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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Fokus terapi asma adalah mencapai terkendalinya asma secaraadekuat. Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT) merupakan kuesionerpenilaian terkendalinya asma pada anak yang cepat dan mudah digunakan.Penggunaan CACT di Indonesia masih terbatas karena kendala bahasa danbudaya. Sampai saat ini belum ada kuesioner CACT versi Indonesia (terjemahanCACT ke dalam bahasa Indonesia) yang terbukti sahih dan andal.Tujuan: Mengetahui kesahihan (validity) dan keandalan (reliability) kuesionerCACT versi Indonesia.Metode: Menerjemahkan tujuh pertanyaaan kuesioner CACT menjadi kuesionerCACT versi Indonesia. Studi potong lintang dilakukan terhadap 66 subjek usia4-11 tahun yang dipilih secara konsekutif. Semua subjek menjalani uji fungsi parudan pemeriksaan peak expiratory flow berkala. Analisis statistik menggunakanuji Cronbach?s  dan uji korelasi Pearson/ Spearman.Hasil: Rerata usia subjek penelitian adalah 7,89 tahun (5,25 -11,83 tahun) denganproporsi jenis kelamin lelaki lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak perempuan. Sebagianbesar subjek penelitian yaitu 60,4% memiliki status asma tidak terkendali (nilaikuesioner CACT ≤19). Kuesioner CACT versi Indonesia mempunyai keandalan(Cronbach?s  0,762) dan kesahihan konstruksi (r= 0,384-0,545) yang baik.Tidakterdapat korelasi bermakna antara kuesioner CACT versi Indonesia dengan nilaiFEV1 (r =-0,024; p=0,846) dan nilai variabilitas mingguan PEF (r=-0,218;p=0,079).Simpulan: Kuesioner CACT versi Indonesia mempunyai kesahihan dankeandalan yang baik untuk menilai terkendalinya asma. Kuesioner ini tidakmempunyai korelasi dengan uji fungsi paru sehingga CACT tidak dapatmenggantikan peran uji fungsi paru sebagai salah satu komponen penilaianterkendalinya asma.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The goal of asthma treatment is to achieve control over the asthmaadequately. The Childhood Asthma Control Test (CACT) is a quick and easy-tousequestionnaire for assessing asthma control on children. The usage of CACT inIndonesia is limited due to the language and culture barrier. To date, there is noIndonesian version of CACT questionnaire that is proven to be reliable and valid.The aim of this study was to validate the Indonesian version of this test.Objectives: To learn the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version ofChildhood Asthma Control Test (I-CACT).Methods: Translation of the established seven-item questionnaire into the ICACT.Cross-sectional study was conducted among 66 participants aged 4-11years old which were recruited consecutively. All patient undergone pulmonaryfunction test and measured peak expiratory flow (PEF) regularly. The reliabilityof I-CACT was assessed using the internal consistency (Cronbach?s ) and thevalidity was assesed by the Pearson/Spearman correlation test.Results: The mean age was 7.89 years (5.25-11.83y) with predominantly boys.Sixty percent of participants had uncontrollable asthma (score I-CACT ≤19). Boththe internal consistency reliability (Cronbach?s  0.762) and the constructedvalidity (r= 0.384-0.545 ) of the I-CACT were good. No significant correlationwas found between the I-CACT score with the FEV1 (r =-0.024; p=0.846) and thevariability of PEF (r=-0.218; p=0.079) respectively.Conclusions: I-CACT is a valid and reliable test for assessing asthma control.However, I-CACT does not correlate well with the pulmonary function test andtherefore is not a substitute to the role of pulmonary function in assessing asthmacontrol."

"ABSTRAKAsma merupakan penyakit inflamasi saluran pernapasan yang seringdijumpai pada anak-anak dengan insiden kejadian yang lebih tinggi dibandingkelompok umur lainnya. Diperkirakan, sekitar 300 juta penduduk dunia saat inimenderita asma dan akan meningkat menjadi 400 kasus pada tahun 2025. Selaindari faktor pejamu yang tidak dapat dimodifikasi, peningkatan prevalens asmadiduga juga berhubungan dengan adanya peran dari faktor lingkungan. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadianasma dan pencetus serangan asma anak usia 0-11 tahun di Indonesia pada tahun2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder Riskedas tahun 2013 dengandesain cross sectional deskriptif. Responden terdiri dari 237.992 anak usia 0-11tahun di Indonesia. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis chi square. Hasilanalisis univariat diperoleh prevalensi asma pada anak usia 0-11 tahun di Indonesiapada tahun 2013 sebesar 3,6% dengan faktor pencetus yang paling sering adalah fluatau infeksi sebesar 56,2%. Hasil analisis bivariat diperoleh bahwa kejadian asmapada anak usia 0-11 tahun berhubungan dengan umur, jenis kelamin, wilayahtinggal, keadaan sosioekonomi, asap dapur, paparan pestisida dalam rumah, jenislantai rumah, jenis dinding rumah, jenis plafon rumah, kebersihan ruang tidur,kebersihan ruang masak, dan kebersihan ruang keluarga. Penelitian ini menemukanbahwa peluang mendapatkan asma lebih tinggi ditemukan pada anak laki-laki,berumur 2 tahun, tinggal di wilayah pedesaan, mempunyai keadaan sosioekonomirendah, terdapat asap dapur dalam rumah, terdapat paparan pestisida dalam rumah,mempunyai lantai rumah berjenis tanah, dinding berjenis bambu, plafon berjenisbambu, serta kebersihan ruang tidur, ruang masak, dan ruang keluarga yang tidakbersih.

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ABSTRACTAsthma is an inflammatory disease of respiratory tract are often found in childrenwith a higher incidence of events than other age groups. It is estimated that around300 million people worldwide currently suffer from asthma and will increase to 400cases in 2025. Due to a host factors can?t be modified, there are a role ofenvironmental factors which contributed to increase the prevalence of asthma. Thisstudy aims to determine the factors associated with asthma and trigger asthma attackamong children aged 0-11 years in Indonesia on 2013. This study using secondarydata from National Basic Health Research 2013 with a study design descriptivecross-sectional. The respondents are 237.992 children aged 0-11 years in Indonesia.Data was analyzed using chi square analysis. Result of univariate analysis showsprevalence of asthma in children aged 0-11 years in Indonesia on 2013 amountedto 3,6% with a trigger factor that most often is cold or infection by 56,2%. Resultsof bivariate analysis shows that the prevalence of asthma among children aged 0-11 years are associated with age, sex, region of residence, socioeconomic status,kitchen smoke, exposure to pesticides in the home, the type of floor of the house,the type of house wall, ceiling type of house, cleanliness of the bedroom, cleanlinessof cooking space, and cleanliness of the living room. This study found that the riskchances of getting asthma was found higher in boys, 2 years old, live in rural areas,have socioeconomic status is low, there is a kitchen smoke in the house, there isexposure to pesticides in the house, has a house floor manifold earthen, wallmanifold bamboo, ceiling manifold bamboo, and the cleanliness of the bedroom,kitchen, and family rooms are not clean.;;;"

"Latar BelakangPrevalensi asma meningkat dalam 30 tahun terakhir dan bervariasi di berbagai negara, komunitas, etnis yang berbeda. Penelitian di Indonesia melaporkan prevalensi asma pada anak dan orang dewasa 6-7 %. identifikasi faktor-faktor risiko seperti faktor keturunan, atopi, urutan kelahiran dalam keluarga, rokok, hewan piaraan, gizi, pola makanan, obesitas dengan kejadian asma perlu untuk menjelaskan variasi tersebut. Sampai saat ini studi prevalensi asma dan identifikasi faktor risiko di daerah pantai dengan jumlah sampel yang besar belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia.TujuanMencari faktor-faktor risiko asma pada anak sekolah usia 13 hingga 18 tahun di Kepulauan Seribu.MetodologiUji potong lintang dilanjutkan dengan disain kasus kontrol bersarang. Pada responden dibagikan kuesioner yang dikelompokkan berdasar diagnosis asma, pernah asma dan bukan asma. Untuk kelompok asma dalam 12 bulan terakhir, pernah asma dan tidak asma (keiompok kontrol) dipilih secara acak untuk dilakukan uji tusuk kulitlskin prick test.HasilTelah dilakukan di 15 sekolah (SD, SLTP, SLTA) yang tersebar di Kepulauan Seribu sebanyak 1505 responden terdiri atas 713 laki-laki dan 792 perempuan. Distribusi responden menurut jenis kelamin pada kasus asma dan kontrol tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna (IK 95%; 0,54-1,47, p=0,66). Hubungan orang tua menyandang asma dengan kejadian asma pada responden menunjukkan hubungan bermakna. Pada ayah (IK 95%; 6,09-59,9, p=0,001). Pada ibu (IK 95%; 1,23-7,95, p=4,001), Berdasarkan hasil uji tusuk kulit pada kelompok mengi dan kontrol menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna (D. Pteronyssinus) dengan kejadian asma (p 0,0001). Sedangkan faktor risiko asma lainnya (urutan kelahiran dalam keluarga, rokok, hewan piaraan, dan obesitas) tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian asma.SimpulanPrevaIensi gejala asma pads anak usia 13 hingga 18 tahun di Kepulauan Seribu berdasarkan riwayat mengi = 11,8%, mengi 12 bulan terakhir = 5,4 %. Didapat hubungan bermakna pada orang tua menyandang asma terhadap kejadian asma pada anak. Hasil uji tusuk kulit (D. pteronyssinus) menunjukkan hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian asma.

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Background

The prevalence of asthma has been increasing in the last 30 years and varied among different countries, communities and ethnic groups. Study in Indonesia had reported that the prevalence of asthma in children and adults was 6-7%. Identification of risk factors, atopy, smoking, pet, nutrition, dietary pattern, obesity and incidence of asthma are necessary to explain the variation. Up to now, study on the prevalence of asthma and risk factors identification with big sample size in maritime region has never been conducted in Indonesia.

Objectives

The aim of the study is to determine risk factors of asthma in school children aged 13-18 years old in Kepulauan Seribu.

Methods

A cross sectional study continued by nested case control was conducted in Kepulauan Seribu in June 2005. All respondents have to fill out questionnaire forms and were grouped based on diagnosis of asthma, history of asthma and no asthma. For the asthma group in last 12 months, history of asthma and no asthma (control group) were selected randomly for skin prick test.

Results

Data was obtained from 1505 subjects in 15 schools (elementary school, junior high school, senior high school) consisted of 713 boys and 792 girls. The prevalence of asthma in adolescents aged 13 - 18 years old in Kepulauan Seribu based on symptom of wheezing (11.8%), wheezing in the last 12 months (5.4%). Distribution of respondents based on gender found no significant relation between asthma and control group (CI 95%; 0.54-1.47, p=4.66). Subjects with asthma associated significantly with their parents who also had asthma (fathers CI 95%; 6.09-59.9, p=0.04I and mothers CI 95%; 1.23-7.95, p=0.001). Based on skin prick test, we found there was significant relation between alergen (D. Pteronyssinus) with incidence of asthma (p=4.0001), while other risk factors (family size, smoking, obesity, pet) had not showed significant relation with asthma.

Conclusions

The prevalence of asthma in adolescent aged 13-18 years old in Kepulauan Seribu based on history of wheezing was 11.8%, while symptom of wheezing in 12 month was 5.4%. Subjects with asthma associated significantly with their parents who also had asthma. Skin prick test (D. pteronyssinus) had significant relation with incidence of asthma."

"Latar Belakang Asma persisten banyak terjadi pada anak di bawah usia tiga hingga enam tahun. Karakteristik pada anak dengan asma persisten cukup bervariasi sehingga menyebabkan anak rentan mengalami kondisi yang tidak terkendali jika tidak segera ditangani. Di Indonesia, belum ada data yang menggambarkan karakteristik anak dengan asma persisten dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi derajat kendalinya. Metode Desain penelitian potong lintang dilakukan terhadap 81 anak berusia 6-18 tahun dengan asma persisten yang melakukan kontrol ke RSCM dalam rentang tahun 2019-2023. Pemilihan sampel dan pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan rekam medis milik RSCM Kiara dengan metode total sampling. Hasil Asma persisten yang tidak terkendali terjadi pada 53 subjek (65.4%). Sebagian besar subjek berada dalam rentang usia 6-11 tahun (61.7%), berjenis kelamin laki-laki (55.6%), terpapar oleh alergen (72.8%), faktor lingkungan (34.6%), memiliki komorbiditas (88.9%), berada dalam kelompok gizi baik (43.2%), patuh terhadap pengobatan (74.1%), dan menggunakan terapi pengendali jenis metered dose inhaler (84.0%). Dari hasil analisis bivariat dan regresi logistik, tidak ada karakteristik yang menunjukkan hubungan signifikan terhadap derajat kendali asma. Kesimpulan Terdapat 65.4% anak dengan asma persisten yang tidak terkendali. Tidak ada karakteristik yang berhubungan signifikan dan berperan sebagai prediktor independen dengan derajat kendali asma.

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Introduction Persistent asthma often occurs in children under the age of three to six years. The characteristics of children with persistent asthma are quite varied, making children vulnerable to experiencing uncontrollable conditions if not treated immediately. In Indonesia, there is no data that describes the characteristics of children with persistent asthma and the factors that influence the level of control. Method A cross-sectional research design was carried out on 81 children aged 6-18 years with persistent asthma who underwent control at RSCM in the period 2019-2023. Sample selection and data collection were carried out using medical records belonging to RSCM Kiara using the total sampling method. Results Persistent uncontrolled asthma occurred in 53 subjects (65.4%). Most of the subjects were in the age range of 6-11 years (61.7%), male (55.6%), exposed to allergens (72.8%), environmental factors (34.6%), had comorbidities (88.9%), were in the healthy weight group (43.2%), adherent to treatment (74.1%), and used metered dose inhaler control therapy (84.0%). From the results of bivariate analysis and logistic regression, there were no characteristics that showed a significant relationship to the level of asthma control. Conclusion There are 65.4% of children with persistent uncontrolled asthma. There were no characteristics that were significantly related and acted as independent predictors with the level of asthma control."

"Bronchial asthma : a guide for practical understanding and treatment, sixth edition, is a fully updated version of a widely respected classic on the diagnosis and management of asthma. Discussing the disorder in all relevant patient groups, including a variety of patient subpopulations, this invaluable title continues to emphasize the definition, medications, and practical use of asthma treatment plans. Importantly, this comprehensive reference also discusses the common side effects found in the full range of medications used for asthma treatment. "