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Abstrak :
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of immersion time in artificial saliva on the flexural strength of provisional crown and bridge (p-c&b) materials. Materials and Methods: Two types of p-c&b materials were used in this study: Light polymerized p-c&b material (Revotek LC) and autopolymerized p-c&b material (PerfecTemp II). A total of 100 specimens were fabricated and measured according to ISO 4049/2000. A stainless steel mould was used to prepare 2mm x 2mm x 25mm bar shaped specimens. All materials were dispensed and manipulated according to the manufacturers' instructions. The specimens were divided into 5 groups (n=10). Each specimen of the first group was measured immediately after preparation. The second, third, fourth and fifth groups were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C in an incubator for 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, respectively. Flexural strength was tested by Universal Mechanical Testing Machine Shimadzu in a 3-point bending test. The Repeated ANOVA and Post-Hoc Bonferroni test were used to compare the continuous variables between the groups. Result: The results showed flexural strength of Revotek LC were higher than PerfecTemp II achieved the highest value in 7 days. Conclusion: Flexural strength of p-c&b materials were influenced by immersion time in artificial saliva and the type of p-c&b materials.

Abstrak :
Single-step self-etch adhesive systems are the system that combine self etching primer and bonding agent into one step application. This system was developed as the effort to simplified in application prosedures and give a good bond strength of resin composites to dentin surface. The purpose of this study was to examine the bond strength of resin composites with two singlestep self-etch adhesives system (Xeno III and Clearfil Tri-S Bond) to bovine dentin at temperature of adhesive 3ºC, 22ºC and 30ºC. Adhesive was applied to dentin surface (bovine insisivus mandibular dentin) follow by resin composites bonded according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Tensile bond strength of 60 specimens were tested UTM (universal testing machine) after 24 hours storage in aquadest at 37 ºC. The results were analyzed using ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s test (p< 0,05). The bond strength of Xeno III was significantly diffrent from that of Clearfil tri-S Bond, 0,66±0,271, 2,70±1,528, 0,23±0,104 versus 2,07±0,272, 4,77±0,689, 4,39±1,205 MPa at temperature of materials 3ºC, 22ºC and 30ºC respectively. The bond strength of two single- step adhesives system (Xeno III and Clearfil Tri-S Bond) were highest at temperature 22ºC than other temperatures of materials.

Abstrak :
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of toothpastes with or without green tea extract on the enamel hardness. Human teeth were used as specimens and surface enamel demineralization by soaking in 1% citric acid. Teeth that have been demineralized were applied with a toothpaste containing green tea extract with concentrations of up to 15% on the surface of the enamel teeth and then proceed with surface hardness measurement using Knoop system. The results showed that soaking the teeth (enamel) in a demineralized solution has significantly decreased the hardness of tooth enamel. Applications of toothpaste without (0%) and with green tea extract 5% or 10% or 15% on the demineralized enamel surface have increased the enamel hardness significantly. However, no significant differences were seen between the demineralized enamel and enamel applied with toothpaste containing green tea 5% or 10% or 15%. It was concluded that the application of toothpaste containing 5% green tea extract was able to increase the hardness of demineralized enamel.

Kekerasan Enamel Terdemineralisasi Melalui Penggunaan Pasta Gigi Mengandung Ekstrak Teh Hijau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh pasta gigi tanpa atau dengan ekstrak teh hijau pada kekerasan enamel yang didemineralisasi. Gigi manusia digunakan sebagai spesimen dan permukaan enamel yang demineralisasi dengan merendamnya di dalam asam sitrat 1%. Gigi yang telah didemineralisasi diaplikasi dengan pasta gigi yang mengandung ekstrak teh hijau dengan konsentrasi sampai 15% di permukaan enamel gigi dan dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran kekerasan permukaan menggunakan sistem Knoop. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perendaman gigi di dalam larutan demineralisasi telah secara signifikan menurunkan kekerasan enamel gigi. Selanjutnya, aplikasi pasta gigi tanpa (0%) dan dengan ekstrak teh hijau 5% atau 10% ataupun 15% di permukaan enamel menghasilkan kekerasan enamel meningkat berbeda bermakna dari kekerasan enamel yang didemineralisasi saja. Namun, tidak terlihat perbedaan bermakna antara kekerasan enamel yang didemineralisasi dan enamel yang diaplikasi dengan pasta gigi mengandung teh hijau 5% atau 10% ataupun 15%. Disimpulkan bahwa aplikasi pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak teh hijau 5% telah dapat meningkatkan kekerasan enamel yang didemineralisasi.

Abstrak :
Kebutuhan akan restorasi tuang di bidang kedokteran gigi semakin meningkat seiring dengan keberhasilan pembangunan Indonesia. Logam pilihan untuk membuat restorasi tuang pada umumnya adalah logam paduan emas, dan material yang beredar di Indonesia pada umumnya masih harus diimpor dari luar negeri dan harganya cukup mahal. Dengan meningkatnya harga emas, maka perlu dicari logam alternatif lain untuk restorasi tuang. Indonesia yang merupakan salah satu penghasil tambang nikel dan tembaga, sudah sepatutnya dapat memanfaatkannya untuk berbagai keperluan termasuk di bidang kedokteran gigi. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan logam paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan untuk keperluan restorasi gigi. Hasil penelitian di tahun pertama telah dibuat 5 komposisi paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan, yaitu . 2ONi-40Cu-40Mn, 30Ni-40Cu-40Mn, 30Ni-40Cu-30Mn, 40Ni-30Cu-30Hn, dan 5ONi-30Cu-20Mn. Kelima paduan tersebut telah dilakukan uji komposisi, kekerasan, kemampuan tuang, dan kekuatan tarik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan mempunyai kekerasan yang lebih besar dari logam paduan emas. Temperatur lebur paduan berkisar dari 960 0C sampai dengan 1160 0C. Kemampuan tuang cukup baik terutama pada paduan dengan temperatur lebur kurang dari 1000 0C. Kekuatan tarik memperlihatkan hasil yang bervariasi dimana mempunyai kombinasi kekuatan tarik dan strain yang cukup besar. Hal tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan untuk pembuatan restorasi tuang di bidang kedokteran gigi. Untuk memperbaiki sifat yang dipunyai logam paduan, maka perlu ditambahkan sedikit logam Pd (palladium). Pada penelitian pada tahun berikutnya perlu dilakukan pengujian sifat kimia, yaitu uji korosi, dan uji sifat biologis, yaitu uji toksisitas dan sensitivitas pada binatang percobaan.

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Demand for cast restorations in dentistry is rapidly increasing along with the improvement in economical status as a result of development. Among other metals used in dentistry, gold alloys are usually the metal of choice for cast restorations, because of its superior qualities. The materials available in Indonesia are still imported and they do cost a fortune. As the value of gold increases, it is necessary to use metal for cast restorations. For Indonesia, as one of the nickel and copper producing countries, it is most obvious that we should be able to utilize the metals for various purposes, especially in dentistry. The study uses nickel-copper-manganese alloys for tooth restoration. In the first year of study, 5 compositions of nickel-copper-manganese alloys combinations have been produced, namely: 2ONi-40Cu-4OHn, 30Ni-40Cu-40Mn, 3ONi-4OCu-30Mn, 4ONi-30Cu-30Mn, and 5ONi-30Cu-2OMn. Each of the five composition have undergone several tests, which are composition test, hardness test, castability, and tensile strength test. The result of the study shows that nickel-copper-manganese alloys are harder than gold alloys. The melting point of Ni-Cu-Mn alloys are between 960 C and 1160 C. The castability is satisfactory, especially when the melting point is below 1000 ,C. Variety of its tensile strength has been noted, with a relatively high strain. These properties indicates that nickel-copper-manganese alloys can be used as cast restoration in dentistry. To improve the property or quality of the alloy, a small amount of palladium was added. Studies for the following year is designed to test the alloys chemical properties .(corrosion) and biological properties (toxicity and sensitivity on experimental animals).

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kebutuhan akan restorasi tuang di bidang kedokteran gigi semakin meningkat seiring dengan keberhasilan pembangunan Indonesia. Logam pilihan untuk membuat restorasi tuang pada umumnya adalah logam paduan emas, dan material yang beredar di Indonesia pada umumnya masih harus diimpor dari luar negeri dan harganya cukup mahal. Dengan meningkatnya harga emas, maka perlu dicari logam alternatif lain untuk restorasi tuang. Indonesia yang merupakan salah satu penghasil tambang nikel dan tembaga, sudah sepatutnya dapat memanfaatkannya untuk berbagai keperluan termasuk di bidang kedokteran gigi.

Dalam penelitian ini digunakan logam paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan untuk keperluan restorasi gigi. Hasil penelitian di tahun pertama telah dibuat 5 komposisi paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan, yaitu, 2ONi-40Cu-40Mn, 30Ni-40Cu-40Mn, 30Ni-40Cu-30Mn, 40Ni-30Cu-30Hn, dan 5ONi-30Cu-20Mn. Kelima paduan tersebut telah dilakukan uji komposisi, kekerasan, kemampuan tuang, dan kekuatan tarik.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan mempunyai kekerasan yang lebih besar dari logam paduan emas. Temperatur lebur paduan berkisar dari 960 °C sampai dengan 1160 °C. Kemampuan tuang cukup baik terutama pada paduan dengan temperatur lebur kurang dari 1000 °C. Kekuatan tarik memperlihatkan hasil yang bervariasi dimana mempunyai kombinasi kekuatan tarik dan strain yang cukup besar. Hal tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa paduan nikel-tembaga-mangan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan untuk pembuatan restorasi tuang di bidang kedokteran gigi. Untuk memperbaiki sifat yang dipunyai logam paduan, maka perlu ditambahkan sedikit logam Pd (palladium).

Pada penelitian pada tahun berikutnya perlu dilakukan pengujian sifat kimia, yaitu uji korosi, dan uji sifat biologis, yaitu uji toksisitas dan sensitivitas pada binatang percobaan.

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ABSTRACT
Demand for cast restorations in dentistry is rapidly increasing along with the improvement in economical status as a result of development. Among other metals used in dentistry, gold alloys are usually the metal of choice for cast restorations, because of its superior qualities. The materials available in Indonesia are still imported and they do cost a fortune. As the value of gold increases, it is necessary to use metal for cast restorations. For Indonesia, as one of the nickel and copper producing countries, it is most obvious that we should be able to utilize the metals for various purposes, especially in dentistry.

The study uses nickel-copper-manganese alloys for tooth restoration. In the first year of study, 5 compositions of nickel-copper-manganese alloys combinations have been produced, namely: 2ONi-40Cu-4OHn, 30Ni-40Cu-40Mn, 3ONi-4OCu-30Mn, 4ONi-30Cu-30Mn, and 5ONi-30Cu-2OMn. Each of the five composition have undergone several tests, which are composition test, hardness test, castability, and tensile strength test.

The result of the study shows that nickel-copper-manganese alloys are harder than gold alloys. The melting point of Ni-Cu-Mn alloys are between 960 °C and 1160 °C. The castability is satisfactory, especially when the melting point is below 1000 °C. Variety of its tensile strength has been noted, with a relatively high strain. These properties indicates that nickel-copper-manganese alloys can be used as cast restoration in dentistry. To improve the property or quality of the alloy, a small amount of palladium was added.

Studies for the following year is designed to test the alloys chemical properties (corrosion) and biological properties (toxicity and sensitivity on experimental animals).