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"Aluminum magnesium seri 5083 H112 banyak diaplikasikan untuk industri perkapalan. Hal tersebut dikarenakan aluminum memiliki kekuatan spesifik yang tinggi serta ketahanan korosi yang baik. Namun pada proses penyambungan berupa pengelasan banyak terjadi permasalahan berupa porositas serta menurunnya sifat mekanis terutama daerah terpengaruh panas. Mengacu kepada pengecoran, pemberian getaran pun diaplikasikan pada penelitian pengelasan dengan menggunakan kawat las ER 4043 ini. Sumber getaran berasal dari sebuah meja getar dan diatur getarannya sebesar 30 Hz. Pengujian yang dilakukan yakni pengujian tarik, metalografi, kekerasan mikro, radiografi-visual, dan image analysis. Dari hasil penggetaran nilai kekerasan daerah las dan juga kekuatan tarik meningkat dengan butir dari lasan yang halus pada tiap kecepatan las, 300 mm/menit dan 400 mm/menit. Jumlah porositas pun berkurang dengan dilakukannya penggetaran sebesar 30 Hz.

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5083 series aluminum magnesium is widely used for marine industrial. It is caused aluminum has high spesific strength and good corrosion resistance. However, at process of welding many of porosity occured in the aluminum and it decrease the mechanical properties especially in HAZ (Heat Affected Zone). At casting process of aluminum, there is one method that can reduce the porosity by giving vibration while casting is performed. So this method is tried to be aplicated at this research which is using ER 4043 as welding wire. Vibration that used is around 30 Hz. Tensile test, metallography, micro hardness, radiography-visual test, and image analysis was used for characterize mechanical properties and porosity content at weldment. The higher average result of tensile test and microhardness for ER 4043 filler weldment for vibrated specimen and porosity content decreased for specimen with welding speed 300 mm/minute and 400 mm/minute. And finer grain has found at microstructure of weldment after welded with vibration."

"Aluminium AC4B merupakan aluminium paduan yang banyak diaplikasikan untuk komponen kendaraan bermotor salah satunya adalah torak. Torak merupakan komponen yang penting dalam kendaraan bermotor dengan fungsi sebagai penekan udara masuk dan penerima tekanan hasil pembakaran pada ruang bakar yang tersambung ke bagian poros engkol. Namun sering ditemui adanya masalah-masalah seperti keausan dan penggunaan pelumas yang boros yang harus diatasi dengan melapisi cylinder liner dan cincin torak menggunakan nanokomposit dengan memvariasikan komposisi penguat CNT (0%, 2%, dan 4%) dan dengan metode penyemprotan dingin. Prosedur perlakuan pendispersian planetary ball mill juga memegang peranan penting sebelum proses pelapisan dilakukan. Pengujian yang dilakukan yakni pengujian kekerasan mikro, metalografi-SEM, EDS (pemetaan unsur), kekasaran permukaan, ketahanan aus, dan FTIR. Dari hasil pengujian didapatkan data bahwa penambahan CNT hingga 2% akan meningkatkan kekerasan, ketahanan aus, dan juga dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pelumas.

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Aluminum AC4B widely applied to vehicle components, one of the application is piston. Piston is an important component in the vehicle which acts in order to pressing the air and receiving the results of the combustion pressure in the combustion chamber which is connected to the crankshaft. However, there are problems such as wear and wasteful use of lubricants that must be overcome by the idea of coating the piston ring and also cylinder liner using nanocomposite by varying the composition of CNT reinforcement (0%, 2%, and 4%) and for the coating method using cold spraying. Dispersing treatment procedures and planetary ball mill also plays an important role before the coating process is done. Tests were carried out which micro hardness testing, metallography-SEM, EDS (mapping element), surface roughness, wear resistance, and FTIR. Data obtained from the test results that the addition of up to 2% CNT will increase hardness, wear resistance, and also can improve the efficiency of the use of lubricants."

"Carbon nanotube (CNT) Alumina + 13%TiO2 nanokomposit dengan fraksi volume CNT berbeda untuk mengetahui pengaruh distribusi CNT dalam matriks keramik. Perilaku self-lubrication pada pelapisan permukaan di cylinder liner yang diamati. Alumina 13% TiO2 + CNT nanokomposit dengan kandungan CNT Maksimum 4 % yang dilakukan dengan metode cold spraying pada pelapisan permukaan cylinder liner. Nanokomposit dibuat dengan komposisi berbeda dengan metode pencampuran planetary ball mill. Pengaruh ketahanan aus, friction dan self lubrication akan di analisa dengan Vickers microhardness, surface roughness, pengujian keausan ogoshi sebelum lubrikasi dan setelah lubrikasi, dan fourir transform infrared spectrometer.Hasil yang didapatkan ketahanan aus meningkat seiring penambahan CNT. Ketahanan aus dan mikrohardness berdasarkan penambahan CNT dihitung dalam penelitian ini. SEM - EDX digunakan untuk mengamati permukaan yang dilapisi CNT ? Alumina 13% TiO2 nanokomposit. Semua hasil menunjukkan metode cold spraying dan planetary ball mill secara signifikan meningkatkan distribusi CNT pada matriks alumina 13% TiO2 sehingga meningkatkan ketahanan aus dan memberikan efek self lubricant pada nanokomposit.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Alumina + 13% TiO2 nanocomposite with a different volume fraction of CNT?s to determine the effect of CNT distribution in the ceramic matrix. The behavior of self-lubrication on the surface coating on the cylinder liner was observed. Alumina 13% TiO2 + CNT nanocomposite containing CNTs Maximum 4% which was conducted by cold spraying on the surface of the cylinder liner coating. Nanocomposite prepared with different compositions with a planetary ball mill mixing method. Effect of wear resistance, friction and self lubrication will be analyzed with a Vickers microhardness, surface roughness, ogoshi wear testing was used before and after lubrication lubrication, and fourir transform infrared spectrometer.

The results obtained wear resistance increases with the addition of CNTs. Wear resistance and mikrohardness by the addition of CNTs calculated in this study. SEM - EDX was used to observe the surface of the coated CNT - Alumina 13% TiO2 nanocomposite. All results show the method of spraying cold and planetary ball mill significantly improve the distribution of CNTs in the alumina matrix 13% TiO2 thereby increasing wear resistance and self-lubricant effect on the nanocomposite."

"Pada era ini, Aluminum AC4B telah banyak diaplikasikan untuk komponen kendaraan salah satunya adalah torak. Torak berperan sebagai penekan udara masuk dan penerima tekanan hasil pembakaran pada ruang bakar dan tersambung ke bagian poros engkol. Namun terdapat masalah-masalah seperti keausan dan penggunaan pelumas yang boros yang harus diatasi dengan ide melapisi cylinder liner dan cincin torak menggunakan nanokomposit dengan memvariasikan komposisi penguat CNT (0%, 2%, dan 4%) dengan metode pelapisan penyemprotan dingin. Prosedur perlakuan pendispersian dan planetary ball mill juga memegang peranan penting sebelum proses pelapisan dilakukan. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian kekerasan mikro, metalografi-SEM, EDS (pemetaan unsur), kekasaran permukaan, ketahanan aus, dan FTIR. Dari hasil pengujian didapatkan data bahwa penambahan CNT hingga 2% akan meningkatkan kekerasan, ketahanan aus, dan juga dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pelumas.

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In this era, Aluminum AC4B has widely applied to vehicle components, one of the application is piston. Piston acts in order to pressing the air and receiving the results of the combustion pressure in the combustion chamber which is connected to the crankshaft. However, there are problems such as wear and wasteful use of lubricants that must be overcome by the idea of ​​coating the piston ring and also cylinder liner using nanocomposite by varying the composition of CNT reinforcement (0%, 2%, and 4) by using cold spraying for the coating method. Dispersing treatment procedures and planetary ball mill also plays an important role before the coating process is done. Tests were carried out which micro hardness testing, metallography-SEM, EDS (mapping element), surface roughness, wear resistance, and FTIR. Data obtained from the test results that the addition of up to 2% CNT will increase hardness, wear resistance, and also can improve the efficiency of the use of lubricants."

"Adanya konversi bahan bakar rumah tangga dari minyak tanah ke Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) di Indonesia menyebabkan semakin besar kebutuhan akan tangki timbun LPG. Tangki timbun dengan kapasitas besar pada umumnya menggunakan material baja karbon rendah ASTM A 516 Grade 70. Dalam pelaksanaan konstruksinya, pengelasan baja karbon ini menggunakan metode pengelasan SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) dan kombinasi pengelasan SMAW dan SAW (Submerged Arc Welding). Penggunaan metode dan parameter pengelasan yang berbeda membuat masukan panas yang diterima oleh material berbeda pula. Besarnya masukan panas tersebut mempengaruhi struktur mikro, sifat mekanis dan ketahanan pada daerah sekitar pengelasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ketahanan korosi dan sifat mekanis dari material baja karbon rendah ASTM A 516 Grade 70. Metode untuk mengetahui mekanisme korosi adalah dengan melakukan percobaan potentiodynamic polarization untuk mengetahui laju korosi dan cyclic polarization untuk mengetahui adanya kerentanan pitting corrosion. Heat input dipengaruhi oleh arus pengelasan sehingga pengelasan SMAW memiliki nilai heat input lebih kecil daripada pengelasan SMAW-SAW. Heat input yang lebih besar menyebabkan kekerasan pengelasan SMAW-SAW lebih rendah daripada kekerasan SMAW. Dengan pelaksanaan PWHT dapat menurunkan kekerasan pada daerah sekitar pengelasan sehingga meningkatkan ketangguhan. Dalam percobaan ini diketahui bahwa ketahanan korosi pada material uji base metal lebih baik daripada daerah daerah HAZ dan fusion zone, baik pada pengelasan SMAW maupun kombinasi SAW-SMAW yaitu 0,063 mm/tahun. Sedangkan laju korosi pada daerah fusion zone pengelasan SMAW memiliki nilai paling tinggi yaitu 0,379 mm/tahun. Korosi sumuran ditemukan pada semua spesimen uji dengan menggunakan metode polarisasi cyclic. Indonesian goverment policy to convert energy consumption for domestic household from Kerosene to Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Indonesia led to demand for LPG storage tank. LPG storage tank with a large capacity generally use low-carbon steel material ASTM A 516 Grade 70. In construction stage, welding of carbon steel using SMAW welding method (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) and SMAW welding combinations and SAW (Submerged Arc Welding). Different methode of welding and parameter make a different heat input that is received of material. The heat input will affects to the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in the weldment area. Potentiodynamic polarization experiment is used to determine the corrosion rate and cyclic polarization which is used to determine the susceptibility material of pitting corrosion. Heat input is affected by current welding thereby heat input value SMAW welding smaller than SMAW-SAW combination welding. Greater heat input caused hardness value SMAW-SAW welding lower than SMAW welding. PWHT process could reduce the hardness of weldment area so that increase the toughness. Corrosion resistance of base metal better than HAZ and fusion zone, both on the SMAW welding and a combination of SAW - SMAW is 0.063 mm/year. While the corrosion rate on SMAW welding fusion zone has the highest value is 0.379 mm / year. Pitting corrosion was found in all test specimens using cyclic polarization method."

"Pengelasan paduan logam yang berbeda seperti aluminium dan tembaga sangat sulit sekali dilakukan, karena perbedaan sifat fisik dan thermal, dan hanya mungkin dilakukan dengan teknik pengelasan pada kondisi padat (solid-state) seperti dissimilar friction stir welding. Pada penelitian ini material yang digunakan adalah paduan aluminium 5052 dan tembaga murni dengan parameter pengelasan dilakukan pada kecepatan putar tools 2800 rpm pada sudut kemiringan 1 derajat dan kecepatan lintasan las 2 mm/detik. Pre-heating basemetal tembaga dilakukan pada temperature hingga 200°C. Metode studi dan analisis dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan sifat mekanik dan strukturmikro hasil lasan dissimilar friction stir welding antara aluminium dan tembaga terhadap variable bentuk geometri pin tools taper cylindrical dan threaded cylindrical serta proses pre-heating pada tembaga, melalui pengujian mekanik dan pengamatan mikroskopik. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa variable bentuk geometri pin tools dan pre-heating pada tembaga memberikan pengaruh pada strukturmikro berupa penghalusan butir, terbentuknya struktur komposit Al-Cu,dan fasa intermetallic Al-Cu, sedangkan pada sifat mekanik hasil lasan menunjukkan peningkatan sifat kekerasan rata-rata sebesar 60%, namun pada sifat kekuatan tarik terjadi penurunan, dimana fracture rata-rata terjadi di struktur intermetallic Al yang bersifat brittle.

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Welding of different metal alloys such as aluminum and copper is very difficult to do, because of differences in physical and thermal properties, and is only possible with solid state welding technique as dissimilar friction stir welding. In this study, the material used is aluminum alloy 5052 and pure copper, welding parameters is at a speed of 2800 rpm rotary tools at the angle of 1 degree and weld pass 2 mm / sec. Pre-heating the copper basemetal carried out at temperatures up to 200°C.

Methods of study and analysis was performed to compare the mechanical properties and microstructure results weld dissimilar friction stir welding between aluminum and copper to variable geometry shape tools taper cylindrical pin and threaded cylindrical and the process of pre-heating the copper, through mechanical testing and microscopic observation.

The results show that the variable geometry shape pin tools and pre-heating on copper, influence on the microstructure form of grain refinement, the formation of a composite structure of Al-Cu, and Al-Cu intermetallic phase, whereas the mechanical properties of the weld results showed an increase in mean hardness properties average of 60%, but the tensile strength properties decrease, where the average fracture occurs in structures that are brittle intermetallic Al."

"ABSTRAKPaduan aluminium AA5083 merupakan jenis paduan aluminium yang sering digunakan untuk konstruksi badan kapal khususnya untuk kapal patroli atau kapal-kapal cepat. Untuk proses penyambungan pada konstruksi lambung kapal pada umumnya digunakan metode pengelasan gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Kekuatan hasil pengelasan sangat penting khususnya ketangguhan terhadap retakan (crack toughness), dikarenakan operational dari kapal cepat tersebut. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengelasan paduan aluminium AA5083 dengan ukuran 150 mm x 350 mm , dengan ketebalan 15 mm dan 20 mm. Metode pengelasan dengan gas metal arc welding dengan dua logam pengisi yang berbeda yaitu ER5183 dan ER5356 dan gas pelindung yang digunakan adalah 99% argon.Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa maksimum nilai ketangguhan retak didapatkan pada pengelasan dengan material tebal 15 mm dengan logam pengisi ER5356 dan masukan panas 7.8 kj/cm.

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ABSTRACTAluminium alloys AA5083 is alloys which mostly used in the hull components of ship and high speed craft. Normally gas metal arc welding (GMAW) are used for joining the construction. Welding strength especially crack toughness is very important on this welding due to normal operation of the ship or high speed craft. On this research welding of aluminium alloys AA5083 with dimension 150 mm x 350 mm and thickness 15 mm and 20 mm, were carried out by gas metal arc welding method using two difference filler metal ER5183 and ER5356, and 99% argon are used as shielding gas.The result of experiment that the maximum value of crack toughness was shown on welding with thickness plate 15 mm using filler metal ER5356 and heat input 7.8 kj/cm."

"[Baja Bake Hardening (BH) merupakan baja baru yang mulai digunakan pada industri otomotif karena material ini menjadi solusi dari proses pembentukan panel mobil yang mudah dan keinginan hasil akhir berupa panel yang kuat. Sifat material BH ini yaitu akan menjadi lebih kuat dengan kenaikan yield strength sebesar 30-40 MPa hanya dengan mendapatkan pre-strain / regangan awal minimal 2% dan pemanasan 170°C selama 20 menit. Dalam proses pembuatan mobil, regangan awal didapat saat proses pembentukan panel mobil atau tekanan saat spot welding dan pemanasan didapat saat oven rangka mobil di proses pengecatan. Pada penelitian ini, perubahan parameter arus dan proses pemanasan di teliti dan didapatkan bahwa kekuatan spot welding akan naik setelah mendaptkan pemanasan dan arus yang optimal pada 11kA karena lebih dari itu akan turun. Serta pada arus 8kA sebelum pemanasan tidak terbentuk nugget (cold weld) namun bisa diperbaikikualitas nuggetnya dengan pemanasan. Hal ini tidak terjadi pada material bukan BH. Dan secara kekerasan, mulai Base Metal-HAZ-Nugget juga mengalami kenaikan setelah oven. Secara mikrostruktur, berubah mulai dari dominasi ferrite menjadi ferrite-perlite dan pada nugget terdapat bainit walapun dalam jumlah yang kecil.;Bake Hardening Steel is a new material has been using in automotive industry because this material become solution for easy forming panel car and last product is good strength. Characteristic material will increase yield strength until 30-40MPa only by get pre strain minimum 2% and get baking on temperature 170°C at 20 minutes. In Manufacturing Cars, pre-strain get from forming process panel orpressure during spot welding process and for baking get during oven process body car on painting process. On this research, variation welding current and baking process had been studied and get result strength of spot welding will increase after get baking process andparameter optimal in current 11kA and if current more than 11kA, strength will decrease. Also for current parameter 8kA before baking nugget not occurred but can be improve after baking. For hardness, from base metal-HAZ-Nugget also increase after baking. And for microstructure, change from dominant ferrite become ferrite-perlite and on nugget small area had bainit., Bake Hardening Steel is a new material has been using in automotive industrybecause this material become solution for easy forming panel car and last productis good strength. Characteristic material will increase yield strength until 30-40MPaonly by get pre strain minimum 2% and get baking on temperature 170°C at 20minutes. In Manufacturing Cars, pre-strain get from forming process panel orpressure during spot welding process and for baking get during oven process bodycar on painting process.On this research, variation welding current and baking process had been studieddan get result strength of spot welding will increase after get baking process andparameter optimal in current 11kA and if current more than 11kA, strength willdecrease. Also for current parameter 8kA before baking nugget not occurred butcan be improve after baking. For hardness, from base metal-HAZ-Nugget alsoincrease after baking. And for microstructure, change from dominant ferrite becomeferrite-perlite and on nugget small area had bainit.]"

"[ABSTRAKPipa jenis API 5L adalah yang sering dipakai untuk sistem transportasi tersebut. Dari berbagai peraturan yang terkini masih terdapat kegagalan pada sambungan pipa tersebut sehingga sering timbulnya terjadi kebakaran akibat tumpahnya minyak dari kegagalan sambungan las. Pada saat proses pengelasan yang berdasarkan peraturan atau rekomendasi seperti prosedur pengelasan (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) sering kali tidak dapat diikuti secara benar sehingga akan mempengaruhi struktur mikro daerah terpapar panas lasan (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ). Pada penelitian ini akan diperbandingkan perbedaan Heat Input terhadapan ketangguhan dan kekuatan sambungan las. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian tidak merusak (Non Destructive Test-NDT) seperti Radiographic Test yang berguna untuk mengetahui cacat yang mungkin timbul dalam las-lasan. Kemudian pengujian merusak (Destructive Test-DT) seperti uji ketangguhan, uji keluluhan, uji impact, uji Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD untuk mengetahui kekuatan dan ketangguhan dari sambungan las. Dari hasil pengujian diatas Heat Input adalah unsur utama yang harus diperhatikan dalam proses pengelasan.

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ABSTRACTAPI 5L pipe is type of pipe very often used for the transportation system. From various current regulations there are still failures in the pipe joint, the frequent occurrence of a fire occurs due to the oil spill from the failure of the welded joint. During the welding process based on rules or recommendation such as welding procedures (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) found cannot be followed correctly and will impact to the microstructure of the weld area exposed to heat (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ). This research will be compared to the difference Heat Input with toughness and strength of welded joints. Then Non-Destructive Test (NDT) as Radiographic Test useful to know the defects that may arise in the welding-weld. Then destructive testing (Destructive Test-DT) such as toughness test, impact test, test Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD to determine the strength and toughness of the welded joint. The result showed Heat Input is one of the elements that must be considered in the welding process.;API 5L pipe is type of pipe very often used for the transportation system. From various current regulations there are still failures in the pipe joint, the frequent occurrence of a fire occurs due to the oil spill from the failure of the welded joint. During the welding process based on rules or recommendation such as welding procedures (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) found cannot be followed correctly and will impact to the microstructure of the weld area exposed to heat (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ)This research will be compared to the difference Heat Input with toughness and strength of welded joints. Then Non-Destructive Test (NDT) as Radiographic Test useful to know the defects that may arise in the welding-weld. Then destructive testing (Destructive Test-DT) such as toughness test, impact test, test Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD to determine the strength and toughness of the welded joint.The result showed Heat Input is one of the elements that must be considered in the welding process., API 5L pipe is type of pipe very often used for the transportation system. From various current regulations there are still failures in the pipe joint, the frequent occurrence of a fire occurs due to the oil spill from the failure of the welded joint. During the welding process based on rules or recommendation such as welding procedures (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) found cannot be followed correctly and will impact to the microstructure of the weld area exposed to heat (Heat Affected Zone - HAZ)This research will be compared to the difference Heat Input with toughness and strength of welded joints. Then Non-Destructive Test (NDT) as Radiographic Test useful to know the defects that may arise in the welding-weld. Then destructive testing (Destructive Test-DT) such as toughness test, impact test, test Crack Tip Open Displacement-CTOD to determine the strength and toughness of the welded joint.The result showed Heat Input is one of the elements that must be considered in the welding process.]"

"Aluminum AC4B banyak diaplikasikan untuk komponen kendaraan salah satunya adalah torak. Torak merupakan komponen yang penting dalam kendaraan dimana berperan sebagai penekan udara masuk dan penerima tekanan hasil pembakaran pada ruang bakar dan tersambung ke bagian poros engkol. Namun terdapat masalah-masalah seperti keausan dan penggunaan pelumas yang boros yang harus diatasi dengan ide melapisi cylinder liner dan cincin torak menggunakan nanokomposit dengan memvariasikan komposisi penguat CNT (0%, 2%, dan 4%) dan jenis matriks (Al2O3, Al2O3+TiO2-3% and Al2O3+TiO2-13%) dan dengan metode pelapisan penyemprotan dingin. Prosedur perlakuan pendispersian dan planetary ball mill juga memegang peranan penting sebelum proses pelapisan dilakukan. Pengujian yang dilakukan yakni pengujian kekerasan mikro, metalografi-SEM, EDS (pemetaan unsur), kekasaran permukaan, ketahanan aus, dan FTIR. Dari hasil pengujian didapatkan data bahwa penambahan CNT hingga 2% akan meningkatkan kekerasan, ketahanan aus, dan juga dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pelumas. Dan untuk jenis matriks, kondisi dengan penambahan TiO2 pada matriks Al2O3 tidak memberikan pengaruh yang berarti pada ketahanan aus dan menurunkan kekerasan lapisan CNT-Al2O3.

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Aluminum AC4B widely applied to vehicle components, one of the application is piston. Piston is an important component in the vehicle which acts in order to pressing the air and receiving the results of the combustion pressure in the combustion chamber which is connected to the crankshaft. However, there are problems such as wear and wasteful use of lubricants that must be overcome by the idea of coating the piston ring and also cylinder liner using nanocomposite by varying the composition of CNT reinforcement (0%, 2%, and 4%) and the type of matrix (Al2O3, Al2O3+TiO2-3% and Al2O3+TiO2-13%) and for the coating method using cold spraying. Dispersing treatment procedures and planetary ball mill also plays an important role before the coating process is done. Tests were carried out which micro hardness testing, metallography-SEM, EDS (mapping element), surface roughness, wear resistance, and FTIR. Data obtained from the test results that the addition of up to 2% CNT will increase hardness, wear resistance, and also can improve the efficiency of the use of lubricants. And for the type of matrix, the condition with the addition of TiO2 on Al2O3 matrix doesn?t provide significant impact on the wear resistance and decrease the hardness of CNT-Al2O3 layer"