Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT The intent of this thesis is to explain "The Changing of the American Capitalism in the New Deal Era 1933-1939". As we know, after the Great Crash of Stock Market in October 1929, there were many changes in all facets of American life. This thesis focuses on the changes in 1930s, which were indicated that the New Deal's policies aimed at restoring the damaged economy but at the same time, introduced some significant modification. There are two books, which explore key facets of this topic, The Big Change by Frederick Lewis Allen and American and Free Enterprises by Henry C. Dethloff. Allen's book talked about the transformation in America from 1900-1950. He looks at the political, social and economic powers which changed the American standard of living and America's way of thinking. Dethloff's book discusses the evolution of American capitalism, based on a historical economic approach. Dethloff examines capitalism in America from the colonial era up to the present days. Both of these authors accept the idea that there were notable alterations in the American "system" in the 1930s. The distinction between these books and my thesis reveals the character of the American capitalism by analyzing Roosevelt's New Deal policies as a response to the Great Depression, and by assessing the "system" impacts of those policies. William E. Luchtenburg, in his book Roosevelt and The New Deal, contends that Roosevelt's deed changed American life. This thesis elaborates this theme by assessing the social, political, and economic perspectives on changing American values during this era. In order to analyze the changing of American capitalism in the New Deal era, this thesis shows the dialogue between the government, the elite and the people. The government and the elite processed the New Deal policies, which, in turn, altered the American capitalism, and the people as the object and the impact of the policies. Library research has been conducted in order to examine relevant resources for this study. Textbooks, statistical data, especially in economics, politics, social field and monographs on the New Deal have been taken as main guide. The topic is handled through a qualitative approach, based on economical, political, and social perspectives. An economic perspective is used to explore certain New Deal issues and ideas especially policies related to pump priming, budget spending-budget balancing, gold standardization, banking and monetary, production resources and their impacts. A political perspective is used to assess the government's interference in range of matters. Also the relation among groups, such as the lefts, the conservatives, is examined. It is also important to see how Roosevelt could gain support for his brand of government interference without seeming to destroy capitalism itself. The social perspective describes the overall social impact of New Deal programs and look at how the New Deal generated support from laborers, farmers, blacks and other disadvantageous groups. In addition, this thesis discusses the changing of American values in Capitalism term, based on American thought perspectives. These perspectives lead us to look how far the New Deal policies prompted change in American capitalism during this era. This thesis examines the aims of the first New Deal policies and their impact in American social life. It discusses six kinds of New Deal policy areas, including agriculture, banking and monetary policy, social relief and security, labor relation, unemployment, capital and industrial regulations. The discussion specifies policies and programs, which provides the main characters of the first New Deal policies. Then it handles the aims of the Second New Deal policies and their impact in American social life. It draws upon the same six major areas of policies and programs and also looks at the differences and the programs. It also looks at the differences and consistencies in the objectives of both sets of New Deal policies.

Abstrak :
Planning represents a striking controversy in American political life. On one side, planning is maligned while on the other side it is praised. The opponents of planning, or any state intervention, base their rationale on the doctrine of laissez faire. It is argued that the function of the state should be reduced to the lowest minimum consistent with public safety. The role of the state should not be more than that of a modest policeman and should not interfere in the operation of economic processes. Advocates argue that planning is both pragmatic inevitable if citizens are to enjoy -a better and more equitable standard of living. Despite basic disagreement between the advocates of planning and the defender of laissez-faire, the way as planning has been practiced for about two centuries, it is difficult to determine whether the exercise of planning in the United States restrains or actually perpetuates the existing economic system. As a matter of fact, the degree of disagreement is manifest in the inconsistency of proponents of doctrine of laissez-faire. For example, middle-class businessmen and entrepreneurs often are prepared to see the government step in and prevent profiteering landlords from making what they could from their property (Burns, et al, 1980: 759). Englishmen Jeremy Bentham, an author in his? The Principles of Moral and Legislation, profoundly elaborated this notion 1789: To suppose that a stable and beneficent society could emerge unassisted from a company of self-interested ego was...to suppose the impossible. Society, if it was to function properly, needed an organizing principle that would both acknowledge humanity's basic selfishness and at the same time compel people to sacrifice at least a portion of their own interests for the good of the majority ...that every institution, every law, must be measured according to its social usefulness." (Burns, et al, 1980: 759) Within this context, the haphazard condition of the physical and social order in American cities in the late nineteenth of the century helped to shape the planning movement. The emergence of city planning amidst the social reformers suggests that the government's efforts to control through the planning were due to the inability of the laissez-faire system to adjust or alter the distribution of goods and services. When modern cities emerged at the end of the century, they encountered many unprecedented and severe problems such as residential congestion in the central cities, racial and class conflicts in the central city's ghettos, the eruption of labor violence, shortages and gaps in the city's new infrastructure, and the fact that the capitalistic system was plagued by economic instability. The concerns became more deep-seated as they became harmful the development of American democracy's value. In the context of urban life, the citizens also needed more civic centers to serve as focal points for the growth of a sense of community. The crisis in America urban structure could best be understood by tracing the historical evolution of American cities during the development of capital accumulation. From the colonial era (1600s) through 1850, merchant capitalists developed their capital through commercial accumulation. Market place played the most important role where they tried to earn profits-. Colonial cities served their political economic functions, that is colonial control centers and commercial centers as well. Commodities being supplied from producers in hinterland to dispersed markets were collected in and distributed through seaports. Artisans who were the producers of luxury goods conducted their business in cities as the cities facilitated direct access to their wealthy customers. To maintain that British merchants remained able to control the monopoly over commercial activity, the crown limited the functions of colonial cities. Because of this control the city growth was itself constrained.

Abstrak :
In this thesis, I would like to examine the adjustment process of new Jewish immigrants to the United States, and New York City in particular, during the Progressive Era (188Os to 1920). I intend to examine this process in the context of various theories, and the historical reality, of the establishment of American national ethnic patterns.
I want to describe what long and arduous journey American ethnic groups had to lead toward the establishment of national ethnic patterns. The journey they passed through was always filled by cultural prejudice. On the other hand, it is also filled by the sensible attempt to overcome the problem of ethnicity.
American society was a heterogeneous one in which consisted of immigrants and their descendants who came from various parts of the world. On one side, the heterogeneity of American society had caused the forming .of Cultural Pluralism. However, on the other side, the major part of American society- especially White Anglo Saxon Protestant- tried to assimilate the never-ending waves of new immigrants.
The waves of immigrants before industrial period or during the year of 1800s to 1880 were mostly from West and North Europe. Therefore, in about three centuries, Anglo-Saxon values and cultures embedded firmly in American society. The White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) values were used as a model to assimilate the non-WASP. The WASP values were regarded as the real American ones and stood above stratified structure of other ethnic groups.
Jewish ethnic was one of American ethnic groups who had settled in America since colonial period. The adjustment process of the old immigrants- those who came before industrial period of 1880 to 1920- did not create any serious problem. However, the great migration of new Jews- who came during industrial period- created a serious problem of adjustment process.
Jewish principle of material pursuit was similar to that of Puritan society, the ancestor of American people. The middle class ethics possessed by the Jews were practiced without any obstacles in the land of America. That's why Jewish identity was always referred to the achievement of material success.
By practicing middle class ethics, Jews of America achieved economic success. The economic stability was the important factor in establishing their strong social position in society. Their success in the economic sector enabled them to support other sectors, such as the founding of Jewish synagogues and schools, and other sectors that strengthened the identity of Jews. On the other hand, the success of Jews forced them to assimilate to American life and accept American values, especially when they want to succeed in dealing with their customers. Thus, they had to learn to speak English and wear suits, to learn and practice American cultural values.
On the other hand, Jews strengthened their ethnic identity, but on the other they were influenced by Americanization process and more or less accepted American values. The adjustment that I describe in this writing is not the process of the adjustment itself, but the adjustment through four institutions that played an important role in the process. The four institutions of social and cultural life, religion, economy, and education were the factors that would describe and support Cultural Pluralism model.