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"This study was performed to evaluate the development of somatic embryo from embryogenic calli of ginger meristem culture. Completely randomized design was applied, replicated 4 times. Embryogenic calli from meristem tissue of inner shoot bud of rhizome obtained on MS medium containing 100 mg/L glutamine, 2% sucrose with the addition of 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 3.0 mg/L BA, were subjected to proliferation medium, MS and N basal media containing 3% mannitol. Then, transferred into somatic embryo maturation medium, either MS or N basal media supplemented with 6% sucrose. The number of somatic embryos-formed significantly affected by the proliferation medium applied. The highest number of somatic embryos (about 82.0 per 1 g friable calli) was achieved on the MS medium, 4 weeks after incubation. In addition, the optimum growth of embryogenic calli containing somatic embryos was obtained on MS and N medium supplemented with 6% sucrose. There were significantly difference between the media applied (MS and N ) to somatic embryos maturation. The highest number of mature somatic embryos (57.2 embrios) was achieved on the MS medium, 18 days after incubation."

"In recent years, cancer stem cells have been recognized as important component in carcinogenesis and they seem to form the basis of many (if not all) tumor types. Cancer stem cells or "cancer cell like stem cells" have been isolated from various cancers of different origin (blood, breast, brain, skin, head and neck, thyroid, cervix, lung, retina, colon, pancreas and so on). Cancer stem cells - rare cells with indefinite proliferative potential that drive the formation and growth of tumours- seem to show intriguing relationships with physiological stem cells. Specifically, these cancer cells show significant similarities in the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal of normal stem cells. Moreover, tumour cells might directly arise from normal stem cells. Further, the cellular biology of cancer stem cells show a lot of similarities with normal stem cells."

"This book explores the forces that have shaped the evolution of organelle genomes and the expression of the genes encoded by them. Some striking examples of trends in organelle evolution explored here are the reduction in genome size and gene coding content observed in most lineages, the complete loss of organelle DNA in certain lineages, and the unusual modes of gene expression that have emerged, such as the extensive and essential mRNA editing that occurs in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts. This book places particular emphasis on the current techniques used to study the evolution of organelle genomes and gene expression."