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Abstrak :
Muara Sungai Blanakan yang berlokasi di Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat merupakan wilayah pesisir yang tinggi aktivitas perikanan tangkap dan tambak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelimpahan mikroplastik di air, sedimen, dan ikan kuro (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) serta mengkaji komposisinya. Sampel air dan sedimen diambil dari 4 titik di sekitar muara bersama 12 individu ikan kuro. Sampel air dan sedimen diekstraksi menggunakan reagen Fenton. Sementara insang, saluran pencernaan dan daging yang dibedah pada tiap individu didestruksi dengan KOH 10%. Seluruh larutan sampel yang telah di destruksi disaring menggunakan vacuum pump dengan kertas saring Whatman cellulose nitrate membrane ukuran pori 0,45 μm. Identifikasi mikroplastik dilakukan dengan pengamatan melalui mikroskop untuk perhitungan kelimpahan serta komposisi mikroplastik yang dikategorikan berdasarkan bentuk, ukuran, dan warna. Sementara jenis polimer dianalisis menggunakan Raman microscopes spectrometer. Penelitian ini menunjukkan mikroplastik ditemukan pada seluruh sampel dan lokasi penelitian dengan kelimpahan yang berbeda. Rata-rata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air didapatkan 710 ± 183,34 partikel/m3 dan pada sedimen 879,63 ± 205,14 partikel/kg. Sementara pada organ dan jaringan ikan berturut-turut dari kelimpahan terbesar diperoleh 16,64 ± 9,09 partikel/gr pada saluran pencernaan, 11,95 ± 5,33 partikel/gr pada insang, dan 3,55 ± 0,81 partikel/gr pada daging. Secara keseluruhan, komposisi mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini merupakan bentuk fiber, fragmen, film, dan pellet, dengan tidak ditemukannya bentuk foam. Ukuran mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada air, sedimen, dan jaringan daging ikan merupakan <300 μm. Sementara pada insang dan saluran pencernaan, ukuran >1000 μm paling banyak ditemukan. Warna biru pada studi ini menjadi warna mikroplastik yang paling mendominasi. Polimer mikroplastik yang ditemukan merupakan polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), dan polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Uji korelasi menunjukkan tidak adanya korelasi antara kelimpahan mikroplastik di air maupun sedimen terhadap akumulasi mikroplastik pada ikan kuro. ......Blanakan River estuary in Subang Regency, West Java, Indonesia is a coastal area with a high fishing and ponds activities. This study aims to examined the abundance and composition of microplastic contamination in water, sediment, and fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum). Water and sediment samples were obtained at 4 various location around the estuary with 12 individual fourfinger threadfin fish. Water and sediment samples were extracted using Fenton's reagent. The dissected gills, digestive tracts and muscles were destroyed with 10% KOH. All digested sample solution are filtered using a vacuum pump and Whatman cellulose nitrate membrane filter paper with a 0.45 μm pore size. Identification of microplastics was carried out by microscope observation to calculate the abundance and composition of microplastics which were categorized based on shape, size and color. While the type of polymer was analyzed using a Raman microscopes spectrometer. This study demonstated that microplastics were found at all samples and research locations with different abundances. The average abundance of microplastics in water was 710 ± 183.34 particles/m3 and in the sediment sample was 879.63 ± 205.14 particles/kg. While in fish, the highest abundance was found in the digestive tract at 16.64 ± 9.09 particles/gr, followed gills at 11.95 ± 5.33 particles/gr, and muscle at 3.55 ± 0.81 particles/gr. Overall, the composition of microplastics form consisted of fiber, fragments, films, and pellets; foam was absent in this study. The most frequent size of microplastic found in water, sediment, and fish tissue is <300 μm. While sizes greater than 1000 μm are most frequently observed in the gills and digestive tract. In this study, blue is the predominant microplastic color. Microplastic polymers detected were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The correlation test showed that there was no correlation between the abundance of microplastics in water and sediment with the accumulation of microplastics in fourfinger threadfin fish.

Abstrak :
Mikroplastik merupakan potongan plastik kecil berukuran 1 μm hingga 5 mm bersifat bioavailable dan ubiquitous. Muara disebut sebagai titik panas mikroplastik karena saat mikroplastik dari sungai memasuki muara, gelombang, pasang surut, dan angin mampu memengaruhi lintasan dan kecepatan partikel masuk ke laut serta pengendapan mikroplastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelimpahan dan komposisi bentuk, ukuran, serta jenis polimer mikroplastik yang terakumulasi pada air, sedimen, dan ikan bandeng Chanos chanos di muara Sungai Blanakan, Subang, Jawa Barat. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di empat titik lokasi. Sampel air disaring menggunakan plankton net 300 μm, sampel sedimen diambil menggunakan Van Veen Grab, dan sampel ikan diambil menggunakan bubu. Sampel air diekstraksi dengan larutan H2O2 30% serta FeSO4 0,05 M. Begitu pula dengan sampel sedimen yang sebelumnya telah disuspensi larutan NaCl. Sementara itu, jaringan dan organ daging, insang, dan saluran pencernaan dari 11 sampel ikan bandeng Chanos chanos diisolasi dan diekstraksi menggunakan larutan KOH. Sampel mikroplastik diamati di atas kertas Whatman cellulose nitrate dan dianalisis menggunakan mikroskop. Identifikasi mikroplastik dikelompokkan berdasarkan bentuk yaitu fiber, fragmen, film, pellet, dan foam, serta ukuran yaitu <300 μm, 300-500 μm, 500-1000 μm, dan >1000 μm. Identifikasi jenis polimer dilakukan dengan metode Raman spektrometeri. Kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sampel air berkisar 526,67 - 946,67 partikel/m3, sedangkan sedimen berkisar 674,07 - 1074,07 partikel/kg dengan dominasi bentuk fiber baik di air maupun sedimen. Kelimpahan mikroplastik ikan bandeng Chanos chanos adalah 43,06 partikel/individu dengan urutan kelimpahan mikroplastik jaringan tertinggi yaitu insang, daging, dan saluran pencernaan. Jenis polimer mikroplastik yang terdeteksi adalah polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), dan poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Uji korelasi menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan antara keberadaan mikroplastik pada air dan sedimen terhadap ikan bandeng Chanos chanos. ......Microplastics are small pieces of plastic range in size from 1 μm to 5 mm that are bioavailable and ubiquitous. Estuaries are known as "microplastic hot spots" due to the fact that when river microplastic enters an estuary, then waves, tides, and wind can change the direction and speed of the particles entering the sea and the deposition of microplastic. This study aims to analyze the abundance and composition of shape, size, and types of microplastic polymers that accumulate in water, sediment, and milkfish Chanos chanos in the estuary of Blanakan River, Subang, West Java. Sampling was carried out at four sampling points. Water samples were filtered using a 300 μm plankton net, sediment samples were taken using a Van Veen Grab, and fish samples with a trap. Water sample were extracted with 30% H2O2 solution and 0,05 M FeSO4. The same was applicable to sediment samples that had been previously suspended in NaCl solution. Meanwhile, tissues and organs of muscles, gills, and digestive tract from 11 samples of milkfish Chanos chanos were isolated and extracted using KOH solution. Microplastic samples were observed on Whatman cellulose nitrate paper and analyzed using a microscope. Microplastics are categorized according to form, namely fiber, fragment, pellet, film, foam, and size, namely <300 μm, 300-500 μm, 500-1000 μm, and > 1000 μm. The Raman spectrometry method was used to determine the type of polymer. In sediment samples, the amount of microplastics ranged from 674,07 to 1074,07 particles/kg, while the abundance in water samples ranged from 526,67 to 946,67 particles/m3. Fiber predominated in both water and sediment. The abundance of microplastics in milkfish Chanos chanos was 43,06 particles/individual with the biggest tissue microplastic abundance starting with the gills, meat, and digestive tract. The types of microplastic polymers detected were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The correlation test revealed that there was no relationship between the abundance of microplastics in water and sediment for the milkfish Chanos chanos.

Abstrak :
Plastik merupakan bahan stabilitas tinggi hasil polimerisasi monomer dengan tingkat penggunaan yang tinggi. Sampah plastik berbahaya bagi lingkungan karena partikel penyusunnya memiliki ketahanan dan kestabilan tinggi sehingga proses degradasinya berlangsung lama. Di lingkungan perairan, plastik akan mengalami degradasi atau penguraian menjadi partikel kecil yang disebut mikroplastik (<5 mm). Partikel mikroplastik berpotensi termakan oleh berbagai biota perairan sehingga membahayakan siklus rantai makanan melalui proses biomagnifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik mikroplastik (bentuk, ukuran, dan jenis polimer) pada air, sedimen dan ikan belanak Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) pada organ dan jaringan (daging, insang, saluran pencernaan) di Muara Sungai Blanakan, Subang, Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian ini diawali dengan pengambilan sampel dengan  air  diambil sebanyak 50 L lalu disaring menggunakan plankton net hingga tertampung volume air 1000 mL, sampel sedimen diambil menggunakan Vanveen grab hingga tertampung pada jar 500 mL dan sampel ikan belanak diambil 10 ekor menggunakan bubu. Ekstraksi sampel sedimen dilakukan dengan pemberian larutan NaCl jenuh dengan perbandingan 1 (sedimen): 2 (NaCl jenuh), kemudian diberi larutan H2O2 30% + FeSO4 0,05 M  dengan perbandingan 1:1 untuk sampel air dan sedimen. Ekstraksi sampel ikan dilakukan dengan mengambil jaringan dan organ yang digunakan, ditimbang dan dan diberi larutan KOH 10% sebanyak 50 mL. Sampel air, sedimen dan ikan disaring menggunakan kertas saring Whatman dan diidentifikasi mikroplastik menggunakan mikroskop olympus CX22LED. Analisis polimer mikroplastik dilakukan dengan metode Raman Spectroscopy. Uji statistik seperti uji kruskal-walis, one way anova, dan uji regresi spearman dan pearson digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata total kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air 710 ± 183,34  partikel meter-3, sedimen 879,63 ± 205,13 partikel Kg-1 dan ikan belanak 210,8 ± 108,80 partikel individu-1. Nilai kelimpahan mikroplastik ikan belanak jika diurutkan dari yang tertinggi hingga terkecil adalah daging, saluran pencernaan, dan insang. Secara keseluruhan, bentuk dan ukuran mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah fiber dan <300 µm. Polimer mikroplastik yang dominan adalah PET, PP, dan PVC. Berdasarkan hasil uji beda nyata kelimpahan mikroplastik antar organ dan jaringan ikan belanak menunjukan tidak memiliki perbedaannya yang signifikan. Hasil uji korelasi Spearman menunjukan adanya korelasi antara kelimpahan mikroplastik di air dan sedimen Muara Sungai Blanakan terhadap kelimpahan mikroplastik di ikan belanak. ......Plastik is a high-stability material resulting from the polymerization of monomers, with a high level of usage. In aquatic environments, plastic undergoes photo-oxidative degradation by UV radiation from the sun and chemical processes, leading to the breakdown of plastic waste into small particles known as microplastics (<5 mm). Microplastic particles have the potential to be ingested by various aquatic organisms, posing a risk to the food chain through biomagnification. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of microplastics in water, sediment, and the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) in different organs and tissues (muscle, gills, digestive tract) in the Blanakan River Estuary, Subang, West Java, based on their shape, size, and polymer types. Water samples were collected in a volume of 50 L, filtered using a plankton net to obtain a final volume of 1000 mL. Sediment samples were collected using a Vanveen grab and stored in 500 mL jars, while flathead grey mullet samples were collected using bubu (10 individuals). Sediment sample extraction was performed using a saturated NaCl solution with a ratio of 1 (sediment) to 2 (saturated NaCl solution), followed by the addition of a 30% H2O2 + 0.05 M FeSO4 solution in a 1:1 ratio for water and sediment samples. Fish sample extraction involved weighing and placing the tissues and organs in a glass beaker, followed by the addition of a 10% KOH solution in a volume of 50 mL. The water, sediment, and fish samples were then filtered using Whatman filter paper with the assistance of a vacuum pump, and placed in Petri dishes for microplastic identification using an Olympus CX22LED microscope. Polymer analysis of microplastics was performed using Raman Spectroscopy. Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA tests were used to determine significant differences in the abundance and composition of microplastics (size and shape) in water, sediment, flathead grey mullet, and their respective organs. Spearman and Pearson correlation tests were used to investigate the influence of water and sediment, as well as morphometric values, on microplastic accumulation in flathead grey mullet. The research findings showed an average total abundance of microplastics in water to be 710 ± 183,34 particles meter-3, in sediment to be 879,63 ± 205,13 particles kilogram-1, and in flathead grey mullet to be 210,8 ± 108,80 particles individual-1. When ranked in descending order, the abundance of microplastics in the three parts of the flathead grey mullet were as follows: flesh, digestive tract, and gills. Overall, the most commonly found forms and sizes of microplastics were microplastic fibers and those below 300 µm. The polymer analysis revealed that the microplastics found in the Blanakan River Estuary were dominated by PET (40%),  PP (40%), and PVC (20%). Based on the significant difference test for microplastic abundance among different parts of the flathead grey mullet, no significant differences were found. The Spearman correlation test indicated a correlation between the abundance of microplastics in water and sediment in the Blanakan River Estuary and the abundance of microplastics in flathead grey mullet.

Abstrak :
Plastik merupakan salah satu barang yang memiliki tingkat penggunaan yang tinggi hingga mencapai skala produksi sebesar 300 juta ton pertahun. Limbah plastik di perairan membutuhkan waktu hingga ratusan tahun untuk terdegradasi karena karakteristiknya yang kuat, tahan lama, dan tahan terhadap suhu tinggi. Proses degradasi limbah plastik di perairan disebabkan oleh sinar UV yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan bentuk dan ukuran menjadi lebih kecil (mikroplastik) atau tercampur di dalam air (< 5mm). Ukuran yang kecil menyebabkan mikroplastik dapat dengan mudah termakan oleh biota perairan, seperti ikan atau melalui mangsanya yang lebih kecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi dan kelimpahan mikroplastik berdasarkan bentuk, ukuran, dan polimer pada air, sedimen, serta organ dan jaringan ikan kiper Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) di muara Sungai Blanakan, Subang, Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel air sebanyak 50 L lalu disaring menggunakan plankton net hingga mendapatkan 1 L sampel air, pengambilan sedimen dilakukan menggunakan Van Veen grab lalu dimasukkan ke dalam jar HDPE 500 ml, dan pengambilan sampel ikan sebanyak 10 individu dilakukan menggunakan alat tangkap bubu. Sampel air ditambahkan larutan H2O2 30% dan FeSO4 0,05 M masing-masing sebanyak 25 ml. Sampel sedimen dicampurkan larutan NaCl dengan perbandingan sebesar 1 : 2 dan didiamkan. H2O2 30% dan FeSO4 0,05 M ditambahkan hingga sampel terendam. Sampel ikan dibedah untuk diambil bagian insang, saluran pencernaan, dan daging. Setiap bagian dihancurkan menggunakan larutan KOH 10% dengan perbandingan 1 : 10 dan didiamkan. Sampel air, sedimen, dan ikan dipipet sebanyak 40 ml dan disaring menggunakan kertas saring cellulose nitrate dengan bantuan vacuum pump lalu kertas saring ditempatkan di cawan petri. Sampel air, sedimen, dan ikan kiper diamati pada kertas saring menggunakan mikroskop Olympus CX22 dan analisis polimer mikroplastik dilakukan dengan metode Raman Spectroscopy. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan uji one way ANOVA, Kruskal wallis, dan Pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sampel air sebesar 710 partikel/m3, sedimen sebesar 879,63 partikel/kg, dan ikan sebesar 74,77 partikel/individu. Kelimpahan mikroplastik dari yang tertinggi hingga terkecil pada ikan kiper terdapat di daging, saluran pencernaan, dan insang. Komposisi mikroplastik paling dominan berupa bentuk fiber dan ukuran < 300 µm. Polimer yang ditemukan bertipe PET, PP, dan PVC. Uji Kruskal wallis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan secara nyata kelimpahan mikroplastik antar organ dan jaringan ikan. Uji Pearson menunjukkan adanya korelasi kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air dan sedimen terhadap kelimpahan mikroplastik di ikan. ......Plastic is one of the commodities with a high level of usage, reaching a production scale of 300 million tons per year. Plastic waste in water takes hundreds of years to degrade due to its strong, durable, and heat-resistant characteristics. The degradation process of plastic waste in water is caused by UV radiation, which leads to changes in shape and size, resulting in smaller particles (microplastics) or mixing with water (< 5mm). The small size of microplastics makes them easily ingestible by aquatic organisms, such as fish, or through their prey, which are smaller in size. This research aims to analyze the composition and abundance of microplastics based on their form, size, and polymer in water, sediments, as well as the organs and tissues of the Scatophagus argus(Linnaeus, 1766) fish in the estuary of the Blanakan River, Subang, West Java. The research method involved collecting 50 liters of water samples, which were then filtered using a plankton net to obtain a 1-liter water sample. Sediment samples were collected using a Van Veen grab and placed in a 500 ml HDPE jar, while fish samples were collected using a fish trap, with a total of 10 individuals. The water sample was treated with 25 ml of 30% H2O2 and 0.05 M FeSO4 solutions. The sample was mixed with a NaCl solution in a ratio of 1:2 and left to settle. H2O2 (30%) and FeSO4 (0.05 M) were added until the sample was fully submerged. The samples were dissected to obtain gill, digestive tract, and muscle tissue. Each part was crushed using a 10% KOH solution in a 1:10 ratio and left to settle. Water, sediment, and fish samples were pipetted (40 ml) and filtered using cellulose nitrate filter paper with the assistance of a vacuum pump, and the filter papers were placed in Petri dishes. The water, sediment, and fish samples were observed on the filter paper using an Olympus CX22 microscope, and the analysis of microplastic polymers was conducted using Raman Spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson tests. The results of the study showed that the average abundance of microplastics in water samples was 710 particles/m3, in sediments it was 879.63 particles/kg, and in fish it was 74.77 particles/individual. The highest abundance of microplastics in the kiper fish was found in the muscle tissue, followed by the digestive tract and gills. The dominant composition of microplastics was in the form of fibers and with a size of < 300 µm. The polymers found were PET, PP, and PVC. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference in microplastic abundance among the organs and tissues of fish. The Pearson test showed a correlation between the abundance of microplastics in water and sediments with the abundance of microplastics in fish.