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"Tesis ini membahas gejala-gejala dan berbagai tindakan penanggulangan perilaku mengurung diri, hikikomori. Adapun hikikomori adalah salah satu problematika sosial yang muncul di Jepang sejak akhir 1990-an. Banyak pemerhati sosial yang turut mengatasi hikikomori, yang banyak dilakukan oleh kalangan muda Jepang. Di antaranya pemerintah, lembaga pendidikan nonformal, perkumpulan keluarga, dan organisasi-organisasi masyarakat. Jumlah penderita hikikomori berkisar satu juta jiwa. Hal itu yang membuat berbagai pihak berperan serta secara aktif mengatasinya. Dimulai dari penyediaan pusat-pusat rehabilitasi oleh pemerintah, penyelenggaraan seminar dan konsultasi oleh organisasi-organisasi masyarakat, hingga pelatihan kerja untuk bekal masa depan para penderita hikikomori. Tidak hanya fasilitas-fasilitas tersebut, faktor komunikasi dalam keluarga menjadi hal utama yang mampu membangun motivasi kaum muda penderita hikikomori. Oleh sebab motivasi yang kuat dari dalam diri sendirilah yang kemudian menjadi dasar bagi mereka untuk pulih dan dapat kembali ke masyarakat.

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This thesis discussed the symptoms and behaviors of acute social withdrawal, hikikomori. Hikikomori is one of the social problems that arise in Japan since the late 1990s. Many social observers who helped to overcome the hikikomori in Japan. They are government, non-formal educational institutions, family associations, and non-profit organizations. The latest number of hikikomori people is about one million. That is the reason that many of Japanese are actively coping them. Starting from the Hikikomori Support Center by the government, seminars and free consultations by non-profit organizations, and the job training for hikikomori people. Not only those facilities, communication within the family becomes the main thing that could make hikikomori people are able to build the motivation. Therefore, a strong motivation of themselves is the basis for them to recover and to be able to return to the real social world."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Disfagia fase faring ditemukan pada sebagian besar pasien karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) pasca-kemoradiasi. Manuver Mendelsohn bertujuan untuk meningkatkan durasi elevasi kompleks hyolaringeal, telah digunakan dalam penatalaksanaan disfagia dengan berbagai penyebab. Penelitian ini menilai pengaruh latihan manuver Mendelsohn pada penderita KNF pasca-kemoradiasi dengan disfagia fase faring.Metode: Desain kuasi eksperimen dengan penilaian sebelum dan sesudah latihan menelan dengan manuver Mendelsoh selama 6 minggu. Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 pasien KNF yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Sampel didapat secara konsekutif. Penilaian dilakukan dengan flexible endoscopic swallowing study (FEES) terhadap standing secretion, residu, penetrasi, dan aspirasi menggunakan konsistensi pure, thick liquid dan thin liquid.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakan pada penilaian standing secretion (p=0,034). Penilaian terhadap residu mendapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada pemberian pure dan thick liquid (p=0,021 dan p=0,008), sedangkan pada pemberian thin liquid tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,129). Penilaian terhadap penetrasi mendapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada pemberian pure dan thick liquid (p=0,034 dan p=0,008), pada pemberian thin liquid tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,059). Penilaian terhadap aspirasi tidak mendapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada pemberian ketiga konsistensi (p=>0,05).Kesimpulan: Latihan menelan dengan manuver Mendelsohn selama 6 minggu memeperbaiki standing secretion, residu pada pemberian pure dan thick liquid, penetrasi pada pemberian pure dan thick liquid. Latihan ini tidak memperbaiki aspirasi secara bermakna pada pemberian ketiga konsistensi.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Dysphagia is commonly seen in patients with nasopharingeal carcinoma (NPC) post chemoradiation. The Mendelsohn maneuver which promotes a prolonged voluntary of hyolaryngeal elevation at the peak of swallowing process has been used to treat various causes of pharyngeal dysphagia. The aim of the study was to see of the influence of swallowing exercise with Mendelsohn manuever in post-chemoradiation NPC patients with pharyngeal phase dysphagia.Methods: A quasi experimental with pre and post-test assessment at before and after six weeks exercise of Mendelsohn manuever. The study was conducted on 20 NPC patients who met the study criteria. Flexible endoscopic of swallowing study (FEES) was used to asess standing secretion, residue, penetration, and aspiration by giving 3 consistency of food/fluid (pure, thick liquid and thin liquid).Results: There was a significant difference in standing secretion assesment (p=0,034). Significant differences were found in residue assesment of pure and thick liquid, although no significant difference was found in thin liquid (p=0,129). There were also significant differences in penetration assesment of pure and thick liquid (p=0.034 and p = 0.008), but no significant difference in thin liquid ( p = 0.059 ). The study did not find significant differences in assesment of aspiration in all kind of consistencies (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Six weeks swallowing exercise with Mendelsohn manuever can reduce severity of standing secretion, residue and penetration of pure and thick liquid. However the exercise improve aspiration status but did not reach significant difference at all consistencies. ;Background: Dysphagia is commonly seen in patients with nasopharingeal carcinoma (NPC) post chemoradiation. The Mendelsohn maneuver which promotes a prolonged voluntary of hyolaryngeal elevation at the peak of swallowing process has been used to treat various causes of pharyngeal dysphagia. The aim of the study was to see of the influence of swallowing exercise with Mendelsohn manuever in post-chemoradiation NPC patients with pharyngeal phase dysphagia.Methods: A quasi experimental with pre and post-test assessment at before and after six weeks exercise of Mendelsohn manuever. The study was conducted on 20 NPC patients who met the study criteria. Flexible endoscopic of swallowing study (FEES) was used to asess standing secretion, residue, penetration, and aspiration by giving 3 consistency of food/fluid (pure, thick liquid and thin liquid).Results: There was a significant difference in standing secretion assesment (p=0,034). Significant differences were found in residue assesment of pure and thick liquid, although no significant difference was found in thin liquid (p=0,129). There were also significant differences in penetration assesment of pure and thick liquid (p=0.034 and p = 0.008), but no significant difference in thin liquid ( p = 0.059 ). The study did not find significant differences in assesment of aspiration in all kind of consistencies (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Six weeks swallowing exercise with Mendelsohn manuever can reduce severity of standing secretion, residue and penetration of pure and thick liquid. However the exercise improve aspiration status but did not reach significant difference at all consistencies. "

"Latar belakang: Sterilisasi merupakan proses menghancurkan mikroba yang dapat dilakukan melalui proses fisik atau kimia. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) merupakan teknologi sterilisasi cepat dengan menggunakan hidrogen peroxida (H2O2) yang bersifat antimikroba berspektrum luas. Alat ini tidak menghasilkan produk sampingan berbahaya, relatif murah, tersedia secara luas dan mudah digunakan.Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas VHP Departemen THT-KL RSCM-FKUI untuk sterilisasi instrumen medis pemeriksaan fisik THT-KL.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental ini dilakukan di Departemen THT-KL, Departemen Mikrobiologi, dan RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah corong telinga, spekulum hidung, dan spatel lidah yang telah digunakan di unit rawat jalan dan belum disterilisasi. Instrumen medis yang telah berkontak dengan pasien ditempelkan pada media kontak agar dan kemudian disterilisasi dengan VHP dengan durasi 30 menit, 60 menit, dan 90 menit. Selanjutnya, dilakukan penilaian terhadap jumlah mikroorganisme pada pasca sterilisasi. Uji statistik dilakukan untuk melihat perbandingan rerata jumlah koloni pra- dan pasca-sterilisasi, serta hubungan antara durasi sterilisasi dengan efektivitas sterilisasiHasil: Terdapat total 27 sampel yang dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Pada durasi sterilisasi 30 menit, 3 dari 9 sampel (33,3%) memiliki sisa mikroorganisme pasca sterilisasi. Pada durasi sterilisasi 60 menit dan 90 menit, seluruh sampel pasca sterilisasi ditemukan steril. Dari hasil analisis statistik, ditemukan perbedaan rerata jumlah koloni yang bermakna antara sebelum dan sesudah sterilisasi pada durasi 30 menit (p=0,000), 60 menit (p=0,008) dan 90 menit (p=0,008). Sementara itu, tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara durasi sterilisasi dengan efektivitas sterilisasi.Kesimpulan: Metode sterilisasi instrumen medis dengan VHP terbukti efektif pada durasi 30 menit, 60 menit, maupun 90 menit. Jenis mikroorganisme yang belum mati pada sebagian sampel durasi sterilisasi 30 menit adalah Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Bacillus sp.

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Background: Sterilization is a process of destroying microbes which can be done through physical or chemical means. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) is a rapid sterilization method which involves the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with its broad-spectrum antimicrobial property. This method does not produce harmful side products, is relatively cheap, widely available and easy to use.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectivity of VHP for the sterilization of medical instruments in Department of ENT-HNS RSCM-FKUI.

Method: This experimental study was conducted in Department of ENT-HNS and Department of Microbiology RSCM-FKUI. Sample included ear speculum, nose speculum and tongue spatula which have been used in the outpatient clinic and have not been sterilized. Medical instruments that have been in contact with patients were affixed to agar contact medium and were sterilized with VHP in 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes. The number of microorganisms post-sterilization was also calculated. Statistical analysis was done with the aim of finding the difference between the number of colonies before and after sterilization and the association between sterilization duration and effectivity.

Results: A total of 27 samples were involved in this research. With sterilization duration of 30 minutes, 3 out of 9 samples (33,3%) had remaining microorganisms after sterilization. With sterilization duration of 60 minutes and 90 minutes, all post-sterilization samples were sterile. From statistical analysis, there were significant differences between the number of colonies after and before sterilization in 30 minutes (p=0,000), 60 minutes (p=0,008) and 90 minutes (p=0,008) duration. Meanwhile, there was no significant association between duration of sterilization and its effectivity.

Conclusion: VHP sterilization method of medical instruments were effective in 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes duration. The types of microorganisms remaining in several samples post 30 minutes sterilization were Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Bacillus sp."

"Disfagia sangat berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko pneumonia aspirasi yang sering mengakibatkan kematian pada stroke. Oleh karena itu, manajemen yang efektif dan efisien menjadi penting. Terapi perilaku rehabilitasi menelan yang berdasarkan prinsip neuroplastisitas seperti latihan penguatan dan latihan pergerakan orofaring menjadi alternatif yang cukup sering digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai perubahan fungsi menelan pada penderita stroke iskemik dengan disfagia neurogenik setelah dilakukan latihan penguatan faring, latihan pergerakan hiolaring dan praktik menelan. Fungsi menelan dinilai dengan menggunakan Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) dan Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) berdasarkan pemeriksaan Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) sebelum dan setelah intervensi. Intervensi diberikan setiap hari dengan durasi 30-45 menit selama 4 minggu. Terdapat 6 subjek yang menyelesaikan penelitian. Nilai PAS sebelum intervensi adalah 6±1.79 dan setelah intervensi adalah 1.67±0.82 (p=0.003). Sementara itu, nilai FOIS sebelum intervensi adalah 3 (1-5) dan setelah intervensi adalah 5±2.10 (p=0.041). Terdapat perbaikan nilai PAS dan FOIS setelah intervensi. Oleh karena itu, intervensi ini bisa disarankan sebagai salah satu tatalaksana dalam meningkatkan fungsi menelan pada penderita stroke iskemik dengan disfagia neurogenik.

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Dysphagia is associated with an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia which often results in death in stroke patients. Therefore, effective and efficient management is important. Behavioral therapy for swallowing rehabilitation based on the principles of neuroplasticity such as oropharyngeal strengthening and range of motion exercises are the alternative ones that often be used. This study aimed to assess the changes in swallowing function in ischemic stroke patients with neurogenic dysphagia after pharyngeal strengthening exercise, hyolaryngeal complex range of motion exercise and swallowing practice. Swallowing function was assessed using Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) and Functional oral Intake Scale (FOIS) based on Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) before and after interventions. The interventions were given every day with a duration of 30-45 minutes for 4 weeks. There were 6 subjects who completed the study. The PAS before the interventions was 6±1.79 and after the interventions was 1.67±0.82 (p=0.003). Meanwhile, the FOIS score before the interventions was 3 (1-5) and after the interventions was 5±2.10 (p=0.041). There was an improvement of PAS and FOIS after the interventions. Therefore, the interventions can be suggested to be used as one of the treatments to improve swallowing function in ischemic stroke patients with neurogenic dysphagia."

"Pasien dengan disfagia rentan mengalami komplikasi seperti pneumonia aspirasi hingga kematian. Oleh karena itu diperlukan alat skrining untuk mendiagnosis disfagia secara cepat. GUSS merupakan alat skrining dengan validitas dan reliabilitas yang baik dalam menilai disfagia, namun belum dilakukan uji diagnostik di Indonesia. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari pasien disfagia neurogenik yang kemudian menjalani pemeriksaan GUSS-INA dengan modifikasi bahan uji, dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan baku emas FEES. Selanjutnya, dilakukan uji diagnostik untuk melihat sensitivitas dan spesifisitas GUSS-INA sebagai metode skrining disfagia. Rerata pasien disfagia neurogenik di RSCM berusia 56 tahun dengan jumlah proporsi laki – laki lebih besar dengan penyebab tersering adalah stroke, dengan komorbid hipertensi (56.5%), dengan komplikasi pneumonia 21.7%. Sebagian besar mengalami disfagia kronik, seluruh pasien mengalami keluhan subjektif disfagia dengan 3 gejala tersering adalah batuk, tersedak, dan sulit menelan terutama konsistensi padat. Lebih dari separuh pasien membutuhkan selang makan. Rerata status gizi pasien menunjukan indeks masa tubuh 24.92, dengan rerata penurunan BB 2 kg. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan pencitraan pasien stroke, lokasi tersering berada supratentorial, dengan derajat stroke sedang. Rerata nilai GUSS 14 (disfagia sedang) pada seluruh subjek, 28.3% mengalami aspirasi. Hasil Uji diagnostik GUSS-INA sebagai alat skrining deteksi disfagia memiliki nilai Sensitivitas 84%, Spesifisitas 78%, NDP 94%, NDN 54% dan AUC 0.86. Modalitas GUSS-INA dapat dijadikan alat skrining disfagia yang cukup baik.

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Patient with dysphagia has the tendency to undergo serious complications such as aspiration pneumonia that can cause increased mortality. Screening tool to effectively diagnose dysphagia in patient with difficulty swallowing is needed. GUSS is a screening tool with good validity and reliability; however, no diagnostic test has been done in Indonesia. This study samples consisted of neurogenic dysphagia patients which underwent GUSS-INA with test material modification assessment followed by FEES as gold standard examination. Diagnostic test was then done to analyze sensitivity and specificity of GUSS-INA as dysphagia screening tool. The average age of neurologenic dysphagia patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital was 56 years with higher male proportion, most common etiology was stroke, with most common morbidity being hypertension (56,5%). History of pneumonia was found in 21.7% patients.Majority of patients have chronic dysphagia, all patients had subjective dysphagia complaint with three most common symptoms being cough, choking, and difficulty swallowing especially of solid texture. More than half of the patients needed feeding tube. The average of BMI was 24.93, with average weight loss of 2 kg. Based on radiology results on post-stroke cases, the most common lesion was supratentorial, with moderate stroke score. Average GUSS score is 14 (moderate dysphagia) from all subjects and in 18.3% patients aspiration in found. Diagnostic test result of GUSS-INA as screening tool for neurogenic dysphagia had 84% sensitivity, 78% specificity, 94% PPV, 54% NPV, and AUC of 0.86. GUSS-INA could be used as a screening tool for dysphagia."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang:Bayi laringomalasia primer memiliki komorbiditas yang tinggi akibat silent aspiration. Hingga saat ini, belum diketahui prevalensi disfagia dan data mengenai gambaran fungsi menelan bayi laringomalasia primer. Tujuan penelitian: Mengetahuiprevalensi disfagia dan gambaran fungsi menelanpada bayi laringomalasia primersertamengetahui kesesuaian antara SEES dan FEES.Metode: Penelitiancross-sectional yang bersifat deskriptifdan analitik komparatif terhadap 34subjek bayi laringomalasia primersecara konsekutif di RS Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumoperiode Januari-Maret 2020. Hasil:Prevalensi disfagiapada bayi laringomalasiaprimersebanyak 9 dari 34 subjek (26,5%). Gejala disfagia pada bayi< 6 bulan tersering adalah regurgitasi dan apneasaat menyusu (5/6), sedangkan pada bayi>6 bulan adalah terdengar banyak lendir di tenggorok (3/3). Komorbid terbanyak adalah kelainan genetikdan PRGE(3/9). Komplikasi terseringadalah pneumonia aspirasi (6/9). Pada pemeriksaan awal FEES, kontrol postural terganggu(7/9) merupakantanda yang paling sering ditemukan. Pada pemeriksaan FEES, preswallowing leakagedidapatkan pada konsistensi puree, tim saring, dan tim kasar. Pada pemeriksaan SEES dan FEES, residu, penetrasi,dan aspirasipalingbanyak didapatkan pada konsistensi susu. Silent aspirationdidapatkan pada4 dari 9subjek dengan disfagia. Pemeriksaan SEES memiliki kesesuaian dengan FEES berdasarkanuji McNemarpadaparameter ada tidaknya penetrasi, residu, dan aspirasi.Kesimpulan:Prevalensi disfagia pada bayi laringomalasia primersebanyak 9 dari 34 subjek(26,5%), penetrasi dan aspirasi didapatkan pada konsistensi air dan susuterutama pada bayi< 6 bulan, dan SEES memiliki kesesuaian dengan FEESdalam menilai fungsi menelanberdasarkan parameter ada tidaknya residu, penetrasi, dan aspirasi.

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Background:Silent aspiration is oftenunrecognized comorbidity in infants with congenital laryngomalacia with serious medical consequence. However, prevalence of dysphagia and characteristic of dysphagia ininfants with congenital laryngomalacia is still unknown. Aim: To find the prevalence and the overview of swallow function in infants with congenital laryngomalacia and also to know the conformity between SEES and FEES in assessing swallow function. Methods:This is a descriptive cross-sectional and comparative analytic study involving 34 infants with congenital laryngomalacia who came consecutivelytoDr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospitalon January-March 2019. Results: The prevalence of dysphagia was 9 out of 34 subjects (26,5%).Dysphagia symptom in infants<6 months was regurgitation and apneawhile bottle/breast feeding (5/6). Meanwhile, in infants>6 monthswaswet sounding voice (3/3). The comorbidities found mostly were geneticanomaly and GERD(3/9). The complication mostly was aspiration pneumonia (6/9). In pre-FESS examination, poor postural controlwas dominant(7/9). In FEES examination, preswallowingleakagewas found in puree, soft steam porridge, and rough steam porridge. In FEES and SEES examination, residue, penetration, and aspirationwas mostly found inthick liquid. Silent aspiration was found in 4 out of 9subjects with dysphagia. SEES has a conformity to FEES based on McNemar test in the presence of residue, penetration, and aspiration. Conclusion: The prevalence of dysphagia in infants with congenital laryngomalaciawas9 out of 34 subjects(26,5%). In FEES examination, penetration,and aspiration were found mostly in thin liquid, <6months of age predominantly.SEES has a conformity to FEES based on presence of residue, penetration, and aspiration in assessing swallow function."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Otitis media supuratif kronik merupakan penyakit yang memiliki banyak faktor risiko, salah satunya yang diduga adalah peran dari refluks laringofaring. Refluks laringofaring (RLF) merupakan naiknya cairan lambung yang mengenai daerah laring dan faring. Penelitian mengenai refluks pada pasien OMSK dewasa belum banyak diteliti sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui peranan RLF dalam patofisiologi OMSK. Tujuan: Meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai peran RLF sebagai salah satu faktor risiko OMSK. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang analitik untuk mengetahui refluks laringofaring sebagai faktor risiko OMSK berdasarkan hubungan reflux symptom index (RSI), reflux finding score (RFS) terhadap kadar pepsin. Hasil: Proporsi subjek OMSK dengan pepsin positif pada sekret telinga tengah sebesar 59,5%. Rerata kadar pepsin sekret telinga tengah lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada kelompok OMSK dengan RFS positif dibandingkan kelompok RFS negatif (P<0,05). RFS positif mempunyai risiko 5,13x terdapat pepsin positif pada telinga tengah (CI 95% = 1,095-24,073). Tidak didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara nilai RSI dengan kadar pepsin telinga tengah. Kesimpulan: Penilaian RFS perlu dilakukan pada pasien OMSK untuk mengetahui adanya RLF yang dapat meningkatkan risiko terdapatnya pepsin di telinga tengah dan kemungkinan berperan dalam inflamasi kronis OMSK. RLF perlu diteliti lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui hubungannya sebagai faktor risiko OMSK.Kata kunci: Refluks laringofaring, pepsin, OMSK

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ABSTRACTBackground: Laryngopharyngeal reflux is suspected to be the one of risk factor that contributes in chronic suppurative otitis media. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is defined as the reflux of gastric content into larynx and pharynx. This study purpose is to know the role of laryngopharyngeal reflux in the pathophysiology of CSOM. Objective: To increase the knowledge about the role of LPR as a risk factor CSOM. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analytic research to study LPR as a risk factor CSOM based on RSI and RFS relationship with pepsin level in the middle ear. Results: This study found 59.5% CSOM subjects having positive pepsin in the middle ear. Mean middle ear pepsin levels were significantly higher in the group of CSOM with positive RFS than negative group (p<0.05). RFS positive increase the risk by 5.13 times the presence of positive pepsin in the middle ear (95% CI = 1.095 to 24.073). There are no significant relationship between RSI with pepsin levels in the middle ear. Conclusion: Positive RFS increase the risk of the presence of pepsin in the middle ear and may have role in chronic inflamation. LPR should be investigated further to determine its relationship as a CSOM risk factorKeywords: Laryngopharyngeal reflux, Pepsin, CSOM"

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Paparan cairan refluksat di daerah laring menyebabkan trauma pada mukosa laring baik secara langsung ataupun melalui mekanisme sekunder yang menyebabkan batuk kronis. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan gangguan suara yang memang sering dikeluhkan penderita RLF. Salah satu pemeriksaan penunjang diagnosis gangguan suara adalah analisis akustik suara dengan program komputer Multi-Dimensional Voice Program MDVP . Pemeriksaan ini relatif mudah dilakukan dan bersifat objektif. Tujuan penelitian: Mengetahui perbedaan nilai parameter akustik suara pada kelompok penderita RLF dibandingkan dengan kelompok bukan RLF. Metode: Penelitian komparatif cross sectional yang dilakukan di URJT Departemen THT FKUI-RSCM pada bulan Mei hingga November 2016 dengan subjek penelitian terdiri dari 40 orang pada kelompok penderita RLF dan 20 orang pada kelompok bukan RLF. Hasil: Beberapa nilai parameter akustik suara kelompok penderita RLF lebih tinggi secara bermakna daripada kelompok bukan RLF, pada subjek laki-laki terdapat pada parameter jitter, PPQ dan NHR sedangkan pada subjek perempuan terdapat pada parameter shimmer dan APQ. Selain itu juga terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai parameter akustik suara jitter, PPQ, APQ dan NHR pada subjek laki-laki antara kelompok penderita RLF derajat ringan dan derajat sedang berat. Kata kunci: Analisis akustik suara, disfonia pada refluks laringitis, refluks laringofaring

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ABSTRACTBackground Exposure gastric juice in the larynx causes trauma in laryngeal mucosa either directly or through secondary mechanism causes chronic cough. Trauma in laryngeal mucosa can cause voice problems, frequent complaint in patients with LPR. One of diagnostic examination of voice problem is acoustic voice analysis with Multi Dimensional Voice Program MDVP . This examination is relatively easy to do and give objective result. Purpose To determine differences a value of acoustic voice parameter in LPR patients compared with normal control group. Method Comparatif cross sectional study was conducted in Outpatient Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital since May until November 2016 with 60 subjects, 40 subjects in LPR group and 20 subjects in control groups. Result Some values of acoustic voice parameter in LPR patients group are higher than normal control group. Male subjects were significant higher in jitter, PPQ and NHR. While on female were significant higher in t shimmer and APQ. There are also significant differences in value of acoustic voice parameter jitter, PPQ, APQ and NHR between groups of patients with mild LPR and moderate severely LPR in male subjects. Keywords Accoustic voice analysis, dysphonia in laryngopharyngeal reflux, laryngopharyngeal reflux."

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan aktivitas saraf vagal yang disebabkan oleh gangguan regulasi otonom diduga bertanggung jawab atas disfungsi sfingter esofagus bagian bawah pada Penyakit Refluks Gastroesofagus (PRGE). Namun, peran disfungsi saraf otonom (DSO) dalam patogenesis refluks laringofaring (RLF) masih belum jelas. Hubungan antara RLF dengan DSO juga diduga terkait dengan kondisi klinis lainnya, seperti gangguan cemas dan depresi, serta gangguan bernapas saat tidur (Sleep Disordered Breathing / SDB). Tujuan: Menentukan proporsi dan karakteristik DSO berdasarkan temuan Heart Rate Variability (HRV) pada pasien RLF dan kelompok kontrol. Faktor risiko lain yang dapat berkontribusi terhadap kejadian RLF dan DSO, seperti risiko terjadinya SDB dan status kecemasan-depresi, juga dinilai. Metode: Empat puluh subjek dilibatkan pada kelompok RLF dan 33 subjek pada kelompok kontrol. Laringoskopi serat optik lentur, analisis HRV, penilaian risiko SDB (Kuesioner ESS dan PSQI) serta gangguan cemas dan depresi (kuesioner HADS) dilakukan pada kedua kelompok. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada proporsi disfungsi saraf otonom antara kelompok RLF dan kelompok kontrol (p=0.001), dengan proporsi disfungsi SSO pada kelompok RLF mencapai 71.4%. Perbedaan risiko SDB dan gangguan tidur berdasarkan ESS dan PSQI juga signifikan pada kelompok RLF dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p£0,05). Status kecemasan berdasarkan HADS pada kelompok RLF juga berbeda signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p=0,001). Kesimpulan: Proporsi disfungsi SSO pada kelompok RLF lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol, dengan temuan HRV didominasi oleh penurunan SDNN dan rasio LF/HF, dan berjenis parasimpatis dominan. Risiko terjadinya SDB dan kejadian ansietas-depresi juga berhubungan dengan RLF dan DSO.

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Background: Altered vagal nerve activity caused by impaired autonomic regulation was thought to be responsible for esophageal sphincter dysfunction in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Yet the role of autonomic nerve dysfunction (AND) in the pathogenesis of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) remains unclear. LPR and AND is also thought to be associated with other entities, such as anxiety-depression and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Aim: To determine the proportion and characteristics of AND based on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis in patients with LPR and control group. Other risk factors that might contribute to the incidence of LPR and AND, such as the risk of SDB and anxiety-depression, were also assessed. Methods: Forty subjects were enrolled in the LPR group and 33 subjects as control. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy, HRV analysis, SDB risk assessment (ESS and PSQI questionnaire), and anxiety-depression status (HADS questionnaire) were performed on both groups. Result: The difference in proportion of AND between LPR and the control group was significant (p=0.001). The proportion of AND in the LPR group was 71.4%. The difference in the risk of SDB based on ESS and PSQI was significant in the LPR group compared to control group (p≤0,05). The status of anxiety based on HADS in the LPR group was also significantly different compared to control (p=0,001). Conclusion: The proportion of AND in the LPR group was greater than control. HRV findings were characterized by reduction of SDNN and LF/HF ratio, with the domination of parasympathetic properties. The risk of SDB and the inclination towards anxiety-depression were related to LPR and AND."

"Pendahuluan: Pergerakan pita suara paradoks atau paradoxical vocal cord movement (PVCM) merupakan kondisi terjadi penutupan pita suara atau adduksi pada saat inspirasi. Kelainan PVCM sering dihubungkan dengan beberapa komorbiditas lain, seperti asma, rinosinusitis kronis (RSK) atau rinitis alergi, refluks laringofaring (RLF), imbalans sistem saraf otonom, dan kelainan psikiatri atau neurologi. Aktivitas fisik juga diduga menjadi pemicu timbulnya PVCM. Gejala PVCM dapat menyerupai gejala asma dan sering menyebabkan misdiagnosis sebagai asma. Hingga saat ini belum didapatkan data mengenai prevalensi dan karakteristik gejala pada pasien PVCM dengan asma dan non-asma di Indonesia khususnya di Rumah Sakit Umum Pendidikan Nasional (RSUPN) dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo.  Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan proporsi PVCM pada kelompok pasien asma dan non asma. Faktor-faktor risiko lainnya yang dapat berkontribusi terhadap kejadian PVCM, seperti RLF dan imbalans sistem saraf otonom. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan selama Periode Januari 2022 hingga April 2022 di Poliklinik THT-KL dan IPD RSCM. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang komparatif dengan 25 subjek kelompok asma dan 25 subjek kelompok non-asma. Pemeriksaan rinofaringolaringoskopi serat lentur, ambang Laryngeal Adductor Reflex (LAR), aktivitas fisik, HRV dengan metode Pulse Photoplethysmography, dilakukan pada seluruh subjek, baik kelompok kasus maupun kontrol. Hasil: Proporsi kejadian PVCM pada kelompok asma mencapai 12 %, sedangkan pada kelompok non-asma adalah 4%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik kejadian PVCM pada kelompok asma dibandingkan dengan kelompok non-asma (p=0,305).  Imbalans otonom dan gangguan psikiatri didapatkan sebagai faktor determinan yang bermakna secara statistik dalam terjadinya PVCM. Kesimpulan: Perbandingan proporsi PVCM pada kelompok asma lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok  non-asma, walaupun pada penelitian ini tidak berbeda secara statistik (p>0,05). 

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Introduction: Paradoxical vocal cord movement (PVCM) is a condition which voca; cords are closed or adducted during inspiration. PVCM disorder are often associated with several other comorbidities, such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), autonomic nervous system imbalance, and psychiatric or neurological disorders. Physical activity is also though to be a trigger for PVCM. However the exact mechanism of these abnormalities in causing PVCM is not yet known. The symptoms of PVCM can mimic as asthma and are often misdiagnosed as asthma. Until now there has been no data on the prevalence and symptom characteristics of PVCM in asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients in Indonesia, especially in Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital.

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the comparison of the proportions of PVCM in the asthmatic and non-asthmatic patient groups. Other risk factors that may contribute to the occurence of PVCM, such as LPR and autonomic nervous system imbalance.

Methods: The study was conducted between January to April 2022 at the ENT and Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. The study design was cross-sectional comparative study with 25 subjects in each group. Flexible fibre optic rhinopharyngolaryngoscopy, Laryngeal Adductor Reflex threshold, physical activity, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) using pulse plethysmography were performed on all subjects. Result: Proportion of PVCM in asthmatic group was 12%, while in non-asthmatic group was 4%. There was no statistically difference in the prevalence PVCM between the groups (p=0,305).  Autonomic nervous system imbalance and psychiatric disorders were found to be statistically significant as determinants factor in the occurrence of PVCM. Conclusion: The prevalence of PVCM in the asthmatic group was greater that in the non-asthmatic group, although in this study there was no statistical difference."