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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peran pengeluaran pemerintah (baik secara porsi maupun secara pengelolaan belanja di pemerintah) dan masyarakat terhadap pembangunan manusia dan dimensinya di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan data panel tingkat provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2008-2011, yang diestimasi menggunakan metode efek tetap dengan estimator Generalized Least Square.Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa porsi belanja pendidikan dan kesehatan pemerintah kurang mempengaruhi secara positif pembangunan manusia. Tingkat birokrasi pendidikan dan tingkat pengambil kebijakan belanja kesehatan kurang mempengaruhi secara positif pembangunan manusia. Porsi konsumsi pendidikan rumah tangga mempengaruhi positif, sedangkan konsumsi kesehatan kurang mempengaruhi secara positif pembangunan manusia dan dimensinya di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the role of government spending (both in portion and in management in government spending) and households spending on human development and its dimensions in Indonesia. This study uses provincial panel data during 2008-2011 in Indonesia, which is estimated using fixed effects method with Generalized Least Square estimator.

The results showed the share of government?s education and health spending has less impact positively on human development. Bureaucracy?s level in education and level of health policy makers in government spending have positive effect on human development. Share of education?s consumption have positive impact, while health?s consumption have less impact on human development in Indonesia."

"Tesis ini dilatarbelakangi oleh realisasi laju penurunan kemiskinan di Indonesia yang berjalan lambat. Konsentrasi analisis dalam penelitian ini, membahas komposisi pertumbuhan ekonomi sektoral dan migrasi terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan di Indonesia, mengingat kedua hal tersebut merupakan determinan dalam pengurangan kemiskinan. Ruang lingkup sektoral yang dicakup di sini, meliputi wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan serta lapangan usaha. Tujuan penelitian ini, untuk menganalisis dampak pertumbuhan ekonomi sektoral dan migrasi terhadap laju pengurangan tingkat kemiskinan, baik untuk wilayah pedesaan, perkotaan dan nasional.Model penelitian ini ada dua. Model I (konsumsi perkapita riil masyarakat pedesaan dan perkotaan). Model II (PDB riil perkapita sektoral). Pada model II, sektor ekonomi dibagi menjadi 4 sektor berdasarkan keterkaitan sektor (berdasarkan Tabel Input Output Indonesia 2008). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa, (1) Sektor kunci mencakup sektor manufaktur. (2) Sektor forward oriented mencakup sektor pertanian. (3) Sektor backward oriented mencakup sektor listrik, gas, air bersih; sektor bangunan; sektor perdagangan, hotel, restoran; sektor transportasi, komunikasi; sektor jasa. (4) Sektor independent mencakup sektor keuangan, bank; sektor pertambangan, penggalian. Model I diestimasi dengan pooled regression residual. Model II diestimasi dengan bootstrap regression residual.Hasil pembentukan model I menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan perkotaan hanya mampu mempercepat laju pengurangan kemiskinan di perkotaan dan nasional, namun menyebabkan tingkat kemiskinan di pedesaan bertambah. Laju pertumbuhan pedesaan, mempercepat laju penurunan kemiskinan di pedesaan dan nasional, namun menyebabkan tingkat kemiskinan di perkotaan bertambah. Laju migrasi mempercepat laju pengurangan kemiskinan nasional dan menyebabkan tingkat kemiskinan di perkotaan bertambah. Hasil model II menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan sektor kunci tidak bersifat inklusif. Laju pertumbuhan sektor forward oriented bersifat inklusif di semua wilayah. Laju pertumbuhan sektor backward oriented bersifat inklusif di perkotaan dan nasional. Laju pertumbuhan sektor independent bersifat inklusif di pedesaan.

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This thesis is motivated by the realization rate of poverty reduction in Indonesia that is still running slow. Concentration analysis in this study, discusses the sectoral composition of economic growth and migration on poverty reduction in Indonesia, since both of these are determinant of poverty reduction. Sectoral scope in this thesis, covering urban and rural areas as well as the field of business. The purpose of this study, to analyze the impact of sectoral growth and the rate of migration on poverty reduction, both for rural, urban and national.

Two model used here. Model I (real per capita consumption of rural and urban). Model II (real GDP per capita sectoral). In model II, the economy is divided into four sectors based on it?s linkage (based on Table Input Output Indonesia 2008). The results are, (1) Key sector covering the manufacture. (2) Forward-oriented sector covering the agriculture. (3) Backward oriented sectors include electricity, gas, water; construction; trade, hotels, restaurants; transportation, communication, and the service. (4) Independent sector includes the financial sector, banks; mining, quarrying. First Model, estimated by pooled regression. Model II was estimated by bootstrap regression residual.

First modeling shows that rate of urban growth accelerate of poverty reduction in urban and national, but it causes rural poverty increased. Rural growth, accelerate of poverty reduction in rural and nationwide, but it causes urban poverty increased. Migration, accelerate of poverty reduction nationally and led to increased levels of poverty in urban areas. Second model, indicate that growth rate of key sector is not inclusive. Growth rate of forward oriented sectors is inclusive in all areas. The growth rate of the backward oriented sectors, inclusive in urban and national. The growth rate of independent sector, was inclusif in rural."

"Penelitian ini menyelidiki mengenai pengaruh dari kepmilikan modal asing terhadap peningkatan kemampuan teknologi dari perusahaan pada industri kimia dan farmasi di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah sensus ekonomi tahun 2006, dengan memecah perusahaan ke dalam dua jenis yakni perusahaan besar dan perusahaan sedang berdasarkan definisi perusahaan yang digunakan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Republik Indonesia. Nilai Total Factor Productivity (TFP) perusahaan digunakan sebagai variabel proxy dari kemampuan teknologi. Ditemukan bahwa penanaman modal asing memiliki kontribusi positif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan teknologi perusahaan baik pada perusahaan besar maupun perusahaan sedang pada industri kimia dan farmasi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa penanaman modal asing memberikan dampak peningkatan kemampuan teknologi yang lebih tinggi pada perusahaan sedang dibandingkan dengan perusahaan besar.

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This study investigates the influence of foreign capital ownership to increase companies technological capabilities in the Indonesian Chemical And Pharmaceutical Industry. The Data used in this research in the 2006 economic cencus by deviding the company into two types namely the big and medeum company by using the definition of comapany scale released by Indonesia Bureau of Statistics (BPS). By using the value of company total factor productivity (TFP) as the proxy of tecnological capabilities, we found that the increase of foreign capital ownership in both large and medium company in the Indonesian Chemical And Pharmaceutical Industry would triger the increase of companies technological capabilities. Compared to large scale company, medium scale company experiencing a larger increse in technological capabilities trigered by the foreign ownership."

"Studi ini mengkaji pengaruh korupsi terhadap masuknya investasi asing langsung (Foreign Direct Investment, FDI) di Brazil, Rusia, India, China, Meksiko, Indonesia, dan Turki (BRIC-MKIT) periode 1996-2011. Dengan menggunakan metode efek tetap, penelitian ini menemukan korupsi tidak signifikan memengaruhi masuknya FDI di kelompok negara BRIC-MKIT selama periode 1996-2011. Namun demikian ditemukan pengaruh yang berbeda-beda pada masing-masing negara BRIC-MKIT: (i) korupsi tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap masuknya FDI di Brazil, Rusia, Meksiko, dan Turki; (ii) korupsi berpengaruh negatif di India, China, dan Indonesia; dan (iii) korupsi berpengaruh positif di Korea Selatan.

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This study examines the effect of corruption on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, Mexico, Korea (Republic), Indonesia, and Turkey(BRIC-MKIT) in the 1996-2011 periode. With fixed effect method, this study find outthat the corruption does not significantly affectFDI inflowin the BRIC-MKIT during the period 1996-2011. However, it is found that (i) corruption doesn?t affect significantly FDI inflow in Brazil, Russian Federation, Mexico, and Turkey; (ii) corruption affect significantly and negative on FDI inflow in India, China, and Indonesia, and (iii) corruption affect significantly and positive on FDI inflow in Korea (Republic)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat keberpihakan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kelompok miskin di Provinsi Banten, DKI Jakarta dan Jawa Barat selama 2006-2010. Model regresi spasial dengan maximum likelihood estimation diterapkan untuk data panel dari 40 kabupaten/kota. Penelitian membuktikan keberadaan autokorelasi spasial pada variable pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan pada taraf yang signifikan. Perhitungan pro poor growth index menggunakan kriteria poverty severity index menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi telah berpihak kepada kelompok miskin. Meskipun demikian, pengurangan keparahan kemiskinan ditopang seluruhnya oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi, sedangkan perubahan distribusi pendapatan justru memperburuk tingkat keparahan kemiskinan.

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This study examines the economic growth bias against the poor in the province of Banten, Jakarta and West Java during 2006-2010. Spatial regression models with maximum likelihood estimation is applied to panel data from 40 districts / cities. Research proves the existence of spatial autocorrelation on the variable of economic growth, income inequality and poverty on a significant level. Pro-poor growth index calculation using the poverty severity index criterion shows that economic growth has been pro-poor. Nevertheless, the severity of poverty reduction is sustained entirely by economic growth, while changes in income distribution has worsened the severity of poverty."

"Kota Bogor adalah sebuah kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia.Seperti kota-kota besar lainnya, Kota Bogor juga mengalami permasalahankepadatan lalu lintas yang antara lain disebabkan oleh tingginya jumlahkendaraan pribadi, angkutan umum, dan pola tata ruang Kota Bogor yangterkonsentrasi di pusat kota. Akibat dari pola tata ruang Kota Bogoryang terkonsentrasi di pusat kota antara lain adalah kepadatan lalu lintasdi kawasan pusat kota dan pergerakan internal-eksternal dan eksternal-internalyang terakumulasi di pusat kota.Seperti yang terjadi pada masyarakat yang tinggal di KecamatanBogor Barat, Tanah Sareal, dan Bogor Utara dalam melakukan perjalanan dariBogor ke Jakarta atau sebaliknya serta masyarakat luar Kota Bogor yang menujuKecamatan Bogor Barat, Tanah Sareal, dan Bogor Utara, yang melewatiTol Jagorawi, pada umumnya melalui pusat kota (Baranangsiang) terlebih dahulu.Hal tersebut mengakibatkan kepadatan lalu lintas di ruas jalan yang menujuBaranangsiang. Salah satu Jalan Utama di Kota Bogor yang terhubung denganTol Jagorawi adalah Jalan Pajajaran.Untuk mengurangi beban lalu lintas yang tinggi di kawasan pusatKota Bogor, khususnya Jalan Pajajaran, pada pergerakan internal-eksternal daneksternal-internal yang melintas dari dan ke Kota Bogor, salah satu cara yangdilakukan oleh Pemerintah Pusat melalui BUMN bekerjasama denganPemerintah Daerah Kota Bogor adalah dengan pembangunan Jalan TolLingkar Luar yaitu Jalan Tol Bogor Ring Road yang diharapkan dapat menjadisolusi untuk mengurangi kepadatan lalu lintas di kawasan pusat kota.Tujuan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak pembangunanJalan Tol Bogor Ring Road Seksi I dalam mengurai kepadatan lalu lintasdi kawasan Pusat Kota Bogor, khususnya Jalan Pajajaran denganMetode Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA).

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Bogor is one of the largest cities in the province of West Java, Indonesia.

As any other large cities in Indonesia, Bogor also has traffic congestion problem.

The most common causes of it are the high number of vehicles, public transport,

and the urban land use plan of Bogor that were concentrated in the city center.

It can be seen from the movement of internal-external and external-internal

of traffic that accumulates in the center area of the city.

The traffics that occur are concentrated at Baranangsiang area as the centre

of the city. It is regular for people who lives in West Bogor District, Tanah Sareal,

and North Bogor, to pass the road on their travel to Jakarta or vice versa.

Therefore, it causes heavy traffic on roads especially during rush hour at

Pajajaran Road that connected to the Toll of Jagorawi.

To reduce the traffic load at Bogor, particularly on Pajajaran, from

the movement of internal-external and external-internal of traffic that accumulates

in the center area of the city. Central Government and Local Government

have built construction of the Bogor Outer Ring Road. It is expected to be

a solution to reduce traffic congestion in the downtown area.

Objectives of the research is to examine the impact of the

construction of the Bogor Ring Road Section I in reducing traffic congestion

with Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) Method."

"ABSTRAKDesentralisasi sebagai sebuah sistem dapat berpengaruh positif maupun negatifterhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuipengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi khususnya diProvinsi Riau pada era otonomi daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel 11kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Riau periode tahun 2008-2012. Alat analisis yangdigunakan adalah model regresi data panel fixed effect dengan estimatorGeneralized Least Squares (GLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan desentralisasifiskal yang didekati dengan rasio Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap totalpenerimaan daerah cenderung menurunkan pertumbuhan Produk DomestikRegional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwadesentralisasi fiskal berpengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi diProvinsi Riau.

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ABSTRACTDecentralization as a system may have positive or negative impact on economicgrowth. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of fiscaldecentralization on economic growth in Riau Province in the era of regionalautonomy. This study used panel data from 11 municipalities in Riau Provincewithin the period of 2008-2012. Analyses were done by using fixed effect paneldata regression model with Generalized Least Square (GLS) as estimator. Theresults showed that fiscal decentralization, approached by using ratio of OriginalLocal Government Revenues to Local Government Revenues, disposed decreaseGross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) per capita. In conclusion, this studyfinds that fiscal decentralization has negative impact on economic growth in RiauProvince."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini memaparkan hasil internalisasi biaya eksternal industri tahu skala kecil.Internalisasi biaya eksternal dilakukan dengan estimasi besaran kesediaanmembayar iuran pengelolaan IPAL oleh Industri Tahu Skala Kecil dan perhitunganbesaran subsidi oleh pemerintah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yangdidasarkan survei menggunakan format Stated Preference dengan pendekatanmetode Contingent Valuation di dua kelurahan di Kota Bandung. Metode elisitasiyang digunakan adalah closed-ended dichotomous choice melalui teknik DoubleBounded (DB) dengan pengumpulan data melalui survei langsung ke Industri TahuSkala Kecil. Dari 150 responden, 141 di antaranya (94%) bersedia membayar iuranpengelolaan IPAL. Analisis model DB dengan menggunakan semua data respondenmenunjukkan bahwa pendidikan, lama usaha, status kepemilikan lahan dan jumlahkonsumsi gas elpiji berhubungan positif dengan nilai WTP dan menjadi variabelyang signifikan pada level 0.05. Dari hasil estimasi yang dilakukan, nilai WTPsebesar Rp. 36.000,- perbulan. Sehingga internalisasi biaya eksternal dari industritahu sebesar Rp. 18.144.000,- pertahun dan nilai subsisi dari pemerintah sebesarRp. 23.202.000,- pertahun.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscaletofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount ofwillingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries andcalculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitativebased surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuationapproach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed wasclosed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique bycollecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the totalof 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DBmodel analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education,longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumptionpositively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05.From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. Sothe internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear andfrom the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear;This thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscaletofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount ofwillingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries andcalculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitativebased surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuationapproach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed wasclosed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique bycollecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the totalof 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DBmodel analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education,longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumptionpositively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05.From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. Sothe internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear andfrom the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear;This thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscaletofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount ofwillingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries andcalculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitativebased surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuationapproach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed wasclosed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique bycollecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the totalof 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DBmodel analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education,longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumptionpositively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05.From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. Sothe internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear andfrom the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear, This thesis presents the results of the internalization of external costs of smallscaletofu industries. Internalization of external costs is done with estimated amount ofwillingness to pay dues wastewater management by Smallscale Industries andcalculated the amount of subsidy by the government. This research is quantitativebased surveys using Stated Preference format under the Contingent Valuationapproach, in two villages of Bandung City. Elicitation method employed wasclosed-ended dichotomous choice of Double-Bounded (DB) technique bycollecting data through direct interviews to respondens. Calculated from the totalof 150 respondents, 141 (94%) were willing to pay a management dues IPAL. DBmodel analysis using all the data of the respondents indicate that education,longterm business, land ownership status and amount of LPG consumptionpositively related to WTP value and be a significant variable in the level of 0,05.From the results of the estimates, the value of WTP is Rp. 36.000,- permonth. Sothe internalisation of external costs from industries is Rp. 18.144.000,- peryear andfrom the government subsidy is Rp. 23.202.000,- peryear]"

"Penggunaan air berkaitan erat dengan tahapan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan air untuk sektor agraria, industri dan komersial, penggunaan air akan meningkat di beberapa wilayah. Oleh karenanya, infrastruktur penyediaan air sangat berperan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi. Hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian Barbier (2004) serta penelitian Gatto dan Lanzafame (2005) yang menyatakan bahwa water capital merupakan salah satu determinan dari pertumbuhan ekonomi selain kapital dan labor. Penelitian ini mengambil objek studi di 40 negara di Asia dan Afrika dalam rentang waktu selama 10 tahun mulai dari tahun 2000 sampai dengan tahun 2011. Dari hasil estimasi diketahui bahwa penggunaan air menunjukkan hubungan positif, hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian Barbier (2004) dan Duarte (2012.

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Water withdrawal is closely related with economic growth stages. As the need of water for agrarian, industry and commercial sectors rise, the water withdrawal will also raise in certain area. In order with that situation, the infrastructure of water supply system will play an important role in economic growth. In research conducted by Barbier (2004) and Gatto and Lanzafame (2005) found that water capital is one of important determinant on economic growth beside capital and labor. In this research, we take 40 countries in Asia and Africa for 10 years time span beginning from 2000 until 2011 as a research objects. Estimation results that water withdrawal show positive relationship with economic growth, in line with former researches conducted by Barbier (2004)."

"Sejak pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan subsidi tetap untuk bahan bakar minyak (BBM) jenis solar, harga eceran solar bergerak secara cepat dan fluktuatif. Peraturan Presiden No.191 tahun 2014 tentang Penyediaan, Pendistribusian dan Harga Jual Eceran BBM telah memberi kewenangan kepada Menteri ESDM untuk menetapkan harga dasar dan harga jual eceran BBM, sehingga hampir sebulan sekali terjadi perubahan harga eceran solar. Tujuan tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan subsidi tetap harga BBM jenis solar terhadap perubahan harga sembako di Indonesia, dan menganalisis terjadinya transmisi harga antara harga solar dan harga sembako. Berdasarkan pengujian dengan pendekatan teori Asymmetric Vertical Price Transmission dan model Error Correction (ECM), didapatkan bahwa hubungan antara harga solar dan harga sembako bersifat tidak simetris, yaitu ketika harga solar naik, maka harga telur, beras dan daging ayam naik, namun ketika harga solar turun, harga telur, beras dan daging ayam tidak ikut turun. Harga telur, beras dan daging ayam terkoreksi kembali kepada keseimbangan jangka panjangnya dalam jangka waktu 2 sampai 4 bulan. Sedangkan untuk komoditi jenis gula, susu, minyak goreng dan daging sapi, pergerakan harga keempat komoditi tersebut tidak memiliki hubungan kointegrasi dengan harga solar. Faktor yang menyebabkan transmisi harga tidak simetris ini adalah kekakuan harga jasa transportasi dan perilaku spekulan yang memiliki market power dalam struktur pasar oligopoli, baik dalam rantai supply telur, beras dan daging ayam, dimana pedagang besar memiliki bargaining yang kuat dalam penentuan harga.

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Ever since the government formally issued fixed subsidy policy for diesel fuel, the price of diesel fuel has been very dynamic and volatile. Presidential Decree No.191/2014 has given authority to the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources for setting a basic price and selling price of diesel fuel. By the policy, the retail price of diesel fuel changes every month.

The purposes of this study are (1) to analyze the impact of fixed subsidy policy for diesel fuel on basic commodities price in Indonesia, and (2) to analyze price transmission between diesel fuel price and basic commodities price.

By using theory of asymmetric vertical price transmission and Error Correction Model (ECM), it can be shown that relations between diesel fuel price and basic commodities price is asymmetrical. It means when diesel fuel price increased, the price of eggs, rice and chicken meat increased accordingly, however, when diesel fuel price decreased, the price of egg, rice and chicken meat did not decrease. The price of egg, rice and chicken meat will be corrected to its long-term equilibrium with the diesel price for 2 to 4 months. Meanwhile, the price of other basic commodities such as sugar, milk, cooking oil and beef have not cointegrated with the diesel fuel price.

The asymmetric price transmission between diesel price and some of basic commodities is caused by price rigidity of transportation, and behavior of speculators which have market power in an oligopoly market structure in the supply chain of eggs, rice and chicken meat. In this case, big traders have a strong bargaining power for pricing."