) aged 18-20 years (51.22%) were female (68.8%) and unmarried (95.5%). This study uses a quantitative approach with convenience sampling technique. The measuring instruments used are the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), IPIP-BFM-25 Indonesia, and The Trait Hope Scale. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that personality trait and hope can predict the occurrence of psychological distress in students—openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness factors have a negative direction, while the neuroticism factor has a positive direction."