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"Uji fit APR merupakan satu prosedur yang seharusnya dilakukan sebagai bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dengan upaya pencegahan pajanan dengan penggunaaan alat pelindung respirasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas uji fit APR dalam mencegah penurunan VEP1 yang dipicu kromium pada pengelas baja stainless dan menilai kenyamanan pemakaian APR tersebut.Metode : Penelitian menggunakan desain clinical tral (cross over) antara dua kelompok pekerja yaitu yang menggunakan APR teruji fit dan pengguna APR tanpa uji fit dengan tersamar tunggal pada pemeriksa VEP1. Efek penurunan VEP1 diukur pada 24 responden dengan membandingkan nilai VEP1 sebelum dan sesudah bekerja dalam 1 shift. Kenyamanan pemakaian APR dinilai dengan kuesioner. Uji fit APR menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan instrument FT- 30 bitter dari 3M. Kadar kromium lingkungan kerja diukur dengan metode NIOSH 7027-1994.Hasil: Kadar kromium lingkungan adalah 3,45 μg/m3. Rata-rata VEP1 ketika responden menggunakan APR biasa sebelum bekerja adalah 3403,8 ml dan sesudah bekerja adalah 3247,5 ml. Rata-rata VEP1 ketika menggunakan APR fit sebelum bekerja adalah 3359,0 ml dan sesudah bekerja adalah 3339,6 ml. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dimana penurunan VEP1 saat menggunakan APR biasa lebih tinggi dibanding saat menggunakan APR fit (uji t berpasangan p=0,011 ). APR fit juga lebih nyaman digunakan dibanding APR biasa (uji Mc Nemar p= 0,022)Kesimpulan : APR teruji fit terbukti efektif mencegah penurunan VEP1 yang terlihat dari (1) terdapat penurunan VEP1 yang signifikan saat responden menggunakan APR biasa dalam 1 shift kerja namun tidak terjadi penurunan bermakna saat menggunakan APR fit, (2) perbedaan penurunan VEP1 antara saat menggunakan APR yang teruji fit dan saat menggunakan APR biasa secara statistik bermakna. APR teruji fit mempunyai tingkat kenyamanan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan APR tanpa uji fit.

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Introduction: Respirator fit-testing is one of the procedures which should be performed as an integrated part of hazard prevention effort by respirator protection device usage. The purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of RPE fit testing aimed at preventing an acute decline in FEV1 induced by chromium in stainless steel welder and to assess the convenience of RPE usage.Methods: This research was conducted on clinical trial (cross over) design between workers who wore tight fitting RPE and workers who wore regular RPE with single blind at FEV1 evaluator. Declining of FEV1 was measured on 24 respondents by comparing prior working FEV1 value and end working FEV1 value in a work shift. The convenience of RPE usage was assessed by questionnaire. Respirator fit-testing was conducted by qualitative method with FT-30 bitter instrument from 3M. Chromium level at working environment was measured by NIOSH 7072-1994 method.Results: Chromium environment level was 3.45 ug/m³. Should respondents worn regular RPE, the mean of FEV1 prior working was 3403,8 ml and end working was 3247,5 ml. Having worn tight fitting RPE, the mean of FEV1 of respondents prior working was 3359,0 ml and end working was 3339,6 ml. There was a significant differences that FEV1 declining when respondents wore regular RPE was higher than that on wearing tight fitting RPE (dependent t test p=0.011). Tight fitting RPE was also more convenient to wear compare to regular RPE (Mc Nemar test p= 0.022).Conclusions: Tight fitting RPE proved to be effective in preventing an acute decline in FEV1 which were visible from (1) There was significant acute decline in FEV1 when respondents wore regular RPE but not when wearing fit RPE, (2) The differences of FEV1 declining on both treatment was statistically significant. Tight fitting RPE had better convenience level compare to non fitting RPE."

"Latar belakang penelitian: Polisi lalu lintas merupakan pekerjaan yang sehari-hari berada di jalan. Pajanan polusi udara jalan raya akibat kendaraan bermotor meningkatkan risiko kesehatan khususnya kelainan faal paru. Walaupun sudah banyak penelitian mengenai hubungan nilai faal paru dengan polutan, namun belum ada penelitian mengenai gambaran foto toraks dan kadar CO ekspirasi polisi lalu lintas Jakarta Barat tahun 2012. Metode penelitian :). Studi potong lintang dilakukan pada 107 anggota polisi LALULINTAS yang masuk dalam kriteria inklusi. Pemeriksaan status kesehatan mencakup anamnesis dan wawancara singkat dengan Kuesioner berdasarkan Pneumobile Project Indonesia dan pertanyaan lain tentang kebiasaan menggunakan APD masker, anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisis serta status kesehatan. Selain itu diperiksa nilai faal paru menggunakan spirometri dan kadar CO ekspirasi dengan CO analyzer. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan SPSS PC software version 17. Hasil : Sebagian besar responden, 80 responden (74,8%), tidak memiliki kelainan faal paru (normal) dan 27 responden (25,2%) terdapat gangguan restriksi ringan, obstruksi ringan dan gangguan obstruksi sedang. Foto toraks responden 100% dalam batas normal. Nilai p untuk hubungan antara umur, indeks massa tubuh, kebiasaan merokok, pemakaian masker dan masa kerja dengan gangguan faal paru adalah p>0.05. Kesimpulan : Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur, indeks massa tubuh, kebiasaan merokok, pemakaian masker dan masa kerja dengan gangguan faal paru.

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Background research : Traffic police is the day-to-day work on the road. Exposure to air pollution due to highway motor vehicles increases health risks especially pulmonary function abnormalities. Although many studies on the relationship of lung function values by pollutant, but there is no research on the radiographic image and expiratory CO levels in West Jakarta traffic police in 2012.

Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 107 traffic policemen in the inclusion criteria. Examination of the history and health status includes a short interview with a questionnaire based Pneumobile Project Indonesia and other questions about the habit of using PPE masks, history and physical examination and health status. Moreover examined lung function using spirometry values and expiratory CO levels by CO analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17 software PC.

Results: Most respondents, 80 respondents (74.8%), did not have lung function abnormalities (normal) and 27 respondents (25.2%) disorders are mild restriction, obstruction light and moderate obstruction interference. 100% of respondents CXR within normal limits. P value for the relationship between age, body mass index, smoking habits, use of masks and years of impaired lung function is p> 0.05.

Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between age, body mass index, smoking habits, use of masks and years of impaired lung function."

"Salah satu penyebab terjadinya gangguan fungsi paru yaitu pajanan debu batubara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hubungan pajanan debu batubara dan gangguan fungsi paru pada pekerja. Metode yang digunakan desain Cross Sectional dengan sampel 72 pekerja. Gangguan fungsi paru diperoleh dari data kesehatan perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gangguan fungsi paru restriksi 8,3%, obstruksi 2,8%, dan kombinasi 2,8%. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan gangguan fungsi paru berhubungan dengan masa kerja (p = 0,46). Namun pajanan debu batubara, umur, dan penggunaan alat pelindung pernapasan, ada kecenderungan untuk menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya gangguan fungsi paru.

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One of the causes of lung function disorder in health problems is coal dust exposure. This study aims to describe the relationship of coal dust exposure and lung function disorder in workers. The method used cross-sectional design with a sample of 72 workers. Lung function disorder data is obtained from the company health data. The results of this research showed that the restriction of pulmonary function disorder 8.3%, obstruction 2,8%, and a combination of restriction and obstruction 2.8%. Bivariate analysis showed lung function disorder associated with year of work experience (p=0,46). However, coal dust exposure, age, and the using of respiratory protective equipment showed there is a tendency to get risk for lung fungtion disorders."

"Karbon monoksida merupakan senyawa gas yang tidak berbau, tidak berwarna dan tidak berasa tetapi sangat beracun. Karbon monoksida terutama berasal dari asap hasil pembakaran mesin dan kendaraan bermotor. Keracunan terutama terjadi karena proses inhalasi dan melalui mekanisme hipoksia, selanjutnya dapat menimbulkan gangguan sistem saraf pusat dengan gejala gangguan neurobehavioral dan fungsi kognitif.Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara pajanan kronis karbon monoksida dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif pada pekerja di lokasi parkir dalam gedung. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional, melibatkan 93 pekerja di lokasi parkir dalam gedung rumah sakit dan hotel di Jakarta pada tahun 2015. Pengukuran kadar karbon monoksida di udara lingkungan kerja dilakukan 1 kali menggunakan metode spektrofotometri dengan iodida pentoksida. Pengukuran kadar COHb dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi gas melalui udara CO ekshalasi, sedangkan fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan kuesioner Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif pada populasi pekerja di lokasi parkir dalam gedung 22,58%. Gangguan fungsi kognitif memiliki hubungan bermakna (p<0,05) berturut-turut dengan kadar CO ruang (ORcr=4,28; 95% CI = 1,15-15,86), kadar COHb (ORcr=6,5; 95% CI = 2,21-19,10) dan kebiasaan merokok (ORcr=6,81; 95% CI = 1,98-23,42).Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor risiko utama yang berhubungan dengan gangguan fungsi kognitif adalah kadar COHb ≥5% (ORadj=4,47; 95% CI = 1,23-16,25). Disimpulkan pajanan kronis CO di udara lingkungan kerja dapat menimbulkan gangguan fungsi kognitif yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar COHb dalam darah. Kebiasaan merokok merupakan faktor perancu utama, karena dapat secara langsung meningkatkan kadar COHb dalam darah dan menimbulkan gangguan fungsi kognitif melalui mekanisme kerusakan sel syaraf. Pemerintah perlu menyusun regulasi terkait pembangunan fasilitas parkir dalam gedung untuk menjamin kesehatan dan keselamatan pekerja.

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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, nonirritating, odorless and tasteless gas. The most important human-made source of CO arises from the exhaust of automobiles. Carbon monoxide chronic intoxication mostly occurs from an inhalation process and can cause brain damage due to its sensitivity over hypoxia, and leads to various neural defects including neurobehavioral and cognitive function disturbance.This study aimed to determine the relationship between chronic CO exposure and cognitive function among basement parking lot workers. This study used a cross-sectional design, involving 93 people age 20-40 years who work in a hospital or hotel basement parking lot in Jakarta on 2015. Carbon monoxide air levels in workplace were measured using iodine pentoxidespectrophotometric method, while COHb levels were measured once using Gas Chromatography through a CO exhalation procedure. Cognitive function was determined using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) questionnaire.Study result showed the CO air levels were all below threshold limit value (TLV) of 29 mg/m3. The prevalence of impaired cognitive function among basement parking lot workers was 22,58%. Carbon monoxide air levels, COHb levels and smoking habit factors were statistically significant related to impaired cognitive function, with ORcr 4.28 (95% CI = 1,15-15,86); ORcr 6.5 (95% CI = 2,21-19,10); and ORcr 6.81(95% CI = 1,98-23,42). Logistic regression method shows COHb levels is the only predictive factor of cognitive function with ORadj 4.47 (95% CI = 1,23-16,25). Therefore, it is concluded that chronic exposure of CO in the air workplace can cause cognitive function impairment, marked by a significant increase of COHb levels. Smoking habit is the main confounding factor, for it can directly increase COHb levels and impair cognitive function. Government should establish a punctual and effective regulation on how to build a basement parking lot facility regarding the safety of the workers."

"Latar Belakang : Pekerja di manufaktur sepatu setiap harinya terpajan beragam hazard. Salah satu pajanan adalah pelarut organik. berbagai penelitian melaporkan hubungan yang kuat antara pajanan pelarut organik dengan gangguan fungsi paru obstruksi dan restriksi. Namun belum banyak studi dilakukan untuk mempelajari antara hubungan antara pajanan pelarut organik di manufaktur sepatu dengan faktor-faktor risiko dan gejala klinis gangguan fungsi paru. Metode : Desain potong lintang melibatkan 134 subyek, Cementing n=67 dan stockfit n=67. Pada bagian cementing terpajan pelarut Aseton, bagian stockfit oleh campuran pelarut Aseton dan klorin. Seluruh subyek dilakukan pemeriksaan fungsi paru dengan menggunakan spirometer menilai KVP dan VEP1/KVP. Subyek dilakukan interview untuk mengetahui gejala klinis, riwayat penyakit dahulu dan riwayat pekerjaan. Kadar pelarut organik di kedua tempat diukur. Analisis statistik menggunakan Chi square dengan p0,05. Multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik metode enter. Hasil : Didapatkan 23 orang (17%) mengalami gangguan fungsi paru testriksi. Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara pejalan pelarut organik, faktor-faktor risiko demografi dan okupasi dengan gejala klinis gangguan fungsi paru restriksi (p>-.05) /disebabkan masa kerja < 10 tahun. Proporsi subyek dengan gejala bronkitis kronik, di cementing 40.3%, stockfit 62.7%. analisis chi-square menegaskan adanya hubungan bermakna. Di bagian cementing, diperoleh hasil berikut, faktor risiko umur (p < 0.015), masa kerja (p < 0.05), dan total kumulatif pajanan p < 0.05). Dan hasil uji regresi logistik didapat bahwa di bagian cementing, masa kerja faktor risiko dominan terhadap gejala bronkitis kronik p. Kesimpulan : Dari studi dapat disimpulkan bahwa pajanan pelarut organik mengakibatkan gejala klinis bronkitis kronik yang berhubungan dengan faktor risiko usia, masa kerja, dan total kumulatif pajanan. Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara panajan pelarut organik terhadap gangguan fungsi paru. Perlu langkah preventif guna mencegah berkembangnya gejala bronkitis kronik menjadi gangguan fungsi paru. Dilakukan dengan pemakaian alat pelindung diri sesuai dengan pajanan kimia dan pemasangan local exhaust.

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Background : Depending on the kinds of production sites, Shoe factory workers are exposed to many kinds of occupational hazards with one of them being exposure to organic solvent. Organic solvent exposure has been reported to have adverse pulmonary effects including obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases. The study aimed to investigate association between organic solvent exposure, risk factor, and clinical symptoms of pulmonary functions impairment among shoe factory workers.

Methods : Cross sectional study group consist of 134 workers in two different production parts i.e cementing n 67 and stockfit n 67. Subjects works in cementing part were exposed to aceton, while in stockfit to a combination of aceton and chlorine. To all subjecs, pulmonary functions testing including measurement of FVC and FEV1 FVC Value were perfomed asking about clinical symptoms and the histories of both their health and work records. Statistic analysis using Chi square p,0,05 and logistic regretion for multivariate.

Result : All of subject, 23 17 suffered from restrictive diseases. However bivariate analysis using chi square did not show significant correlation between organic solvent exposure, demografic risk factors, clinical symptoms and restrictive lung diseases p 0.05. This probably due to the short work duration of the subject 10 years. Despite this observation, it is important to note that the study strongly identified chronic bronchitis symptoms among workers in both cementing 40.3 and in stockfit 62.7. Furthermore chi square analysis showed significant correlation between risk factors and chronic bronchitis symptoms in both places. in cementing, it was observed that age (p < 0.05), work duration (p < 0.05) and total cumulative exposure (p < 0.015) were significantly contributed to the symtoms. Whereas in stockfit, the risk factors were as follows, work duration (p < 0.05) and total cumulative exposure (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that in cementing, work duration was observed to be the greatest risk factor to the bronchitis related-symtoms, p < 0.008, OR 12.100 and CI95% (1.92-76.23, whereas in stockfit, total cumulative exposure was associated the most with the symtoms p0.039 OR 6.667 CI95% )1.099-40.434).

Conclusions : The result from the present studi indicate that occupational exposure to organic solvent has significant association with clinical symtoms related to chronic bronchitis. Risk factors sucs as age, work duration, and total cumulative exposure are observed to contribute to the symtoms. However, exposure to organic solben did not significantly caused lung function disorger. Preventions are required to avoid the clinical symtoms develope into pulmonary impairment, such as the use personal protection equipment and local exhaust apparatus."

"Organofosfat adalah pestisida yang sering dipakai di Indonesia. Penggunaan Pestisida organofosfat yang tidak tepat dapat mengakibatkan gangguan fungsi paru restriksi pada petani padi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas enzim asetilkolinesterase dalam sel darah merah, prevalensi gangguan fungsi paru pada petani padi, dan hubungan asetilkolinesterase dalam sel darah merah dengan gangguan fungsi paru.Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan besar sampel 61 orang petani padi yang terpajan organofosfat yang diambil dengan cara cluster random sampling. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2017 hingga Desember 2017 di Desa Padaasih, Kecamatan Cibogo, Kabupaten Subang, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, pemeriksaan aktivitas enzim asetilkolinesterase dalam sel darah merah, pemeriksaan spirometri dan pemeriksaan foto thoraks. Variabel yang diteliti adalah usia, masa kerja, eksposure rate, IMT, kebiasaan merokok, persepsi pemakaian APD pernapasan, dan aktivitas enzim aseltilkolinesterase dalam sel darah merah.Aktivitas AChE dalam sel darah merah dengan nilai tengah 2138.97 IU/l dengan nilai minimum 201.17 IU/l dan nilai maksimum 6979.35 IU/l. Prevalensi gangguan fungsi paru restriksi adalah 18%. Tidak terdapat variabel faktor risiko yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan gangguan fungsi paru restriksi.Prevalensi gangguan fungsi paru restriksi cukup tinggi dan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara aktivitas enzim asetilkolinesterase dalam sel darah merah dengan gangguan fungsi paru. Perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala terutama bagi petani dengan gangguan fungsi paru.

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Organophosphates are commonly used pesticides in Indonesia. The use of improper organophosphoric pesticides can lead to impaired lung function in rice farmers. The purpose of this study was to know the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in red blood cells, the prevalence of impaired lung function in rice farmers, and the association of acetylcholinesterase in red blood cells with lung function.The study design was cross sectional, 61 rice farmers who were exposed to organophosphates were taken by cluster random sampling. The study was conducted in October 2017 to December 2017 in Padaasih Village, Cibogo Sub-district, Subang District, West Java. Data collection was done by interview, examination of enzyme acetylcholinesterase in red blood cells, spirometry examination and examination of thoracic photo. The variables studied were age, years of work, exposure rate, BMI, smoking habit, perception of using respiratory PPE, and activity of aseltylcholinesterase in red blood cells.AChE activity in red blood cells with a median value of 2138.97 IU/l with a minimum value of 201.17 IU/l and a maximum value of 6979.35 IU/l. The prevalence of restrictive lung function is 18%. There were no risk factors that had significant association with restrictive lung function.The prevalence of restrictive lung function impairment is quite high and the activity of acetylcholinesterase in red blood cells with restrictive lung function has no significant association. Periodic health checks are necessary, especially for farmers with restrictive lung function."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang profil pajanan debu silika terhadap kejadian silikosis dan gangguan fungsi paru pada pekerja di perusahaan tambang granit di Tanjung Balai Karimun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil kesehatan pekerja serta prevalens kejadian silikosis dan gangguan fungsi paru. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. Hasil penelitian adalah prevalens silikosis sebanyak 1 (1,0%) orang pekerja dan prevalens gangguan fungsi paru sebanyak 7 (7,2%) orang pekerja. Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara kejadian silikosis dengan faktor-faktor risiko. Pada gangguan fungsi paru terdapat hubungan yang bermakna dengan faktor usia. Namun, perlu dipertimbangkan faktor-faktor risiko lain yang ikut berperan menimbulkan gangguan fungsi paru. Semua hasil pengukuran debu total di lingkungan kerja melebihi Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB).

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The thesis researched about the profile of silica dust exposure in the occurrence of silicosis and pulmonary function disorders among granite mining workers in Tanjung Balai Karimun. This study aimed to determine the health profile of workers and the prevalence of silicosis and pulmonary function disorders. This study used a cross-sectional design. The results of the study were the prevalence of silicosis was 1 (1,0%) worker and the prevalence of pulmonary function disorders were 7 (7,2%) workers. There was no significant relationship between the occurrence of silicosis and risk factors. Otherwise, there was a significant relationship between pulmonary function disorders and age. However, other risk factors were  needed to be considered in causing pulmonary function disorders. All measurements results of total dust exceeded the Threshold Limit Value (TLV)."

"Latar Belakang : Banyaknya pembangunan sarana prasana serta infrakstruktur diIndonesia meningkatkan kebutuhan akan bahan bangunan termasuk beton, sehinggaproduksi beton terus berjalan. Debu hasil proses produksi beton terdiri dari debu semen,pasir, dan batu kerikil, yang sebagian mengandung silika yang telah terbukti dapatmenimbulkan masalah kesehatan terutama di saluran pernapasan. Pada pabrik beton yangbaru beroperasi selama 3 tahun seharusnya belum ada masalah gangguan saluranpernapasan bila SMK3 diimplementasikan dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui apakah sudah ada masalah gangguan awal saluran pernapasan danmengaitkannya dengan implementasi SMK3 dan faktor-faktor lainnya. sehingga bisa diupayakan program promotif – preventif bagi pekerja sehubungan dengan pajanantersebut.Metode : Desain cross-sectional dengan sampel berjumlah 70 responden yang diambilsecara total sampling. Data penelitian diperoleh dari wawancara keluhan saluranpernapasan dengan menggunakan kuesioner Pneumobile Project dan pemeriksaanspirometri, pengukuran kadar debu, serta pengisian formulir audit SMK3.Hasil : Didapatkan 8 pekerja (11,40%) memiliki gejala awal gangguan saluranpernapasan. Pengukuran debu lingkungan kerja melebihi nilai ambang batas pada plant 1(16.5 mg/m3) dan plant 2 (12.1 mg/m3). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara, usia,tingkat pendidikan, IMT, kebiasaan merokok, masa kerja, dan lama kerja terhadap gejalaawal gangguan saluran pernapasan. Tingkat pelaksanaan SMK3 pada PT. X masih kurang(15,06%). Telah ada kebijakan K3, namun belum ada kegiatan perencanaan, pemantauan,evaluasi maupun usaha peningkatan kinerja K3 yang terdokumentasi dan sistematis.Kesimpulan : Didapatkan pekerja dengan gejala awal gangguan saluran pernapasansebanyak 8 (11,4%) orang. Hasil pemeriksaan kadar debu melebihi NAB. Tidakdidapatkan faktor risiko yang berhubungan secara statistik dengan gejala awal gangguansaluran pernapasan, akan tetapi tingkat pelaksanaan SMK3 masih kurang sehingga harusditingkatkan.

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Background : The large number of infrastructure development in Indonesia increased

the need of concrete. Therefore, the concrete factory production continues to run and

produce. The residue of the concrete production process derived from the dust of the

cement, sand, and gravel which partially contained silica, that had been proven to caused

health problems especially in the respiratory tract. The new concrete plant which had only

been operating for 3 years should have no cases of early symptoms of respiratory

disorders when the OSH management system is successfully implemented. This study

aimed to determine whether there are respondents with early symptoms of respiratory

disorders in association of the implementation of OSH management system and the other

factors, so that promotive-preventive programs in connection with the exposures able to

be planned regarding the conditions.

Method : Cross-sectional study with a total sampling of 70 respondents. Data were

obtained from interview using the Pneumobile Project questionnaire, spirometry

examination, measurement of dust levels, and OSH management system audit form

filling.

Results : There were 8 (11.40%) workers with early symptoms of respiratory disorders.

Dust measurement exceeds the threshold value, 16.5 mg/m3 on Plant 1 and 12.1 mg/m3

on Plant 2. There was no significant association between age, level of education, BMI,

smoking habits, working period and working time to early symptoms of respiratory tract

disorder. The implementation of OSH management system at PT. X was poor (15,06%).

There was already an OHS policy, but the planning, monitoring, evaluation or effort of

improvement of OSH were not documented systematically.

Conclusion : The prevalence of early symptoms of respiratory disorders is 11,40%. The

dust levels exceed the threshold level. No risk factors are found to be statistically associate

with early symptoms of respiratory disorders but the level of implementation of OSH is

below the expected results thus must be improved"

"Spirometri dirancang untuk mengidentifnkasi dan menilai abnormalitas fungsionai system pernafasan. Pajanan hazard inhalan di tempat kerja dapat menimbulkan respons iritan, iibrotik, alergik, infeksius, karsinogenik, dan sistemik bagi manusia. Beberapa iritan dapat saja tidak memberikan efek sistemik karena respons iritan lebih besar daripada efek sistemik manapun, sementara beberapa di antaranya dapat memberikan efek sistemik yang bermakna setelah penyerapan. Pajanan debu-debu mineral terkait dcngan pnoses terjadinya obstzuksi aliran udara kronik, yang mungkin juga dimediasi oleh dust-induced fibrosis pada saluran- saluran napas yang kecil. Di sisi lain, asap rokok memegang peranan sawat panting dalam proses terjadinya inflamasi dan memegang peran utama dalam patogcncsis PPOK. Pada penclitian ini dianalisis hasil spirometri Karyawan PT X yang terpajan debu di area penambangan dan pemrosesan nikel untuk daerah kerja di dalam Plan! Site yang diasuransikan berpajanan debu lebih tinggi dan daerah kerja di luar Plan! Site yang diasumsikan berpajanan debu lebih rendah. Pcnelitian ini menggunakan desain cross seclional dengan analisis komparatif dengan menggunakan data rckam medik Check-up karyawan Iaki-Iaki, dengan sampel herjumlah 334. Hasil dan kesimpulan: Secara demografis, karyawan golongan blue collar adalah dominan yakni sebesar 67,0 %. Adapun golongan white collar dan mixed masing-masing sebesar 18,9 % dan 14,1 %. Secara keseiuruhan, prcvalensi hasil spirometri abnormal (rcstriktif + obstruktit) sebesar 34,12 %. Dari uji bivariat kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji multivariat ditemukan bahwa faktor risiko yang diperkirakan berperan terhadap gangguan faal paru obstruktif dan restriktif adalah variabel umur > 50 tahun, kebiasaan merokok, tidak berolahraga, IMT > 30,0, adanya gejala klinis saat check-up, dan masa kerja > 20 tahuu. Dari semua variabel ini, sccara statistik, disimpulkan tidak ada variabel yang memiliki kemaknaan hubungan dengan gangguan fungsi paru.

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Spirometry is designed to identify and quantity functional abnormalities of the respiratory system. Exposure of occupational inhalants can result in irritant, fibrotic, allergic, infectious, carcinogenic, and systemic effects to human. Some irritants produce no systemic eject because the irritant response is much greater than any .systemic effect, while some also have significant systemic ejects following absorption Mineral dust exposure is associated with chronic obstructive airway process, which might be mediated by dust-induced fibrosis in the small airways. On the other hand, cigarette smoke plays a principal role in the inflammation process and the pathogenesis of COPD.

Spirometry results of the PT X employees who were exposed by dust in nickel mining and processing area which are devided to Plant Site area (assumed higher dust exposure) and beyond Plant Site area (assumed lower dust exposure) are anabfzed in this cross sectional study using comparative analysis method to 334 male employees ? medical check-up record.

Result and conclusion: In this study, blue collar workers group is predominant by 6720 % of total sample, while white collar group and mired group contribute 18,9 % and 14,1 %, respectively. Overall, prevalence of abnormal spirometry result (restrictive -é obstructive) was 34,12 %. By using bivariate and multivariate analysis consecutive of, it was found that risk factors presumably play important role in obstructive and restrictive lung function disorders are the following variables I age>50 years, smoking habit, no sport activities, BMl> 30, 0, presence of respirator clinical symptoms, and length of employment >20 years. This study concluded that of all these variables, none of them has a statistically significant association to lung function disorders."