Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Aktivitas makan merupakan aktivitas dominan yang paling banyak dilakukan oleh orangutan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan dalam upaya bertahan hidup. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui proporsi waktu makan dan proporsi waktu mencoba makan pada anak orangutan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah instantaneus focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Anak sangat antusias mempelajari kemampuan dan keterampilan untuk bertahan hidup melalui hubungan sosial dengan induknya. Sejak usia 1 tahun anak sudah mulai peering (7,67 %) hingga usia 8 tahun (65 %). Induk merupakan penyangga anak dengan lingkungannya dan panutan yang dicontoh dalam melakukan sesuatu, khususnya perilaku makan. Proporsi waktu makan anak mandiri semakin meningkat dari 0,24 % (1 tahun) hingga 55,1 % (8 tahun) akan meningkat ke arah proporsi makan induknya. Pemilihan jenis makanan dan teknik makan anak orangutan dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik jenis makanan dan teknik yang digunakan oleh induk. Teknik makan yang paling banyak digunakan yaitu teknik dengan menggunakan mulut dan teknik kombinasi yaitu gabungan antara tangan dengan kaki. Hal tersebut dikarenakan anak orangutan selalu bersama induknya dan anak memiliki keterbatasan dalam memperoleh dan mengolah jenis makanan yang sulit dikonsumsi. Toleransi induk juga berperan penting dalam proses kemandirian anaknya, melalui makan bersama pada satu pohon yang sama, transfer makanan dan memberikan makanan yang sulit didapat maupun sulit diproses ketika anak meminta darinya. Selain itu, anak orangutan juga berusaha untuk meningkatkan keterampilannya dengan mencoba mengolah (try feeding) dan terlihat ketika anak orangutan baru mulai mengonsumsi kulit kayu pada usia 4 - 5 tahun dengan tingkat kesulitan tinggi.

---

ABSTRACT
Feeding activity is the most dominant activity of orangutans to fulfil their needs in an effort to survive. The research aims to know the proportions of feeding time and try feeding in immature orangutans. Research method used was instantaneus focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Immatures orangutan are very antusiastic about learning abilities and skills to survive through social interaction with mother. Since the age of 1 year old (7,67%) infant have started try feeding until the age of 8 years old (65%). Orangutan mother is child?s buffer with its environment ad role model, in particular the eating behavior. As dependent offsprings getting older, their feeding activity proportion increased to their mothers level from 0,24 % (1 year old) until 55,1% (8 years old). Dependent offspring rely on social interactions with their mother to acquire information about the food type, feeding behaviour, and feeding techniques. Dependent offspring always with their mother to obtain the food that is difficult to consume because mother always tolerance to help and give the food when the dependent offspring beg for food. Try feeding enhances the ability to consume bark since 4 -5 years old, bark is really difficult to get and to process., Feeding activity is the most dominant activity of orangutans to fulfil their needs in an effort to survive. The research aims to know the proportions of feeding time and try feeding in immature orangutans. Research method used was instantaneus focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Immatures orangutan are very antusiastic about learning abilities and skills to survive through social interaction with mother. Since the age of 1 year old (7,67%) infant have started try feeding until the age of 8 years old (65%). Orangutan moter is child’s buffer with its environment ad role model, in particular the eating behaviuor. As dependent offsprings getting older, their feeding activity proportion increased to their mothers level from 0,24 (1 year old) until 55,1% (8 years old). Dependent offspring rely on social interactions with their mother to acquire information about the food type, feeding behaviour, and feeding techniques. Dependent offspring always with their mother to obtain the food that is difficult to consume because mother always tolerance to help and give the food when the dependent offspring beg for food. Try feeding enhances the ability to consume bark since 4 - 5 years old, bark is really difficult to get and to process]

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Lapangan Athar mulai berproduksi sejak tahun 1975 dengan produksi kumulatif mencapai 900 MMbbls dan RF 50%. Pada tahun 2011 dilakukan akuisisi seismik 3D untuk melihat remaining potential yang ada di lapangan ini. Analisa seismik 3D dengan atribut seismik dan inversi simultan memberikan hasil yang cukup baik untuk menentukan penyebaran batupasir dan hidrokarbon yang ada di dalam nya. Volume densitas hasil inversi, atribut minimum amplitude, dan atribut arc length membantu dalam mengidentifikasi penyebaran reservoar. Lambda-Rho dan AI membantu dalam mengidentifikasi area-area yang mengandung hidrokarbon. Interpretasi struktur di seismik menunjukkan adanya sesar minor, yang sebelumnya tidak teridentifikasi pada seismik 2D. Hasil analisa seismik digunakan dalam pembuatan 3D geomodel. Penentuan batas channel, dan area hidrokarbon di dipandu hasil dari analisa seismik dan data sumur. Empat tubuh channel teridentifikasi dari analisis tersebut, sementara overbank deposit disebarkan secara statistik. Data interpreasi struktur digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah segmen atau kompartemen, dan hasilnya adalah lima segmen selatan dan satu segmen utara terdapat di zona dangkal Lapangan Athar. Hasil pemodelan geologi menunjukkan bahwa segmen 5 menjadi area yang masih memiliki prosepek untuk produksi minyak, sementara segmen 2 memiliki prospek untuk produksi gas.

---

ABSTRACT
Athar Field start producing since 1975 up to now with cummulative production reached 900 MMbbls and RF 50%. 3D seismic was acquired in 2011 to identify the remaining potential in this field. Analysis of 3D seismic with attribute and simultaneous inversion provide a good result to determine reservoar distribution and hydrocarbon contained. Density cube from inversion, minimum amplutide attribute, anda arc length attribute are used to map the sand distribution. Lambda Rho and AI (Ip) are usefull to identify the remaining hyrocarbon area. Structural interpretation from seismic shows there are minor faults which is not identified before with 2D seismic. The result of the analysis was used to create 3D Geomodel. The channel limit determination, and remaining hydrocarbon area guided by analysis from seismic and well data. As a result, four channel bodies were identified, whilst overbank deposit distributed statistically. Structural interpretation data used to determine the number of segment or compartment, and the result are five segments in the south and one segment in the north identified in the shallow zone Athar Field. The result of geological modeling shows that segment 5 still has prospect in oil production, whilst segment 2 has prospect in gas production.;Athar Field start producing since 1975 up to now with cummulative production reached 900 MMbbls and RF 50%. 3D seismic was acquired in 2011 to identify the remaining potential in this field. Analysis of 3D seismic with attribute and simultaneous inversion provide a good result to determine reservoar distribution and hydrocarbon contained. Density cube from inversion, minimum amplutide attribute, anda arc length attribute are used to map the sand distribution. Lambda Rho and AI (Ip) are usefull to identify the remaining hyrocarbon area. Structural interpretation from seismic shows there are minor faults which is not identified before with 2D seismic. The result of the analysis was used to create 3D Geomodel. The channel limit determination, and remaining hydrocarbon area guided by analysis from seismic and well data. As a result, four channel bodies were identified, whilst overbank deposit distributed statistically. Structural interpretation data used to determine the number of segment or compartment, and the result are five segments in the south and one segment in the north identified in the shallow zone Athar Field. The result of geological modeling shows that segment 5 still has prospect in oil production, whilst segment 2 has prospec in gas production, Athar Field start producing since 1975 up to now with cummulative production reached 900 MMbbls and RF 50%. 3D seismic was acquired in 2011 to identify the remaining potential in this field. Analysis of 3D seismic with attribute and simultaneous inversion provide a good result to determine reservoar distribution and hydrocarbon contained. Density cube from inversion, minimum amplutide attribute, anda arc length attribute are used to map the sand distribution. Lambda Rho and AI (Ip) are usefull to identify the remaining hyrocarbon area. Structural interpretation from seismic shows there are minor faults which is not identified before with 2D seismic. The result of the analysis was used to create 3D Geomodel. The channel limit determination, and remaining hydrocarbon area guided by analysis from seismic and well data. As a result, four channel bodies were identified, whilst overbank deposit distributed statistically. Structural interpretation data used to determine the number of segment or compartment, and the result are five segments in the south and one segment in the north identified in the shallow zone Athar Field. The result of geological modeling shows that segment 5 still has prospect in oil production, whilst segment 2 has prospec in gas production]

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Lapangan AAA merupakan salah satu lapangan gas terbesar di Indonesia yang terletak di delta mahakam, Kalimantan Timur. Karakteristik reservoir bagian dangkal lapangan ini berupa batuan pasir dengan lingkungan pengendapan deltaic distributary channel. Cadangan gas merupakan faktor jaminan pasokan gas selama kontrak, akan terus dimonitor baik pada kondisi ekplorasi (metoda perhitungan cadangan secara analog, volumetrik) hingga saat produksi (material balance) dengan tujuan untuk memperkirakan cadangan yang lebih pasti selaras dengan cara memproduksinya dan tindakan apa yang perlu dilakukan dalam memperpanjang usia produksi lapangan gas. Model statik digunakan untuk perhitungan cadangan volumetrik serta data produksi kumulatif sebagai validator. Kumulatif produksi reservoir tersebut sudah melebihi ekspektasi IGIP awal pada saat proposal pengeboran dengan metode perhitungan gas in place menggunakan metode seismik. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan analisa dan evaluasi reservoir tersebut dari analisa statik model geologi maupun dinamik. Berdasarkan analisa statik dan dinamis pada reservoir tersebut masih terdapat potensi gas yang dapat di produksikan. Dinamik sintesis menggunakan pendekatan material balance dengan aquifer model. Pada reservoar ini dominan tenaga dorong aktif adalah strong wáter drive. Dari analisa dinamik material balance menyebutkan bahwa sisa potensi gas (remaining reserves) yang dapat diproduksikan sebesar 8% untuk reservor A166, dan 24% untuk reservoar A181. Prediksi produksi gas juga menggunakan model sumur dengan bantuan PROSPERTM yaitu analisa aliran gas didalam lubang sumur, prediksi PROSPERTM produksi awal akan berkisar 7MMscf pada A166 dan 4MMscf pada A181 dan akan secara gradual turun sepanjang penurunan tekanan. Dengan perolehan recovery factor (RF) berkisar 65-70%.

---

ABSTRACT
AAA field is one of the largest gas fields in Indonesia, which is located in the Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan. Reservoir characteristics of these shallow zone is sandstone with deltaic distributary channel depositional environment. Gas reserves are the main factors for gas supply during the contract , will continue to be monitored both exploration conditions (analogous calculation methods, volumetric) until the time of production (material balance) with the aim of estimating reserves is more definitely aligned in a way to produce it and what action needs to be extend the life of the production is done in the gas field. The static model used for the calculation of volumetric reserves and cumulative production data as a validator. The reservoir cumulative production has exceeded initial expectations of IGIP during drilling proposal with calculating gas in place using seismic methods. It is therefore necessary to analyze and evaluate the reservoir with geological model static analysis and dynamic analysis. Based on static and dynamic analysis on the reservoir there is still potential gas can be produced. Dynamic synthesis approach using material balance with aquifer model. In this reservoir drive mechanism dominant is strong water drive. Dynamic analysis of Material balance concluded that the gas reserves (remaining reserves) which can be produced by 8 % for A166 reservoir, and 24 % for A181 reservoir. Prediction of gas production also use the well model using PROSPERTM to analized gas flow analysis in the wellbore, PROSPERTM prediction initial production will range 7MMscf on the A166 and A181 with 4MMscf will gradually declind along the pressure drop. With the acquisition of the ultimate recovery factor (RF) ranges from 65-70 %., AAA field is one of the largest gas fields in Indonesia, which is located in the Mahakam delta , East Kalimantan . Reservoir characteristics of these shallow zone is sandstone with deltaic distributary channel depositional environment. Gas reserves are the main factors for gas supply during the contract , will continue to be monitored both exploration conditions (analogous calculation methods, volumetric) until the time of production (material balance) with the aim of estimating reserves is more definitely aligned in a way to produce it and what action needs to be extend the life of the production is done in the gas field . The static model used for the calculation of volumetric reserves and cumulative production data as a validator. The reservoir cumulative production has exceeded initial expectations of IGIP during drilling proposal with calculating gas in place using seismic methods. It is therefore necessary to analyze and evaluate the reservoir with geological model static analysis and dynamic analysis . Based on static and dynamic analysis on the reservoir there is still potential gas can be produced. Dynamic synthesis approach using material balance with aquifer model. In this reservoir drive mechanism dominant is strong water drive . Dynamic analysis of Material balance concluded that the gas reserves (remaining reserves) which can be produced by 8 % for A166 reservoir , and 24 % for A181 reservoir . Prediction of gas production also use the well model using PROSPERTM to analized gas flow analysis in the wellbore, PROSPERTM prediction initial production will range 7MMscf on the A166 and A181 with 4MMscf will gradually declind along the pressure drop. With the acquisition of the ultimate recovery factor (RF) ranges from 65-70 %.]

Abstrak :
Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh infusa daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis) terhadap kadar bilirubin serum tikus putih yang diinduksi CCl4. Pengambilan darah tikus dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali, yaitu sebelum perlakuan, setelah induksi CCl4, dan satu jam setelah pemberian infusa daun sukun. Kadar bilirubin yang diukur untuk penelitian adalah bilirubin total dan bilirubin direct. Tiga puluh ekor tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol normal (KK1), kelompok kontrol perlakuan yang diinduksi CCl4 (KK2), dan kelompok perlakuan yang diinduksi CCl4 dan infusa daun sukun dengan dosis 2,7 g/kg BB tikus; 5,4 g/kg BB tikus; dan 10,8 g/kg BB tikus (KP1, KP2, dan KP3). Bahan uji diberikan sebanyak 4 kali dalam kurun waktu 48 jam. Hasil uji anava (P<0,05) pada pengambilan darah yang terkahir menunjukkan bahwa adanya pengaruh pemberian infusa daun sukun terhadap rerata kadar bilirubin total dan direct pada semua kelompok perlakuan. Hasil penelitiaan menunjukkan bahwa dosis 10,8 g/kg BB tikus dapat menurunkan rerata kadar bilirubin total (0,56 mg/dL) dan direct (0,47 mg/dL) yang paling optimum hingga mendekati dosis pada kontrol normal. ...... The present of study was done to determine the effects of breadfruit leaf infusion intake on serum biliribun level in male Sprague Dawley rat which induced by CCl4. Bilirubin levels were measured for 3 times, before treatment, 12 hours after CCl4- induced, and one hour after the last intake of breadfruit leaf infusion. The level of bilirubin serum which measured for this research are total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. Thirty male of rats were divided into 5 groups, consisting of normal control group (KK1), treatmant control group which induced by CCl4 (KK2), and treatmant group which induced by CCl4 and administrated with 3 doses of bread fruit infusion; 2,7 g/kg bw; 5,4 g/kg bw, and 10,8 g/kg bw (KP1, KP2, and KP3) respectively. Infusion of breadfruit leaf was given orally and administrated for four times in 48 hours. Anava test (P>0,05) shows that infusion of breadfruit leaf have an effect to total bilirubin and direct bilirubin in all three doses groups. Dose of 10,8 g/kg bw can decrease the rate of total bilirubin (0,56 mg/dL) and direct bilirubin (0,47 mg/dL) near to normal level in normal control group. Its conclude that administration of breadfruit leaf infusion have an optimum dose at 10,8 g/kg bw.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi
antihiperglikemik simplisia Alphitobius sp. pada mencit (Mus musculus L.) yang diinduksi aloksan monohidrat (250 mg/kg bb). Dua puluh lima ekor mencit jantan, dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok, terdiri atas kelompok kontrol normal yang diberi akuades (KK1), kelompok kontrol perlakuan yang diinduksi aloksan dan diberi akuades (KK2), kelompok perlakuan yang diinduksi aloksan dan diberi simplisia
dosis 0,5; 1,05; dan 1,6 mg/kg bb (KP1; KP2; KP3). Pemberian simplisia
dilakukan selama 14 hari beruturut-turut. Hasil uji ANAVA (P < 0,05)
menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pemberian simplisia terhadap kadar glukosa darah puasa dan post prandial mencit. Hasil uji LSD (P < 0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata antara KK1 dengan KP2 dan KP3, tetapi ada perbedaan nyata antara KK2 dengan KK1,KP2 dan KP3. Pemberian simplisia dosis 1,05 dan 1,6 mg/kg bb mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah puasa sebanyak 29,91% dan 37,04%, dan post prandial sebanyak 49,51%, dan 52,32% ke keadaan normal (KK1 sebagai acuan). ...... The study has been conducted to know antihyperglycemic effect of simplicia Alphitobius sp. on alloxan (250 mg/kg bb) induced male DDY mice (Mus musculus L.). Twenty five mice were divided into 5 groups consisting, normal control group which was administered with aquades (KK1), treatment control group which was induced by alloxan and given aquades (KK2), treatment groups which were induced by alloxan and given 0,5; 1,05; 1,6 mg/kg bb (KP1; KP2; KP3) dose of simplicia. Simplicia were given consecutively for 14 days. One-way anova test result (P < 0,05) showed that there was difference in fasting and post
prandial glucose level among those groups. Least Signficant Difference (LSD) test (P < 0,05) showed that there was no difference between KK1 - KP2 and KP3. But, there was difference between KK2 - KK1, KP2, and KP3. Result showed that simplicia’s dose 1,05 and 1,6 mg/kg bb were able to lower fasting blood glucose level up to 29,91% and 37,04%, also post prandial glucose level up to 49,51% and 52,32% to normal control (KK1) state.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Semakin menyempitnya lahan pertanian tidak serta merta mengurangkan minat masyarakat untuk bersyukur atas karunia Tuhan. Dalam prosesi Seren Taun digambarkan ritual syukuran panen warga agraris Sunda Cigugur. Mereka bergotong-royong menyukseskan kegiatan tersebut. Hal tersebut mendorong peneliti untuk mengetahui konsep ruang organisasi masyarakat tradisi dan melihat pola keruangannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kapital sosial dan pendekatan Cultural Landscape. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap tempat yang dilalui prosesi Ngajayak dalam Seren Taun menunjukkan ruang-ruang budaya tertentu yang membentuk pola keruangan. Pola keruangan tersebut berbeda-beda tergantung pada kemampuan tempat mendukung keberlangsungan Seren Taun serta nilai yang dilampirkan oleh komunitas pada ruang tersebut.

---

ABSTRACT
The narrowing of farmland does not necessarily reduce the public interest to give thanks for the gift of God. In the procession Seren Taun harvest thanksgiving ritual described Sunda Cigugur agrarian citizens. They cooperate to the success of these activities. It encourages researchers to determine the spatial concepts of tradition and community organizations see spatial patterns. This study was conducted using a social capital approach and the approach of Cultural Landscape. The results showed that every place through which the procession Ngajayak in Seren Taun showed certain cultural spaces that form a spatial pattern. The spatial pattern varies depending on the ability to support the sustainability of Seren Taun place and the value attached by the community in that space.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sistem Electroencephalogram (EEG) delapan channel berbasis analog front end ADS1299. Perancangan EEG ini menerapkan teknik perekaman single ended dengan sampling rate 250 SPS. ADS1299 dikendalikan oleh Arduino UNO melalui SPI setiap 24 bit per channel, selanjutnya Arduino UNO mengirim data ke komputer dengan cara streaming. Sinyal EEG di-feature extraction oleh komputer dengan cara menerapkan FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) untuk mendapatkan dekomposisi ritme – ritme sinyal EEG. Komposisi sinyal EEG terdiri atas ritme Delta (0.1 – 3 Hz), Theta (4 – 7 Hz), Alpha (8 – 14 Hz), dan Beta (12 – 18 Hz). Sistem ini telah diuji EEG simulator (Netect) dengan berbagai macam frekuensi dan amplitudo, diperoleh kesalahan amplitudo kurang dari 15%. Selajutnya diuji dengan tiga volunteer masing – masing selama 30 menit, dengan kondisi relaksasi. Diperoleh frekuensi yang dominan adalah sinyal Alpha pada volunteer 2 dan volunteer 3, sedangkan pada volunteer 1 tidak mendapatkan informasi dari hasil dekomposisi disebabkan, pengujian pada volunteer 1 tidak berjalan dengan baik karena terkontaminasi noise dari power line sebesar 50 Hz. Hal tersebut dikarenakan sistem menggunakan power supply dari power line. Pada saat perekaman pada volunteer 2 dan volunteer 3 kondisi sistem EEG diubah, yaitu sistem EEG menggunakan power supply dari baterai.

---

ABSTRACT
This research aims to design a eight channels electroencephalogram (EEG) system based on ADS1299 analog front end. The design of EEG system is applying single ended mode with a sampling rate of 250 SPS. ADS1299 is controlled by Arduino UNO through SPI every 24 bits per channel. Arduino UNO sends data to a computer by means of streaming. EEG signals are extracted by applying FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) to determine decomposition of signals. The compositions of the EEG signals consist of rhythm Delta (0.1 - 3 Hz), Theta (4-7 Hz), Alpha (8-14 Hz) and beta (12-18 Hz). This system has been tested using EEG simulator (Netect) with various frequency and amplitude, obtained error less than 15%. Following that was tested with three volunteers for 30 minutes, with a state of relaxation. Obtained is the dominant rhythm on second and third volunteer are Alpha, howefer, first volunteer does not get the any information, it is caused by the signals are contaminated by noise from the power line (50 Hz), because the system was getting power supply from power line. When recording EEG signals on the second and third volunteer, the EEG system’s power supply is changed by using battery.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Dioksin merupakan polutan toksik yang terbentuk pada proses pembakaran tidak sempurna senyawa organik. Salah satu penanganan pencemaran dioksin dengan biodegradasi menggunakan kapang penghasil enzim ligninolitik. Penghilangan warna Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dan Poly R-478 digunakan sebagai pendekatan metode untuk menyeleksi kapang pendegradasi dioksin. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan isolat kapang potensial pendegradasi dioksin yang memiliki kemampuan tertinggi dalam degradasi warna RBBR dan Poly R-478 serta aktivitas enzim ligninolitik. Metode penelitian ini adalah seleksi kemampuan degradasi warna RBBR dan Poly R-478 pada medium padat dan cair, pengukuran aktivitas enzim ligninolitik (lignin peroksidase (LiP), mangan peroksidase (MnP), lakase), serta identifikasi isolat kapang secara molekular. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 80 isolat kapang yang diseleksi, isolat f-IG-KT-540.1 memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi warna RBBR tertinggi sebesar 58,89% dan isolat f-IG-PT-2.11 memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi warna Poly R-478 tertinggi sebesar 26,48%. Enzim MnP dominan dihasilkan kedua isolat dalam degradasi kedua pewarna dengan aktivitas enzim sebesar 0,0132 (ΔOD/menit/mL) untuk isolat f-IG-KT-540.1 dan 0,0157 (ΔOD/menit/mL) untuk isolat f-IG-PT-2.11. Identifikasi secara molekular pada daerah sekuen 28S rRNA menggunakan primer NL1 dan NL4 serta hasil konstruksi pohon filogeni menunjukkan isolat f-IG-KT-540.1 dan f-IG-PT-2.11 memiliki homologi sekuen sebesar 99% secara berurutan dengan Aspergillus oryzae dan Penicillium charlesii dengan nilai bootstrap mencapai 99 dan 100. Kedua isolat kapang tersebut berpotensi sebagai pendegradasi dioksin.

---

ABSTRACT
Dioxin is a toxic pollutant that cause environmental pollution come from incomplete combustion process of organic compounds. One of the treatment for dioxin pollution is biodegradation using fungi that produce ligninolytic enzyme. Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and Poly R-478 is used as a method for screening dioxin-degrading fungi. This research aimed to find potential isolates of fungi in degrading dioxin that had highest RBBR and Poly R-478 decolorization activity and had highest ligninolytic enzyme activity. Methods used in this research consist of screening for RBBR and Poly R-478 decolorization on solid and liquid medium, measurement of ligninolytic enzyme (lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccase) activities, and molecular identification of fungal isolates. The results showed that among 80 fungal isolates selected, isolate f-IG-KT-540.1 decolorize RBBR medium up to 58,89% and isolate f-IG-PT-2.11 decolorize Poly R-478 medium up to 26,48%. MnP enzyme was responsible for both dye decolorization. Isolate f-IG-KT-540.1 had MnP enzyme activity up to 0,0132 (ΔOD/minute/mL) and isolate f-IG-PT-2.11 had MnP enzyme activity up to 0,0157 (ΔOD/minute/mL). Molecular identification based on 28S rRNA sequences using NL1 and NL4 primers and phylogenetic tree construction showed that isolate f-IG-KT-540.1 and f-IG-PT-2.11 have sequences similarity up to 99% with Aspergillus oryzae and Penicillium charlesii, respectively. The bootstrap value of these isolates up to 99 and 100. These isolates were potential fungi for degrading dioxin.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Nama tempat atau toponim merupakan hal yang dapat berkontribusi dalam memberikan identitas suatu tempat. Perubahan nama tempat merupakan suatu fenomena yang dapat diandalkan untuk melihat perkembangan wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola pemberian nama tempat berdasarkan periodisasi di Jakarta dengan menggunakan studi kasus: Kawasan Kota Tua DKI Jakarta. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, variabel yang digunakan adalah faktor penamaan tempat, pihak pemberi nama tempat dan etimologi nama tempat. Ketiga variabel tersebut kemudian dikaitkan dengan periodisasi dari abad 17 hingga abad 20. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode studi literatur dan wawancara dengan metode intensive toponymy. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis keruangan yang dilakukan secara deskriptif ideografik. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pada abad 17-21, nama bangunan di kawasan bagian dalam tembok Kota Batavia diberikan oleh pemerintah Belanda dan Indonesia yang berkuasa dan pemberian nama bangunan di Kota Lama Batavia bagian timur dan barat memiliki pola mengacu pada fungsi bangunan dan tergolong sebagai Associative Name. Hal ini berlawanan dengan kawasan bagian luar tembok Kota Batavia, nama bangunan diberikan oleh masyarakat dan pemberian nama bangunan memiliki pola mengacu pada sejarah bangunan dan tergolong sebagai Eponymous Name dan Evaluative Name. Pada abad 17-19, nama jalan yang berada di kawasan bagian dalam tembok Kota Batavia diberikan oleh Pemerintah Belanda yang ingin membuat replika Kota Belanda di kawasan ini dan pemberian nama jalan memiliki pola mengacu pada nama-nama jalan di Kota Belanda dan tergolong sebagai Evaluative Name. Pada abad 20 setelah kemerdekaan, nama jalan jalan yang berada di kawasan bagian dalam tembok Kota Batavia diberikan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dan pemberian nama jalan yang berada di kawasan bagian dalam tembok Kota Batavia memiliki pola mengacu pada fungsi jalan dan tergolong sebagai Associative Name. Etimologi nama tempat merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh dalam menunjukkan pola pemberian nama tempat di Kawasan Kota Tua DKI Jakarta berdasarkan periodisasi.

---

ABSTRACT
A place name or toponym could contribute in providing the identity of a place. Place name transformation is a phenomenon that can be relied to observe regional development. This study aims to determine the patterns of place naming based on periodization in Jakarta by using a case study: the Old Town area of ​​Jakarta. In order to achieve research objectives, variables used on this research are; factors in place naming, stakeholders of place naming, and the etymology of place names. These three variables are linked up with the periodization of the 17th - 20th century. The research was conducted by using the literature study method and interviews with intensive toponymy method. The analysis used on this research is descriptive ideographic - spatial analysis. The analysis results showed that in the 17th-21th century, buildings name in the area inside the wall of Batavia City were given by Dutch Government and Indonesian Government ruling and buildings naming in eastern and western Old Batavia City has the pattern that refer to buildings function and categorized as Associative Name. It is contrary to the area outside the wall of Batavia City, building name was given by society and building naming has the pattern that refer to history of building and categorized as Eponymous Name and Evaluative Name. In 17th-19th century, streets name that located inside the wall of Batavia City were given by Dutch Government who want to made replica of Netherlands City in this area and streets naming has the pattern that refer to streets name in Netherlands City and categorized as Evaluative Name. In the 20th century after independence day, streets name that located inside the wall of Batavia City were given by Indonesian Goverment and streets naming has the pattern that refer to the function of streets and categorized as Associative Name. The etymology of place naming is the most influential variable in determining the pattern of place naming in the Old Town Area of DKI Jakarta based on periodization.

Abstrak :
Distribusi Transmuted Generalized Rayleigh merupakan distribusi kontinu yang dapat memodelkan data dengan hazard rate berbentuk naik, turun, atau bathtub. Distribusi Transmuted Generalized Rayleigh merupakan generalisasi dari distribusi Generalized Rayleigh yang dibentuk dengan menggunakan metode quadratic rank transmutation maps. Distribusi Generalized Rayleigh sendiri merupakan generalisasi dari distribusi Rayleigh yaitu yang diperoleh dengan memangkatkan distribusi Rayleigh dengan parameter baru. Sedangkan distribusi Rayleigh adalah distribusi yang dibentuk dari distribusi Normal dengan menggunakan teknik fungsi distribusi. Pada penelitian ini, akan dibahas tentang pembentukan distribusi Rayleigh, Generalized Rayleigh, dan Transmuted Generalized Rayleigh, fungsi kepadatan probabilitas, fungsi distribusi, fungsi survival, fungsi hazard, dan karakteristik-karakteristik dari ketiga distribusi tersebut. Penaksiran parameter menggunakan metode maksimum likelihood. Sebagai ilustrasi, akan digunakan data tentang tinggi gelombang untuk memperjelas penggunaan ketiga distribusi. ...... Transmuted Generalized Rayleigh distribution is a continued distribution which can model data with increase, decrease, or baththub hazard rate. Transmuted Generalized Rayleigh distribution is derived from generalization of Generalized Rayleigh distribution which built using quadratic rank transmutation maps method. Generalized Rayleigh distribution itself is generalization of Rayleigh distribution, that is a power to new parameter from Rayleigh distribution. Rayleigh distribution is derived from Normal distribution which built using distribution function technique. In this research, we will discuss how to construct Rayleigh, Generalized Rayleigh, and Transmuted Generalized Rayleigh distribution, probability distribution function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard function, and characteristrics of these distributions. Finally, height of waves data are used to explain about use of the third distributions.